This diploma thesis analyses instances of the initial position of the information focus, the rheme, in present-day English. Initial placement of the rheme is found in structures that go against the principle of end-focus. The aim of this work is to identify which clause constituents, and under what circumstances may function as the initial rheme. The initial section of the theoretical part deals with a description of word-order, and the basic concepts of functional sentence perspective, such as communicative dynamism. Then it continues with the rheme and the factors affecting FSP, and, particularly, with cases where initial rheme occurs. The practical part contains analysis of examples of initial rheme in different genres and text types, including oral communication. The frequency of occurrence is summarized at the end of the work.

This thesis analyzes the focus of the sentences in contemporary Spanish. The theoretical part presents definitions of key terms such as Czech and Spanish word order, Prague School Theory, Topic and comment etc. The second part of the thesis is practical and focuses on a detailed analysis of a few selected Spanish articles.

French cleft sentences and their counterparts in Czech and in Spanish The aim of this thesis is to describe the impact of the thematic-rhematic structure to the occurrence of cleft sentences in French language using the theory of functional sentence perspective, also, this thesis searches possible Czech and Spanish equivalents of this structure in literature. In both of these languages exist cleft sentences, however we can also find other ways in how to divide the sentence to the theme and rheme parts, which, also means various ways on how to translate this French structure. Within the theory of functional sentence perspective we will describe the differences between the syntax of these three languages which imply the use of different linguistic resources to connect the language utterance to the context and also to emphasize one constituent of the sentence. One of the aims of this thesis is to find and describe actually used translations of this structure from French language to Czech language and to Spanish language, their variability, frequency depending on the type of text and last but not least, other factors affecting the choice of the translation. The thesis is aiming to connect the findings from theoretical and practical part so we can find out which language resources are possible to be...

The subject of the presented paper is the analysis of the position of scene-setting adverbials based on parallel texts. The aim of the study is to find out the most typical position for placing of such adverbials realized by verbless construction and to determine the factors influencing the position in both languages with respect to differences between the Czech and English word order. The theory is based on the functional approach described in Brno linguistic school and is applied to 200 examples from the corpus Intercorp. Out of the given number of examples, exactly one hundred tokens belong to the translation direction from En to Cz and the second half to the opposite direction of translation. With respect to the English word order, which takes over some of the grammatical functions resulting in relative rigidity, scene-setting adverbials are usually placed in the final position. However, it is assumed that most languages have a tendency to place the most important information to the end of the sentence. It follows that one of the goals of this work is to describe the factors allowing these adverbials to be placed in this position with no effect on the communicative dynamism of the adverbials themselves as well as on other sentence elements. The term 'scene-setting' suggests that these adverbials...

