Neste estudo, consideramos um problema transiente de fluxo unidimensional vertical de água em meio poroso insaturado, modelado pela equação Richards não-linear. As reações constitutivas de Van Genuchten são empregadas para representar a capacidade hidráulica e a condutividade. A fórmula da solução é otimizada e avaliada usando a equação governante em um critério de autoconsciente. Os resultados são apresentados para alguns tipos de solo e seus parâmetros relacionados, que são mencionados em literatura. / In this study, we consider a transiente vertical one-dimensional flow problem of water in unsaturated porus media, modelled by the non-linear Richards equation. Constitutive relations of Van Genutchten are employed to represent the hydraulic capacity and conductivity. The solution formula is optimized and evaluated using to governing equation for a self-consistency criterion. The results are presented for some oil types and its related soil parameters, that are reported in the literature.

La détermination de certains paramètres hydrodynamiques dans les modèles d'écoulement en zone non-saturée (et plus généralement dans certains modèles géophysiques) requiert l'utilisation d'un modèle et de données d'observations. Le but de ce travail est de proposer une méthode d'assimilation variationnelle de données permettant de reconstituer ces paramètres en tenant compte des observations et le modèle. La méthode proposée est fondée sur les techniques de contrôle optimal. Le travail mené dans cette étude porte sur l'identification de paramètres sur le modèle de Richards monodimensionnel ainsi que sa mise en oeuvre numérique. Au préalable, une investigation de la physique liée à notre problématique est explorée. Les données à assimiler sont les mesures d'infiltration cumulée et le vecteur de contrôle choisi est constitué de la condition initiale, des conditions aux limites et des paramètres hydrodynamiques. C'est ainsi que suivant certaines distributions des observations (infiltration cumulée observée), le paramètre de contrôle est reconstitué. Cette phase est suivie par une étude a posteriori basée sur les études au second ordre qui permettent d'estimer l'erreur de l'identification, l'influence de la configuration temporelle des observations sur la qualité de l'identification ainsi qu'une bonne compréhension du processus de minimisation. La dérivation automatique à l'aide du logiciel de différentiation automatique ODYSSEE est utilisée pour déduire les informations du premier et du second ordre. Enfin, en se servant des études au second ordre réalisées, nous appliquons l'algorithme de Newton au système d'optimalité.

Touring the state in the early 1980s, the “Texas Women: A Celebration of History” exhibit was the first attempt to create a comprehensive, public Texas women’s history narrative. Surprisingly, the exhibit was organized not by academics or museum professionals, but rather by the Texas Foundation for Women’s Resources—a nascent second-wave feminist non-profit organization composed of up-and-coming political activists such as Ann Richards, Sarah Weddington, Jane Hickie, and Martha Smiley. Through an analysis of the exhibit, as well as archival research and oral histories with many of the participants, this thesis explores the reasons that a feminist organization with finite resources would choose to focus on the production of women’s history as a tool of feminist activism. The “Texas Women” exhibit was a uniquely effective way for the members of the Texas Foundation for Women’s Resources to express their feminist values in a culturally palatable way and to create embodied moments of feminist consciousness for their audience. Furthermore, it paved the way for the organization’s future successful feminist projects, fed the production of Texas women’s history initiatives around the state, and served as a springboard that helped launch Ann Richards’ successful political career. / text

South Africa's past industrial decentralisation policies have come under intense criticism for being economically inefficient and an inappropriate means of providing employment. The result of state intervention from the 1970s in the locality of Richards Bay/Empangeni, has led to the establishment of many unlinked, globally competing industries in the area, which the local economy has come to rely heavily upon. Public as well as private organisations of the area have in place many social upliftment initiatives developed in response to the high poverty and unemployment in the area. By employing survey research techniques to collect the necessary data, this research study undertakes a social scientific approach to analysing the socio·economic impact that these industries and large firms have had on the area and documents the current social investment initiatives they have in place. Local Economic Development (LED) initiatives, as a pro-poor response to community upliftment, are firmly placed in the local municipality's LED strategy, and from which, the area now receives considerable benefit. Results show that there is a positive public·private partnership approach to local development in the area with all sectors being actively involved in community benefit and poverty alleviation initiatives. / Thesis (M.A)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.

