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Gong, Xiangjun = 基於磁鑷和全反射顯微鏡的單粒子追踪微流變方法 / 龔湘君. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Gong, Xiangjun = Ji yu ci nie he quan fan she xian wei jing de dan li zi zhui zong wei liu bian fang fa / Gong Xiangjun.

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La rhéologie des fluides complexes est un sujet à l’intérêt grandissant dans le domaine de la recherche appliquée. Toutefois, les rhéomètres classiques nécessitent de grands volumes d'échantillons et sont généralement limités à une plage relativement étroite de fréquences de fonctionnement. En outre, seuls quelques rhéomètres sont dédiés à desmesures à hautes pressions, qui sont pourtant essentielles pour résoudre certains des problèmes rencontrés dans l’industrie pétrolière. Par conséquent, dans le cadre de cette thèse, un rhéomètre piézo-électrique à vibrations axiales est présenté. Il peut produire des données sur une large gamme de fréquences continues (1 Hz à 8 kHz). Il peut êtreutilisé avec de faibles quantités d'échantillons (jusqu'à 10 μL) et a servi pour la caractérisation d’huiles de synthèse. Enfin, cet appareil a été adapté pour faire face à des conditions de haute pression. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle conception de la cellule a été nécessaire et est présentée dans ce travail. Ce projet de thèse permettra d'étudier les propriétés de transport des huiles lourdes et de concilier les données obtenues dans les domaines de la sismique et de la pétro-acoustique. / Rheology of complex fluids is growing topic in applied research. However, the conventional rheometers require large sample volumes and are usually limited to a relatively narrow range of operating frequencies. Furthermore, only few rheometers are dedicated to high pressures conditions, which are nevertheless crucial to tackle some of the petroleum industry problem. Therefore, in this thesis, a piezoelectric axial vibrator rheometer is presented which can produce data for a large continuous frequency range (1 Hz to 8 kHz). It can be used for very small amount of samples (down to 10μL) andhas been employed to characterize synthetic oil. Then, this apparatus has been adapted to deal with High Pressure conditions. To do so, a new design of the cell has been required and is presented in this work. This thesis project will allow studying the transport properties of heavy oils to conciliate the data obtained in the areas of seismic and petro-acoustic.

A high temperature high vacuum rheometer has been designed, fabricated, and tested for the study of the steady shear viscosity for multicomponent bulk metallic glass forming alloys. This rheometer has an operating range up to 1525 K, rotational frequencies of 9.4*10⁻³-3.7*10¹ radians/s, and a calibrated viscosity range of 9.6*10⁻³ and 1.2*10² Pa*s while maintaining absolute pressures pressure < 1*10⁻⁶ mbar. Zr[subscript 41.2]Ti[subscript 13.8]Cu[subscript 10.0]Ni[subscript 12.5]Be[subscript 22.5] (Vitreloy 1) is reported. The unexpected findings of non-Newtonian behavior above the liquidus temperature were observed. Observations of shear thinning, thixotropic, and viscoelastic behaviors have been made. Our results show that Vitreloy 1 can be modeled as a power law fluid, with a power law exponent of approximately -0.5 for high shear rates. We attribute the non-Newtonian behavior to structural ordering within the melt. The technological and scientific implications for non-Newtonian behavior are discussed. / Graduation date: 2005

