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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Mathematics, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 24, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-78). Also issued in print.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à estudar a geometria dos sÃlitons de Ricci compactos, os quais correspondem as soluÃÃes auto-similires do fluxo de Ricci. AlÃm disso, essas variedades podem ser vistas como uma generalizaÃÃo das mÃtricas de Einstein. Neste trabalho, mostraremos que todo sÃliton de Ricci compacto tem curvatura escalar positiva. Alem disso, mostraremos que o seu grupo fundamental à sempre finito. Em particular, apresentaremos uma prova feita por Perelman [19] que todo sÃliton de Ricci compacto à do tipo gradiente / The aim of this work is to study the geometry of the compact Ricci soliton, which correspond to self-similar solution of the Ricci flow. These manifolds are natural generalization to Einstein metrics. Here we shall prove that every compact Ricci soliton has positive scalar curvature. Moreover, we show that its fundamental group is finite. Finally, we prove that every compact Ricci soliton must be gradient.

Title: Ricci flow and geometric analysis on manifolds Author: Jakub Eliáš Ústav: Matematický ústav UK Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Petr Somberg Ph.D., Matematický ústav UK Abstract: This thesis discusses basis aspects of the Ricci flow on manifolds with a view towards the ambient space construction. We start with the back- ground review of the Riemannian geometry and parabolic partial differential equations, and the Ricci flow problem on manifolds is established. Then we aim towards the formulation of the Ricci flow problem on ambient spaces and provide several basic examples. There are two main parts: the first consists of general theory needed to formulate our problem and strategy, while the second part consists of particular calculations associated with the Ricci flow problem. Keywords: Ricci flow, Ambient space, Ambient metric, Poincaré-Einstein metric. 1

This thesis consists of two parts. In the first part, we study certain Ricci flow invariant nonnegative curvature conditions as given by B. Wilking. We begin by proving that any such nonnegative curvature implies nonnegative isotropic curvature in the Riemannian case and nonnegative orthogonal bisectional curvature in the K¨ahler case. For any closed AdSO(n,C) invariant subset S so(n, C) we consider the notion of positive curvature on S, which we call positive S- curvature. We show that the class of all such subsets can be naturally divided into two subclasses: The first subclass consists of those sets S for which the following holds: If two Riemannian manifolds have positive S- curvature then their connected sum also admits a Riemannian metric of positive S- curvature. The other subclass consists of those sets for which the normalized Ricci flow on a closed Riemannian manifold with positive S-curvature converges to a metric of constant positive sectional curvature. In the second part of the thesis, we study the behavior of Ricci flow for a manifold having positive S - curvature, where S is in the first subclass. More specifically, we study the Ricci flow for a special class of metrics on Sp+1 x S1 , p ≥ 4, which have positive isotropic curvature.

This thesis deals with Einstein metrics and the Ricci flow on compact mani- folds. We study the second variation of the Einstein-Hilbert functional on Ein- stein metrics. In the first part of the work, we find curvature conditions which ensure the stability of Einstein manifolds with respect to the Einstein-Hilbert functional, i.e. that the second variation of the Einstein-Hilbert functional at the metric is nonpositive in the direction of transverse-traceless tensors. The second part of the work is devoted to the study of the Ricci flow and how its behaviour close to Einstein metrics is influenced by the variational be- haviour of the Einstein-Hilbert functional. We find conditions which imply that Einstein metrics are dynamically stable or unstable with respect to the Ricci flow and we express these conditions in terms of stability properties of the metric with respect to the Einstein-Hilbert functional and properties of the Laplacian spectrum. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Einsteinmetriken und Ricci-Fluss auf kompakten Mannigfaltigkeiten. Wir studieren die zweite Variation des Einstein- Hilbert Funktionals auf Einsteinmetriken. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit finden wir Krümmungsbedingungen, die die Stabilität von Einsteinmannigfaltigkeiten bezüglich des Einstein-Hilbert Funktionals sicherstellen, d.h. die zweite Varia- tion des Einstein-Hilbert Funktionals ist nichtpositiv in Richtung transversaler spurfreier Tensoren. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit widmet sich dem Studium des Ricci-Flusses und wie dessen Verhalten in der Nähe von Einsteinmetriken durch das Variationsver- halten des Einstein-Hilbert Funktionals beeinflusst wird. Wir finden Bedinun- gen, die dynamische Stabilität oder Instabilität von Einsteinmetriken bezüglich des Ricci-Flusses implizieren und wir drücken diese Bedingungen in Termen der Stabilität der Metrik bezüglich des Einstein-Hilbert Funktionals und Eigen- schaften des Spektrums des Laplaceoperators aus.

