No / Nanoparticle usage has emerged in the medical field as a technology well-suited to the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of disease states. The distinctive characteristics of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) such as higher surface-area-to-volume ratios find various applications in personal care products, food packaging, drug-delivery systems, therapeutics, biosensors and others. The exponential increase in ENP-containing consumer products in the last decade has also increased their inadvertent release into the environment and the debate relating to their adverse effects on human and environmental health. The use of NPs for different functions in human studies has significantly increased the application of NPs in biomedicine, for instance, imaging of cell and tissues, drug delivery and sensing of target molecules. These nanomaterials have been investigated for the treatment and detection of various pathological conditions. There are suitable biological systems now available in man using peripheral blood lymphocytes to determine the effect of NPs in various disease states.

A probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for the discharge of excessive nitrogen from nonpoint sources (NPSs) to a stream was performed for a small agricultural watershed in northern Virginia. Risk, by definition, is the product of the frequency of occurrence of an event and the consequences of that event. The purpose of this research was to determine the probability of occurrence of a nitrogen discharge event (i.e., frequency). The consequences of such a discharge event were not explicitly determined but were implicitly assumed to be negative in nature. An event tree was developed to show the basic hydrologic processes at work in a small watershed. However, the event tree could not be used to discover the causes for nitrogen loss from the watershed. Therefore, a fault tree was developed for excessive nitrogen discharge in surface runoff on any day from agricultural sources. The development of the fault tree was found to be a useful exercise in understanding the intricate cause and effect relationships between agricultural practices and NPS pollution. Based on the results, the fault tree methodology might be used as an effective teaching or communication tool. The fault tree was also evaluated quantitatively to determine a probability of occurrence for excessive nitrogen discharge to the stream on any day. Land use, fertilization, monitoring, and long-term weather records were used in conjunction with scientific judgment and expert opinion to establish the probabilities within the fault tree and to calculate the overall probability of nitrogen discharge to the stream on any day. The results obtained from the fault tree calculations tend to underestimate the importance of cropland best management practices (BMPs) over the long term, because the fault tree was developed on a daily basis (i.e., every day in a year has the same probability of a discharge event occurring). A more accurate depiction of the NPS pollution control problem was achieved by assuming the occurrence of a runoff event. A second fault tree was presented for the discharge of excessive nitrogen to the stream during a runoff event. The quantitative assessment of the new fault tree showed more clearly the impact of BMPs on reducing the likelihood of nitrogen discharge. A 0.15 decrease in the probability of nitrogen discharge during a runoff event was calculated for the Owl Run watershed from 1987 to 1993 due to the effects of BMPs installed during that time period. A 0.20 decrease was calculated for an Owl Run subwatershed for the same time period. This subwatershed isolated two major dairy operations and the effects of the BMPs installed for those dairies. Despite the success of the fault tree in mirroring changes within the watershed, the amount of data and time required to perform the quantitative assessment may limit its use in the NPS pollution control field. The basic nature of the fault tree technique also limits its usefulness in the field. One such limitation is that degrees of events cannot be expressed. For example, a BMP is either present or not present on a fault tree. There can be no indication of how effective the BMP is in preventing NPS pollution without substantially increasing the level of detail displayed by the tree. Another limitation is that the ultimate result of the fault tree calculations is a probability of occurrence. This value is not as easily understood as the output of NPS pollution computer models, for example, where the output has specific meaning and units (e.g., milligrams of nitrogen per liter of runoff). The qualitative fault tree, however, has the advantage over computer models when it comes to understanding the concepts behind the technique and being able to see the cause and effect relationships at work in the watershed. Laypersons can understand the fault tree more easily than the complex computer code and intricate equations of models. / Master of Science

There is risk involved in the decision making process. In many cases, individuals are required to rate the risk of one position against the other, to determine which risk is greater, before making a decision. This thesis explores the differences in how the mass public and elites (the Founding Fathers and modern lawyers) evaluate the risky choice involved in taking a position on the role of due process in American society. Utilizing contextual analysis and survey research, the thesis determines whether the groups hold a view of due process as paramount within society or as a danger to public safety, and the consistency of that viewpoint dependent on framing of situations. The results indicate that a mass-elite dichotomy does exist; the conclusion of the thesis suggests this as a possible explanation for why the masses can be swayed by ideological linguistics.

