The thesis deals with the determination of real estate value easements established in favour of constructions transport infrastructure. The aim is determination of real estate value in an current price and official price. In connection with the established easement it is substantiate the devaluation of the real estate related with the occurrence of the easement. In the first part the thesis I deal with the forensic engineering, real estate market, easements and with their valuation. In the project part there is concretely solved valuation of real estate loaded with the easement.

My diploma thesis deals with the problems of easements put on buildings in the Czech Republic. The whole work is divided into the text part and the draft part. In the text part there are the common concepts going together with valuation in general, methods of the valuation. Next, there is a legislation of easements, methods and processes of easements and getting the value. Based on the knowledge gained in the text part, in the introduction of the draft part there is a valuation of the family house, including the whole equipment. On this family house there are three easements, including the easement of the free accommodation in one part of this house, the easement of the limitation of the construction activities, easement of the location of the mail box on the family house. The house and easements are valuated either for the taxes or for selling the building. At the end there is the final value of the building with easements, conclusion and recommendation for similar cases.

This assignment concentrates on the problematics of encumbrance. It is about the flat ministry encumbrance in a family house. The job is split into two parts, written and suggested. The written part analyses general notions which are found in the pricing of the property’s belongings. Next, there are stated methods to pricing the property’s belongings. The next chapters are dealing with the legislation of eternal encumbrance, the procedures and the ways of their pricing. The second part, suggested, contains the pricing itself. The property’s belonging is priced in two methods. One of the methods to pricing is value regulations; the second method prices by the regular value. First, the whole family house is priced with all its’ accessories, on the principal of half basis ownership and the given area of the flats, we can consider the value of the priced flat at the same value as half of a family house. Next, the encumbrance itself is priced. The age of the authorised is considered in one group of 30 years and the second group of 80 years. The following step is deducting the value of the eternal encumbrance. From these given final results, we state the chosen price of the flat including taxing purposes. At the conclusion of the done job, evaluation and recommendation is done for pricing similar cases.

Access to finance is often a vital tool for a company to make investments which in turn leads to increased generation of income. In 2022, the amount of lending to non-financial companies increased by around 13 %. Banks' traditional lending channels have recently been challenged by DeFi. Within DeFi, no central intermediary is used, the security provided is cryptocurrencies and the transaction history is public. The most common cryptocurrency used in DeFi is bitcoin. At the time of writing, bitcoin has a market capitalization of approximately $521 million. The use of DeFi has grown rapidly in 2022 as cryptocurrencies worth just under $110 billion were pledged in DeFi as collateral for credit. The EBA has previously warned about the risks of cryptocurrencies. Despite warnings, neither case law nor any clear legislation regarding cryptocurrencies and creditors protection has thus been created. Though, there is a proposal from EU that will create a uniform regulation for cryptocurrencies that are not currently covered by the EU's existing regulatory framework for financial services, the so-called MiCA regulation. In Swedish legislation, there is an ongoing investigation on how to handle cryptocurrencies. However, neither the proposals at EU-level nor national level deal with substantive legal aspects such as creditors protection. The purpose of the thesis is to present a proposal for what bitcoin as property is classified as according to Swedish law and to identify the most appropriate legal aspect when bitcoins are used within DeFi. Based on the purpose, the following questions arise (i) What type of property should the cryptocurrency bitcoin be legally classified as? (ii) How can creditor protection be achieved when a transaction with bitcoin is made? (iii) How can creditor protection be achieved when bitcoin is used as collateral? In this thesis, the legal dogmatic method and law analogies will be used to answer the questions. The conclusions are that bitcoin should first be seen as a financial instrument according to MiFID II and creditor protection in the case of acquired ownership of bitcoins can basically never be achieved. Creditor protection in case of retained ownership can be achieved with analogous application of RVL and using registration as an element of property rights. When bitcoin is used as collateral, creditor protection can be achieved through the property right element of registration or tradition. In the case of three-party escrow, notification of transfer of claim must be made to the person who holds the pledged property in accordance with the 1936 Pawn Law.