Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4223.pdf: 4220373 bytes, checksum: 64ff581a2775f8700d2f7e044cee79be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study has the aim to analyze, from numerical analysis in finite elements, the behavior of masonry walls of bricks and closing blocks together with structural elements of reinforced concrete, in situations in which masonry and concrete collaborate in the support of the building. The analysis were made based on the diagram of tensions, where it was possible to observe the places with concentration of tensions and their form of distribution, and the parameters with influence on the behavior of the structure. On this analysis, several parameters involved in the composite systems of reinforced concrete and masonry were studied: the modulus of longitudinal deformation of the masonry; the presence and dimension of cracks, lintels and sills, beams and pillars; and models with ideal ties and where the walls join. Besides this, preliminary design of the concrete structure and masonry was carried out. The results of the analysis indicated that the presence of concrete elements together with the masonry results in a more uniform distribution of the tensions, besides having been observed a reduction of 50% in the compression tensions at the bottom of the wall for the model with concrete pillars. It was also verified that in the complete model, with pillars and beams, the beam presents a different behavior from a reticulated structure, indicating that the wall ends up serving it as a distributed support. In the preliminary design, it was noted that, without pillars and beam, the required resistance of the prism is compatible only for structural components. But in the case of beam, besides observing the difference among the models of calculation used and the real behavior of the structure, this element may not present the resistance and/or necessary security for the hypothesis of simply supported beam for the conditions that were admitted here. Regarding this study, it is important to emphasize that there is no intention of defending this type of structure, but rather analyse how it behaves before the actions. / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar, a partir de análises numéricas em elementos finitos, o comportamento de paredes de alvenaria de tijolos e blocos de vedação em conjunto com elementos estruturais de concreto armado, em situações em que alvenaria e concreto colaboram no suporte da edificação. As análises foram feitas com base em diagramas de tensões, onde foi possível observar os locais com concentração de tensões e sua forma de distribuição, e os parâmetros com influência no comportamento da estrutura. Nessas análises foram estudados vários parâmetros envolvidos nos sistemas mistos de concreto armado e alvenaria: o módulo de deformação longitudinal da alvenaria; a presença e dimensões de aberturas, vergas e contravergas, vigas e pilares; e modelos com vínculos ideais e encontro de paredes. Além disso, foi feito o pré-dimensionamento da estrutura de concreto e alvenaria. Os resultados das análises indicaram que a presença de elementos de concreto junto com a alvenaria resulta em uma distribuição mais uniforme das tensões, além de ter sido constatada uma redução de 50% nas tensões de compressão na base da parede para o modelo com pilares de concreto. Verificou-se também que no modelo completo, com pilares e viga, a viga apresenta um comportamento diferente de uma estrutura reticulada, indicando que a parede acaba lhe servindo como um apoio distribuído. No pré-dimensionamento, verificou-se que, na ausência de pilares e viga, a resistência requerida de prisma é compatível apenas para componentes estruturais. Já no caso da viga, além de se constatar a diferença entre os modelos de cálculo usados e o comportamento real da estrutura, esse elemento pode não apresentar a resistência e/ou segurança necessária para a hipótese de viga biapoiada para as condições que aqui foram admitidas. Sobre este estudo, é importante destacar que não se tem a pretensão de defender esse tipo de estrutura, e sim analisar como ela se comporta frente às ações.

abstract: A right to the city is a human right that is overlooked in American cities. Cities reflect humanity in collective form, but are manipulated by the powerful at the expense of the powerless. Landscapes of cities tell the city's stories, as historical inequalities become imprinted on the city's physical and symbolic landscapes. In Detroit, Michigan, over forty square miles of the city are vacant, unemployment might be as high as fifty percent, and the city has lost about sixty percent of its population since the mid-1950s. Detroit must now solve its spatial problems in the context of depopulation; the city's planners, nonprofits, and scholars are now debating "planned shrinking" or "right-sizing." Simultaneously, a blooming arts scene is also slowly revitalizing parts of the city. This thesis will critically examine the possibilities of planned shrinking and the arts movement in Detroit, as well as suggest theoretical explanations for the city's dilemmas. Detroit has been the subject of a myopic popular narrative, one that isolates the city from modern America rather than critically examines its place in modern America. Redefining regional healing through honest discourse and developing a more appropriate narrative for Detroit are among the solutions proposed. Finally, the importance of establishing a human right for the city is discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011

The focus in this dissertation is on the rise of secessionism and its curtailment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Theories pertaining to centre-periphery relations, as well as right-sizing the state, are used for this purpose. Factors such as the DRC’s vast territory and colonial policies affected the centre-periphery relations after independence. The weak ties between the centre and the peripheries were important factors in the attempts at secession that followed independence. In addition, the political and administrative centre (Kinshasa) was too weak to keep the restive peripheries in check. International military intervention, thus, played an important role in defeating attempts at secession. The strategies of President Mobutu in strengthening the centre, as well as the lack of secessionism in the DRC after the collapse of the centre towards the end of Mobutu’s presidency, receive attention. / Political Sciences / M.A. (Politics)