The purpose of this study was to analyze Lithuanian existential sentences and their translations into English with the aim of evaluating the susceptibility of the two languages to the principle of functional sentence perspective (FSP), or the communicative principle. Existential processes inherently involve one participant – Existent - which is the most important information in a communicative situation describing existence. In producing existential sentences, existential verbs take one argument which performs the function of subject and appears in sentence final position as is determined by the priniple of FSP. In other words, the Predicate-Subject sequence at the syntactic level corresponds to the Theme-Rheme sequence at the communicative level. Languages vary with respect to the realization of existential meaning. The method chosen for the investigation of the selected sentences is content analysis. The research demonstrated that the Lithuanian existential sentences are structured in accordance with the pattern of the communicative principle. The corresponding English sentences did not always have Theme–Rheme sequence but in the majority of cases they reflected the communicative structure of the Lithuanian existential sentences. The communicative adequacy of the translation was effected with the help of particular syntactic and semantic transformations.Context also played an important role. It appears to be a powerful means of realization of FSP in English when the... [to full text] / Šiame darbe, remiantis vertimu iš lietuvių į anglų kalbą , nagrinėjama aktualiosios skaidos (AS) realizavimas lietuvių ir anglų kalboje. Nors AS žodžių tvarkos dėsnis yra aktualus visoms kalboms, skirtingos struktūros kalbose jo raiška skiriasi. Sintetinės kalbos, turinčios laisvą žodžių tvarką, turi galimybę paklusti AS dėsniui, tuo tarpu analitinės kalbos daugeliu atvejų vadovaujasi sakinio dalių gramatiniais santykiais, t.y. gramatiniu žodžių tvarkos dėsniu. Darbo tikslas - palyginti dviejų struktūriškai skirtingų kalbų aktualiąją sakinio skaidą ir atskleisti, kaip kalbos imlumas paklusti AS dėsniui lemia minties eigą vertimo metu. Tyrimo metodologinis pagrindas – sisteminė funkcinė teorija, nagrinėjanti sakinį kaip trijų pakopų visumą, apimančią sintaksinį, semantinį ir komunikacinį sakinio lygmenis. Semantinė sakinio struktūra – atspirties taškas tiriant sakinius, o sintaksinė atlieka tarpinį vaidmenį tarp semantinio ir komunikacinio sakinio lygmenų. Tyrimu, paremtu gretinamąja dviejų kalbų grožinės literatūros tekstų komunikacine analize, nustatyta, kad komunikacinė egzistencinio sakinio struktūra lietuvių kalboje sudaryta iš dviejų elementų. Pirmasis - žinoma informacija, Vietos aplinkybė, atliekanti pagrindinės temos funkciją. Ji yra pranešimo išeities taškas ir paprastai yra sakinio pradžioje. Antrasis - nauja arba aktuali informacija, Egzistentas, atliekantis pagrindinę remos funkciją, kuri paprastai užima sakinio pabaigos vietą. Tyrimas patvirtina... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This research is connected with syntax and comparative translation. It is about the problem of the dependence of the word order changing on the actual division of a sentence in translation of English literary text into Russian. The relevance of this work is connected with the insufficient knowledge of grammatical transformations and the actual division of sentences in modern translation studies, as well as with the lack of empirical material in comparative syntax. The object of the research is syntactic transformations, and the subject is the features of using syntactic transformations during translating from English into Russian. The purpose is the theme-rheumatic interpretation of syntactic transformations-permutations in the translation of J. D. Salinger's novel “The Catcher in the Rye” from English into Russian. The theme-rheumatic analysis of the original English text by J. D. Salinger and its Russian into English translations by R. Rait-Kovaleva and M. Nemtsov showed that during translating English monorems with rheme at the beginning of the sentence, the translator usually uses the transpositions: the transfer of rheme to the end of the sentence. / Данная работа выполнена на стыке синтаксиса и сопоставительного переводоведения. Она посвящена проблеме зависимости изменения порядка слов при переводе английского художественного текста на русский язык от актуального членения предложения. Актуальность данной работы заключается в недостаточной изученности грамматических трансформаций и актуального членения предложения в современном переводоведении, а также в нехватке эмпирического материала в сопоставительном синтаксисе. Объектом исследования являются синтаксические трансформации, а предметом – особенности использования синтаксических трансформаций при переводе с английского языка на русский. Цель исследования – тема-рематическая интерпретация синтаксических трансформаций-перестановок при переводе с английского языка на русский романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера “The Catcher in the Rye”. Проведенный тема-рематический анализ исходного английского текста романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера «The Catcher in the Rye» и его русскоязычных переводов, выполненных Р. Райт-Ковалевой и М. Немцовым, показал, что при переводе английских монорем, содержащих рему в начале высказывания, переводчиком устойчиво используется трансформация перестановки – перенос ремы в конец предложения.

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(in English): The objective of the thesis is to give a definition of passive perspective and to describe how passive perspective can be expressed in modern French. Follows an analysis of French passive constructions in different types of texts from various communicative fields. As the thesis reveals, the expression of passive perspective in modern French is not limited to periphrastic passive. Passive perspective can be expressed also by reflexive passive, secondary passive constructions se faire, se laisser and se voir and by nominal passive. The analysis showed that these means of expression of passive perspective can be found in both journalistic and specialized texts.

The aim of the present thesis is to analyze the Norwegian existential construction (presenteringskonstruksjonen) with regard to syntax, static semantics, dynamic semantics, and functional sentence perspective (FSP). The thesis first introduces the firbasian FSP theory in general, demonstrating the concepts on Norwegian examples. Then the theories most relevant for the study of the existential construction are summarized. The analysis is carried out on a sample of 1000 instances (500 taken from fiction and 500 excerpted from academic prose), and focuses mainly on the notional subject, the verb, and a possible adverbial. The syntactic analysis includes the position and the structure of the notional subject and adverbials. In addition, the lexical semantics of the head words and static semantics of adverbials were observed. The FSP analysis focused on the FSP functions of the individual clause elements and the FSP patterns the existential construction may realize. In addition, the dynamic semantic roles were studied in relation to the static semantic roles. The aim of the analyses is to find out in what circumstances the existential construction may realize the presentation scale or the quality scale, and what functions the construction may perform. The thesis observes the application of FSP on real...

The aim of this work is to analyse functions of French articles as a part of the text in comparison with the means of Czech language. The theoretical part defines determinants as a word class in French language as well as its function in conjunction with nominal group, ways of linking in the text and structure of the text. All of this is based on the works of French and Czech authors concerned in the question of articles. The comparative part was done on the text accessible in both languages. The texts were analysed in the same way and then they studied all the questions from the theoretical part i.e. functions of the article in the text and its language means in Czech. The results were put into two tables. First table presents Czech equivalents of nominal group. Second table presents Czech equivalents of the way of linking in the text.