Le flot de Ricci est une équation aux dérivées partielles qui régit l’évolution d’une métrique riemannienne dépendant d’un paramètre de temps sur une variété différentielle. D’abord introduit et étudié par R. Hamilton, il est à l’origine de la solution de la conjecture de géométrisation des variétés compactes de dimension 3 par G. Perelman en 2001. La théorie classique concernant l’existence en temps court des solutions, due à Hamilton et à Shi, garantit (en dimension quelconque) l’existence d’un flot soit sur une variété compacte, soit lorsque la métrique initiale est complète avec une borne sur la norme du tenseur de courbure. En l’absence de cette borne, on conjecture qu’on peut trouver, à partir de la dimension 3, des données initiales pour lesquelles il n’existe pas de solution. Dans cette thèse, on démontre des théorèmes d’existence en temps court du flot sous des hypothèses plus faibles qu’une borne sur la norme du tenseur de courbure. Pour cela, on introduit une construction générale qui, pour une métrique riemannienne g quelconque sur une variété M, pas nécessairement complète, permet de produire une solution de l’équation du flot sur un domaine ouvert D de l’espace-temps M * [0,T] qui contient la tranche de temps initiale, avec g pour donnée initiale. On montre ensuite que sous des hypothèses adaptées sur la métrique g, on contrôle la forme du domaine D. En particulier, lorsque la métrique g est complète, D contient un ensemble de la forme M * [0,t], avec t>0, ce qui revient à dire qu’il existe un flot au sens classique dont la donnée initiale est g. Les « hypothèses adaptées » qui conduisent à des théorèmes d’existence sont de trois types. Dans tout les cas, on suppose une minoration uniforme du volume des boules de rayon au plus 1, à quoi on ajoute : a) en dimension 3, une minoration du tenseur de Ricci, b) en dimension n, une minoration d’une notion de courbure dite « courbure isotrope I » ou bien c) en dimension n, une borne sur la norme du tenseur de Ricci et une hypothèse qui garantit la proximité au sens métrique des boules de rayon au plus 1 avec une boule de même rayon dans un espace métrique obtenu comme le produit cartésien d’un espace de dimension 3 et d’un facteur euclidien de dimension n-3. De plus, avec ces résultats d’existence viennent des estimations sur les propriétés de régularisation du flot quantifiées en fonction des hypothèses sur la donnée initiale. La possibilité ainsi offerte de régulariser, globalement ou localement, pour un temps et avec des estimations quantifiés, une métrique initiale a des conséquence sur les espaces métriques singuliers obtenus comme limites, pour la distance de Gromov-Hausdorff, de suites de variétés satisfaisant uniformément aux conditions a), b) ou c). En effet, des théorèmes de compacité classiques pour le flot de Ricci permettent d’extraire un flot limite, étant donnée une suite de métriques initiales satisfaisant uniformément à ces hypothèses, et possédant donc toutes un flot pour un temps contrôlé. Lorsque les métriques en question approchent, pour la topologie de Gromov-Hausdorff, un espace singulier, cette solution limite s’interprète comme un flot régularisant l’espace singulier en question, et son existence contraint la topologie de cet espace singulier. / The Ricci Flow is a partial differential equation governing the evolution of a Riemannian metric depending on a time parameter t on a differential manifold. It was first introduced and studied by R. Hamilton, and eventually led to the solution of the Geometrization conjecture for closed three-dimensional manifolds by G. Perelman in 2001. The classical short-time existence theory for the Ricci Flow, due to Hamilton and Shi, asserts, in any dimension, the existence of a flow starting from any initial metric when the underlying manifold in compact, or for any complete initial metric with a bound on the norm of the curvature tensor otherwise. In the absence of such a bound, though, the conjecture is that starting from dimension 3 one can find such initial data for which there is no solution. In this thesis, we prove short-time existence theorems under hypotheses weaker than a bound on the norm of the curvature tensor. To do this, we introduce a general construction which, for any Riemannian metric g (not necessarily complete) on a manifold M, allows us to produce a solution to the equation of the flow on an open domain D of the space-time M * [0,T] which contains the initial time slice, with g as an initial datum. We proceed to show that under suitable hypotheses on g, one can control the shape of the domain D, so that in particular, D contains a subset of the form M * [0,t] with t>0 if g is complete. By « suitable hypothesis », we mean one of the following. In any case, we assume a lower bound on the volume of balls of radius at most 1, plus a) in dimension 3, a lower bound on the Ricci tensor, b) in dimension n, a lower bound on the so-called « isotropic curvature I » or c) in dimension n, a bound on the norm of the Ricci tensor, as well as a hypothesis which garanties the metric proximity of every ball of radius at most $1$ with a ball of the same radius in a metric product between a three-dimensional metric space and a $n-3$ dimensional Euclidian factor. Moreover, with these existence results come estimates on the existence time and regularization properties of the flow, quantified in term of the hypotheses on the initial data. The possibility to regularize metrics, locally or globally, with such estimates has consequences in terms of the metric spaces obtained as limits, in the Gromov-Hausdorff topology, of sequences of manifolds uniformly satisfying a), b) or c). Indeed, the classical compactness theorems for the Ricci Flow allow for the extraction of a limit flow for any sequence of initial metrics uniformly satisfying the hypotheses and thus possessing a flow for a controlled amount of time. In the case when these metrics approach a singular space in the Gromov-Hausdorff topology, such a limit solution can be interpreted as a flow regularizing the singular limit space, the existence of which puts constraints on the topology of this space.