Yes / The energy sector is a dynamic business environment, power plants have to deal with several complex risks, including both technical and non-technical risks. Thus, unexpected risks can disrupt the energy generation processes, with a negative long-term impact. Furthermore, these risks are not isolated, as their impact may affect a series of interrelated risks. To add to this complexity, the assessment of those risks may change with time in a dynamic business environment. This situation makes strategic decision making less effective regarding the successful design of a risk management system. Understanding the dynamic behaviour of a complex system of interrelated risks in the energy sector is very important to achieve a more sustainable overall performance of the power plants. This paper presents a System Dynamics (SD) approach to capture the interdependencies of strategic non-technical risks associated to the customer performance perspective in a risk management system for the energy sector. Several approaches for risk assessment focus on technical risks related to equipment but fail to consider the complex interactions with other risks and neither consider the dynamic nature of the business environment. A system dynamics model with 15 risk factors was built to assist decision makers in understanding the behaviour for such risks affecting the customer performance perspective. The model was validated in a power plant in the Middle East. The model allowed to highlight the impact of mitigating the risk of policy and regulations on the availability risk of the power plant and on the risk factor related to operational and maintenance cost.

The potential harm caused to bees and other pollinators by the widespread use of neonicotinoids has the capacity to pose a real and immediate threat to both the environment and humans. The benefits that bees and other pollinators provide, combined with the potential of harm they may face, are important enough to warrant a more comprehensive testing apparatus by which to evaluate threats to their population. Environmentally, bees and other pollinators are an important piece of ecosystemic balance--from pest management to pollination of plants that are a part of many species' diet. Anthropologically speaking, the way of life humans have been accustomed to and even need in order to survive is also largely dependent on a healthy population of bees and other pollinators; up to 70% of plants and vegetables we eat are directly a result of pollinators, and one third of every mouthful humans consume is attributed to pollinators. Without a healthy population of pollinators, the agricultural variety and nutritional availability would drastically decrease. Moreover, these agricultural products pollinators are responsible for also affect billions of dollars on both a national and global level. In many ways, the economic stability of the United States is at an equal risk as the pollinators. For example, an inability to produce many of our own agricultural staples would leave local and regional livelihoods disrupted and change the United States' import/export position. Moreover, this is not just a national problem. Pollinators are responsible for over 150 billion dollars globally in agriculture. Many of the nutrients humans need to be healthy would be in short supply. While scientists continue to study the possible effects of neonicotinoids on pollinators, how should policy makers respond? In this thesis, I argue that the various and drastic ways in which pollinators impact our environment and every day life, combined with the potential of the harsh threats their collapse would entail, warrant a more stringent approach to the evaluation of potential harms like neonicotinoids. An ethical risk assessment, as I define one, would be an appropriate tool to apply to this situation to guide policy makers in drafting regulations even in the absence of scientific certainty. Ethical risk assessments are a tool by which to evaluate the moral and ethical responsibilities in a whole host of different scenarios, one of which is neonics and pollinators. In other words, this ethical risk assessment will be used as an instrument by which to determine whether or not there is a sufficient risk to the population of pollinators, thus determining whether regulation is appropriate. Through application of this risk assessment, I will show that in this particular case regulation is appropriate due to the risks neonics pose to pollinators in light of the evidence that we do have. I develop a set of criteria for an ethical risk assessment. The criteria are a result of a combination of existing literature and some novel connections I draw here. This list, I argue, is what constitutes an ethical risk assessment. Ethical risk assessment, grounded in Utility Theory, is appropriate here because of its calculative apparatus and sociopolitical applicability.