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Bannwart, Edvaldo Sabadini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T05:50:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Destefani_ThaisCristina_M.pdf: 2402197 bytes, checksum: 41c2a60d04751d025a08cd311d99302a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A redução de atrito hidrodinâmico tem importantes aplicações em engenharia de petróleo, propiciando a produção e o transporte de petróleo ou seus derivados a vazões mais altas. As dimensões continentais do território brasileiro implicam na necessidade de uma eficiente rede de distribuição de derivados de petróleo, como por exemplo, o óleo diesel. O presente trabalho visa investigar o desempenho de dois agentes redutores de atrito (ARA's) comerciais que, injetado em ínfimas proporções (da ordem de ppm) em uma tubulação de escoamento de diesel, podem causar significativa diminuição em sua tensão de cisalhamento turbulenta, reduzindo a queda de pressão por atrito durante seu escoamento no interior de um tubo. Em uma primeira fase, as amostras com e sem ARA foram testadas em um reômetro, utilizando uma cela tipo Couette, avaliando a proporção do torque aplicado no diesel puro e no diesel com ARA, a uma mesma velocidade angular. Com uma concentração de 7 ppm foi observada uma redução de atrito da ordem de 13% e 18% para cada um dos aditivos. A avaliação da redução do atrito em tubulação consiste na comparação do diferencial de pressão obtido para escoamento de diesel com e sem ARA em um trecho de tubo. Estes experimentos mostram uma redução de atrito de 48% e 58% na injeção de 50 ppm de cada um dos aditivos estudados. Apesar dos experimentos em reômetro terem maior rapidez, controle de variáveis e menor consumo de materiais, o escoamento no interior da cela Couette é diferente em relação ao escoamento em tubulações. No entanto, os testes em tubulações são mais próximos das demandas reais, sendo assim importantes para o entendimento do fenômeno / Abstract: The drag reduction has important applications in petroleum engineering, allowing production and transportation of oil and derivatives at higher flow rates. The continental dimensions of Brazil implies the necessity for an efficient distribution network for oil products, such as diesel. This study aims to investigate the performance of two commercial drag reduction agents (DRA's), injected in very small proportions (the order of ppm) in a diesel fuel pipe flow. This injection may induce significant decrease in the turbulent shear stress, reducing the pressure drop by friction during the flow inside a tube. In a first step, samples with and without DRA were tested in a rheometer using a Couette cell type. The ratio of torque applied in pure diesel and diesel with DRA were analyzed at the same angular velocity. Using 7 ppm of concentration for both DRA, it was observed drag reduction of the order of 13% and 18% for each additives. The analysis of drag reduction in pipe flow involves the ratio of pressure differential by the flow of diesel with and without DRA in a section of tube. These tests show a drag reduction of 48% and 58% with 50 ppm for each DRA studied. Despite the rheometer experiments offer greater speed, control variables and lower consumption of materials, the flow inside the Couette cell is different compared with flow pipes. However, tests on pipes are closer to real demands therefore important for understanding the drag reduction phenomenon. With these experimental data, it is expected to determine correlations between tests in pipeline and rheometer, estimating the turbulence effect in these two systems / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chemical Engineering in the Department of Chemical Engineering of Cape Peninsula University ofTechnology, 2005 / The emulsion used for this study is a new thermodynamically unstable multi-component waterin- oil (w/o) explosive type with an internal phase ratio of approximately 94%, i.e. far beyond the close packing limit of spherical droplets of 74%. Economic considerations and the ongoing need for continuous drilling, loading and blasting in the mining industry, has made long-distance pipeline transportation of these emulsion explosive systems a viable economic option. Presently, rheological characterization of emulsion explosives is well documented (Bampfield & Cooper, 1988, Utracki, 1980). However, very little or none has been done for this system, pertaining to the use of rheometry for prediction of pumping characteristics of these systems in long-distance pipeline transport. This Master's dissertation is devoted to develop rheological methods of testing, characterization and correlation in order to develop a basis for predicting the pumping characteristics of highly concentrated w/o emulsion explosives from rheometry. The literature and theory pertinent to the pipeline flow of high internal phase ratio emulsion explosives are presented, as well as the fundamentals of both concentric cylinder rheometry and pipe viscometry. The most relevant is the work of Bampfield and Cooper (1988), Utracki (1980) and Pal (1990). Two experimental test facilities were used for data collection. Pipeline experiments were done using an experimental test facility at African Explosives Limited (AEL), and rheometry was conducted at the Rheology Laboratory of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Flow Process Research Centre. The AEL experimental test facility consisted of a four-stage Orbit progressive cavity pump, two fluid reservoirs, (a mixing tank and a discharge reservoir), five 45m HOPE (high density polyethylene) pipes of internal diameters of 35.9 mm, 48.1 mm, 55.9 mm, 65.9 mm and 77.6 mm pipes. The test work was done over a wide range of laminar flow rates ranging from 3 kg.min-I to 53 kg.min-I . Rheometry was done using a PaarPhysica MCR300 rheometer, and only standard rotational tests (i.e. flow curve) at 30 °c in controlled rate mode were done. Rheological characterisation was done using three rheological models, i.e. the Herschel-Bulkley, the Power Law and the Simplified Cross models. The coefficients obtained from these models were then used to predict pumping characteristics. The performances of these models were then evaluated by comparing the pipeline flow prediction to the actual pipeline data obtained from pipeline test experiments. It was found that the flow behaviour depicted by this explosive emulsion system was strongly non-Newtonian, and was characterized by two distinct regions of deformation behaviour, a lower Newtonian region of deformation behaviour in the shear rate region lower than 0.001 S-I and a strong shear thinning region in the shear rate range greater than 0.001 S-l. For all the models used for this study, it was evident that rheometry predicts the pumping characteristics of this high internal phase ratio emulsion reasonably well, irrespective of the choice of the model used for the predictions. It was also seen that the major difference between these models was in the lower shear rate domain. However, the Simplified Cross model was preferred over the other two models, since its parameter (the zero shear viscosity denoted by 110) can in general be correlated to the structure of the emulsion systems (i.e. mean droplet size, bulk modulus, etc.). Thus, structural changes induced by shearing (either inside the pump or when flowing inside a pipe) can be detected from changes in the value of the 110. The above statement implies that Tlo can be used as a quality control measure. Different pumping speeds were found to cause different degrees of shear-induced structural changes which were manifested by two opposing processes. These two opposing processes were the simultaneous coalescence and flocculation of droplets encountered at low rates of shear, and the simultaneous refinement and deflocculation of droplets encountered at high rates of shear. These two droplet phenomena were associated with a decrease or an increase in viscous effects, leading to both lower and higher viscous stresses and pumping pressures during pump start-up respectively.