This dissertation considers several problems related to Ricci flow, including the existence and behavior of solutions. The first goal is to obtain explicit, coordinate-based descriptions of Ricci flow solutions--especially those corresponding to Ricci solitons--on two classes of nilpotent Lie groups. On the odd-dimensional classical Heisenberg groups, we determine the asymptotics of Ricci flow starting at any metric, and use Lott's blowdown method to demonstrate convergence to soliton metrics. On the groups of real unitriangular matrices, which are more complicated, we describe the solitons and corresponding solutions using a suitable ansatz. Next, we consider solsolitons involving the nilsolitons in the Heisenberg case above. This uses work of Lauret, which characterizes solsolitons as certain extensions of nilsolitons, and work of Will, which demonstrates that the space of solsolitons extensions of a given nilsoliton is parametrized by the quotient of a Grassmannian by a finite group. We determine these spaces of solsoliton extensions of Heisenberg nilsolitons, and we also explicitly describe many-parameter families of these solsolitons in dimensions greater than three. Finally, we explore Ricci flow coupled with harmonic map flow, both as it arises naturally in certain bundle constructions related to Ricci flow and as a geometric flow in its own right. In the first case, we generalize a theorem of Knopf that demonstrates convergence and stability of certain locally R[superscript N]-invariant Ricci flow solutions. In the second case, we prove a version of Hamilton's compactness theorem for the coupled flow, and then generalize it to the category of etale Riemannian groupoids. We also provide a detailed example of solutions to the flow on the three-dimensional Heisenberg group. / text

On s'intéresse à la géométrie globale et asymptotique de certaines variétés riemanniennes non compactes. Dans une première partie, on étudie la topologie et la géométrie à l'infini des variétés riemanniennes à courbure (de Ricci) positive ayant un rapport asymptotique de courbure fini. On caractérise le cas non effondré via la notion de cône asymptotique et on donne des conditions suffisantes sur le groupe fondamental pour garantir un non effondrement. La seconde partie est dédiée à l'étude des solutions de Type III du flot de Ricci à courbure positive et aux solitons gradients de Ricci expansifs (points fixes de Type III) présentant une décroissance quadratique de la courbure. On montre l'existence et l'unicité des cônes asymptotiques de tels points fixes. On donne également des conditions suffisantes de nature algébrique et géométrique pour garantir une géométrie de révolution de tels solitons. Dans une troisième partie, on caractérise la géométrie des solitons gradients de Ricci stables à courbure positive et à croissance volumique linéaire. Puis, on s'intéresse au non effondrement des variétés riemanniennes de dimension trois à courbure de Ricci positive ayant un rapport asymptotique de courbure fini. / We study the global and asymptotic geometry of non-compact Riemannian manifolds. First, we study the topology and geometry at infinity of Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative (Ricci) curvature and finite asymptotic curvature ratio. We focus on the non-collapsed case with the help of asymptotic cones and we give sufficient conditions on the fundamental group to guarantee non-collapsing. The second part is dedicated to the study of (non-negatively curved) Type III Ricci flow solutions. We mainly analyze the asymptotic geometry of Type III self-similar solutions (expanding gradient Ricci soliton) with finite asymptotic curvature ratio. We prove the existence and uniqueness of their asymptotic cones. We also give algebraic and geometric sufficient conditions to guarantee rotational symmetry of such metrics. In the last part, we characterize the geometry of steady gradient Ricci solitons with nonnegative sectional curvature and linear volume growth. Finally, we study the non-collapsing of three dimensional Riemannian manifold with nonnegative Ricci curvature and finite asymptotic curvature ratio.