Dans un champ captant, comme celui qui alimente l'agglomération lyonnaise, le fonctionnement de chaque " objet " (bassins d'infiltration, puits, rivières, nappe, zone non saturée) et leurs interactions sont complexes et mal connus. Dans un premier temps, une série d'essais d'infiltration à différentes échelles dans un bassin artificiel de réalimentation a permis de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement de cet ouvrage et de chiffrer les paramètres hydrodynamiques de la zone non saturée. Les résultats des interprétations par méthodes numériques fondées sur l'équation de Richards ont montré que les flux infiltrés dans les bassins dépendent principalement de la conductivité hydraulique à saturation d'une couche située directement sous le sable calibré couvrant le fond du bassin, identifiée comme étant moins perméable que la nappe. Cette couche conditionne l'existence d'une zone non saturée. La réalisation d'essais de pompage dans l'aquifère sur les forages d'exploitation et sur un dispositif spécialement mis en place durant ce travail a permis de déterminer les paramètres hydrodynamiques de la nappe. Une analyse des observations et une modélisation conceptuelle en 2D, puis en 3D ont permis d'identifier les mécanismes prépondérants (stratifications, apports et prélèvements) et de simuler correctement à la fois les flux infiltrés dans un des bassins d'infiltration et la remontée de la nappe. A l'échelle d'un bassin, les flux infiltrés sont variables dans le temps, ils dépendent de l'état de colmatage de la surface d'infiltration mais également de la température de l'eau infiltrée et de l'état hydrique initial du sol sous le bassin. Les analyses de sensibilité réalisées avec les modèles mis en place indiquent que la conductivité hydraulique à saturation de l'aquifère, mais également la proximité des conditions aux limites imposées dans la nappe (les rivières et les puits de pompage) influencent de manière prépondérante la remontée de la nappe. Une modélisation 3D d'un autre secteur du champ captant comprenant deux bassins d'infiltration, deux bras de rivière ainsi que des puits de pompage a été réalisée. La condition à la limite imposée sur les rivières est du troisième type en accord avec l'observation d'un sous-écoulement en nappe. Les échanges nappe/rivières sont calés sur des observations à partir d'une chronique de propagation d'une onde de crue dans la nappe. Des piézomètres en flûte de pan, spécifiquement implantés à proximité d'un bassin, ont permis d'observer des différences de charge hydraulique fortes à différents niveaux de l'aquifère lorsque le bassin d'infiltration est en eau. La modélisation 3D est conforme à ces observations. Elle a confirmé l'importance du rôle d'une hétérogénéité de type argilo-sableuse (de conductivité hydraulique à saturation inférieure aux autres lithologies présentes dans l'aquifère) dans les écoulements (direction et flux). Le modèle développé représente correctement les flux infiltrés via les bassins ainsi que les fluctuations de la piézométrie de la nappe. Il permet de vérifier l'inversion des écoulements par rapport aux infiltrations de la rivière, d'identifier les puits alimentés par les bassins d'infiltration et également de mettre en évidence les flux de nappe passant sous la rivière.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brigham Young University, Dept. of Art. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115).

Neste estudo, consideramos um problema transiente de fluxo unidimensional vertical de água em meio poroso insaturado, modelado pela equação Richards não-linear. As reações constitutivas de Van Genuchten são empregadas para representar a capacidade hidráulica e a condutividade. A fórmula da solução é otimizada e avaliada usando a equação governante em um critério de autoconsciente. Os resultados são apresentados para alguns tipos de solo e seus parâmetros relacionados, que são mencionados em literatura. / In this study, we consider a transiente vertical one-dimensional flow problem of water in unsaturated porus media, modelled by the non-linear Richards equation. Constitutive relations of Van Genutchten are employed to represent the hydraulic capacity and conductivity. The solution formula is optimized and evaluated using to governing equation for a self-consistency criterion. The results are presented for some oil types and its related soil parameters, that are reported in the literature.

Neste estudo, consideramos um problema transiente de fluxo unidimensional vertical de água em meio poroso insaturado, modelado pela equação Richards não-linear. As reações constitutivas de Van Genuchten são empregadas para representar a capacidade hidráulica e a condutividade. A fórmula da solução é otimizada e avaliada usando a equação governante em um critério de autoconsciente. Os resultados são apresentados para alguns tipos de solo e seus parâmetros relacionados, que são mencionados em literatura. / In this study, we consider a transiente vertical one-dimensional flow problem of water in unsaturated porus media, modelled by the non-linear Richards equation. Constitutive relations of Van Genutchten are employed to represent the hydraulic capacity and conductivity. The solution formula is optimized and evaluated using to governing equation for a self-consistency criterion. The results are presented for some oil types and its related soil parameters, that are reported in the literature.

Theatre is not a thermometer of society; it is the fever. The archive is the aftermath that recalls that fever. In this thesis I theorize about the status of audiovisual documentation, its functionality, and its ontological relation with the performance. I argue that the film of a performance does not constitute evidence per se, but it acquires such status through the concurrence of other documents and archival artifacts existentially related to the theatrical production. I also propose that the audiovisual document becomes a substitute for the performance when it has disappeared from the historical world, becoming the new referent for other documents that also speak of the original performance. In the body of my thesis I introduce the trope of the Model Performance (MP), defined as the epitome of all the shows performed throughout the cycle of a theatrical production, in order to problematize the assumed stable nature of the performance as rather an evolvable entity impossible to document in its whole process. The MP, as a construct, allows me to formulate five orientations the archivist could take into account when deciding which, among the successive shows a production performs, should be audiovisually documented. It is through all these ruminations that finally I arrive to the conclusion of creating a holistic archival model using the new digital technologies, that I think are the best present media to recall and to assess the fever.

In Man, the State and War, Kenneth N. Waltz claims that for a peace prescription to be valid, it must be based on a proper view of the causes of war. Waltz analyzes the validity of three basic causes of war: man himself, the characteristics of the nation-state, and the international system.I have examined the views of Elder Stephen L Richards on peace and war in the context of the Waltz framework. Elders Richards believed that the failings of men were the primary causes of war. His prescription for peace was widespread acceptance of the Gospel. He disagreed with the Waltz view that men are unchanging and that peace plans based on the reform of men are futile. Elder Richards' views coincided with Waltz' that democracies are more likely to be peaceful than dictatorships. He recognized, too, that aspects of the international system contribute to conflict. Elder Richards was ambivalent, however, about the prospects of the Gospel being accepted by enough people for peace to be established.