SILVA, José Euclides Gomes da. Sobre modificações na estrutura geométrica em cenários de branas. 2013. 130 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-05-16T21:35:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jegsilva.pdf: 836100 bytes, checksum: c4765585f192ce0d02aa423186d47ae3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-05-16T21:38:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jegsilva.pdf: 836100 bytes, checksum: c4765585f192ce0d02aa423186d47ae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-16T21:38:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_jegsilva.pdf: 836100 bytes, checksum: c4765585f192ce0d02aa423186d47ae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This thesis presents our proposals for new braneworlds models. Some of the main open issues in high energy physics have interesting solutions assuming the space-time has more than four dimensions. For instance, the hierarchy problem between the eletroweak and the Planck scales, and the origin of the cosmological constant, find some solutions in the brane scenarios. Since these models are rather sensible on the geometrical structure of the multidimensional space time where the brane is embedded, our main goal is to analyze how the geometrical and physical properties of the braneworld and of fields living on it evolve under a geometrical flow in the transverse manifold. The first step was propose an smoothed string-like braneworld with a transverse resolved conifold. The resolution parameter changes the width of the well and the high of the barrier of the Kaluza-Klein modes. Further, the source of this warped solution has different phases depending on the resolution parameter. The massless modes for the scalar, gauge and spinor fields are only well-behaved on the brane for non singular configurations. Another smooth geometrical flow studied was the so-called Ricci flow. This flux posses diffeomorphic invariant solutions called Ricci solitons which are extremals of the energy and entropy functionals. An important two-dimensional Ricci soliton with axial symmetry is the cigar soliton. A warped product between a 3-brane and the cigar soliton turns to be an interior and exterior string-like solution satisfying the dominant energy condition and that supports a massless gravitational mode trapped to the brane. The last geometric modification proposed was the locally Lorentz symmetry violation through a Finsler geometry approach. This anisotropic differential geometry has been intensely studied in last years. We have chosen the so-called bipartite space where the length of the events is measure using the metric and another symmetric tensor called bipartite tensor. We have shown the bipartite space deforms the causal surface to an elliptic cone and provides an anisotropy into the inertia of a particle. By means of an extended Einstein-Hilbert action we have shown an analogy between the bipartite space and the bumblebee and bipartite models which are effective Lorentz violating models in curved space times. / A presente tese apresenta nossas propostas de estensões dos modelos de mundo Branas. Alguns dos principais problemas em aberto em física de partículas, como o problema da hieraquia entre as escalas de Planck e eletrofraca, e da cosmologia como a origem da matéria escura e o valor da constante cosmológica, encontram soluções nos cenários de branas. Uma vez que tais modelos são extremamente sensíveis à estrutura geométrica do espaço-tempo ambiente multidimensional no qual a brana está imersa, noss ideia básica é analisar como as propriedades da brana e dos campos que vivem no seu entorno mudam quando alteramos a estrutura geométrica do espaço ambiente. Nosso primeiro passo foi uma estensão do cenário de de brana tipo-corda em seis dimensões onde a variedade transversa é uma seção do cone resolvido. O parâmetro de resolução do cone, que controla a singularidade na origem, também altera a largura dos modos sem massa de um campo escalar e do potencial confinante dos modos Kaluza-Klein. Também analisamos as condições de energia da fonte que passa por diferentes fases durante o fluxo de resolução. Estudamos ainda como este fluxo modifica as propriedades dos campos vetoriais e espinoriais neste cenário. Em seguida, propusemos um novo fluxo geométrico para a variedade transversa. O chamado fluxo de Ricci possui soluções invariantes por difeomorfismos chamadas sólitons de Ricci. Tais soluções têm a propriedade de extremizar grandezas durante esse fluxo, como os funcionais energia e entropia. Uma solução particularmente importante e estacionária deste fluxo é o chamado sóliton charuto de Hamilton que possui simetria axial. Definimos uma variedade produto não-fatorizável entre uma 3-brana e um sóliton de Hamilton resultando em uma solução tipo-corda regular que satisfaz a condição de energia dominante e tem um modo gravitacional não massivo localizado. Outra modificação geométrica proposta foi a Violação da simetria de Lorentz através da introdução de uma estrutura métrica localmente anisotrópica, a chamada geometria de Finsler. Tal abordagem tem sido objeto recente de vários estudos. Escolhemos uma estrutura finsleriana recentemente proposta, chamada bipartite, onde o comprimento dos eventos é calculado não somente com a métrica Lorentziana mas também com uma outra forma bilinear simétrica. O cone de luz desta geometria é deformado para um cone elíptico cujas inclinações das geratrizes dependem dos autovalores do tensor bipartite. Outra propriedade deste espaço-tempo é a de modificar a relação entre o 4-momentum e a 4-velocidade gerando um tensor de inércia. Através de uma ação de Einstein-Hilbert finsleriana em um limite de baixa dependência direcional, encontramos uma analogia entre essa geometria e os modelos bumblebee e aether, que descrevem efetivamente a quebra da simetria de Lorentz em espaços curvos.