In an effort to apply Cumulative Risk Assessment (CRA) as developed by the U.S. EPA, the present study investigates the cumulative risks to Eastern oysters due to multiple stressors such as salinity, temperature and oxygen and carbon dioxide. I also compared the effectiveness of the Hazard Quotient Method (HQ) in CRA. Ambient conditions in the James River, VA were obtained from the Virginia DEQ database and respiratory responses were estimated using values from the literature. The multiple environmental stresses are evaluated using a probabilistic analysis that combines the environmental conditions. It was concluded that salinity was the most influential stressor in the model. Other risks were identified contributing to the vulnerability of the oysters. Crystal Ball simulations yielded that the oxygen uptake of oysters reduced by more than 29%. The HQ method was found to be inappropriate in analyzing cumulative risks for CRA. Oyster populations are dramatically declining in the James River and the Chesapeake Bay. Hence, effective oyster restoration activities are underway to rebuild oyster populations in the James River and throughout the Bay area.

Ph.D. (Zoology) / Due to the excessive utilisation of the ecological services of surface aquatic ecosystems in South Africa, the integrity state of these systems continues to decline resulting in the loss of key ecosystem services. This trend suggests that the national requirements to maintain a sustainable balance between the use and protection of these systems are not being met. In an attempt to address this status quo, all stakeholders of these systems need to become more closely engaged in the social and institutional decision making processes to manage these systems. Management plans need to be integrated and take a wide range of conservation and use objectives for specific ecosystems into account. Furthermore, approaches need to allow for the assessment of multiple stressors that have synergistic effects, while the unique characteristics of the ecosystem taken into consideration. Risk assessments entail assigning magnitudes and probabilities to hazards or anthropogenic activities or natural catastrophes that have adverse effects m ecosystems. In these assessments the existence of a hazard and the related uncertainty of its effects results in the formulation of risk. An Ecological Risk Assessment is a structured approach that describes, explains and organises scientific facts, laws and relationships, thereby providing a sound basis to develop sufficient protection measures for the environment, which facilitates the development of utilisation strategies for the environment. A Regional Scale Risk assessment using the Relative Risk Model (RRM) is a form of Ecological Risk Assessment that is carried out on a spatial scale where considerations of multiple sources of multiple stressors affecting multiple endpoints are allowed. The use of the RRM also allows for the characteristics of the landscape that may affect the risk estimate to be considered. This study is based on a research hypothesis that the RRM is a suitable water resources management tool that can address the risk assessment of multiple stressors in South African freshwater environments. To test this hypothesis this study aims to contextualise the RRM methodology within the current water resources management practices in South Africa and demonstrate the applicability of RRM within the South African water resources management framework. The applicability of the RRM will be tested using two case study regions. The case studies are the Elands River and its associated ecosystems in the upper Crocodile River catchment in Mpumalanga and the entire catchment of the Umvoti River in KwaZulu-Natal

by Wong Yuet Fung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 280-283. / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.1 / ABSTRACT --- p.2 / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.9 / Chapter A. --- Objective of the Study / Chapter II. --- RISK OF STOCK --- p.13 / Chapter A. --- Role of Risk in Finance / Chapter B. --- Assumption on the Risk Structure / Chapter C. --- Preliminary Description of the Data / Chapter D. --- Classical Risk Estimator / Chapter 1. --- Theoretical Background / Chapter 2. --- Empirical Results in U.S.A / Chapter 3. --- Empirical Studies in Hong Kong / Chapter E. --- Implicit Volatility from the Black & Scholes Model / Chapter 1. --- Theoretical Background / Chapter a. --- Algorithm for the Searching of the ISD / Chapter b. --- Concurrent ISDs of a Stock / Chapter c. --- Weighting Scheme and Selection Procedure / Chapter d. --- Comparison of AISD an LISD / Chapter 2. --- Empirical Results in U.S.A / Chapter a. --- Computation for the ISD / Chapter b. --- Patterns Display by the Concurrent ISDs / Chapter c. --- Choice of the Weighting Scheme / Chapter d. --- Significant Test on the Different between AISD an LISD / Chapter 3. --- Empirical Studies in Hong Kong / Chapter a. --- Computation of the ISD / Chapter b. --- Patterns Display by the Concurrent ISDs / Chapter c. --- Choice of the Weighting Scheme / Chapter d. --- Significant Test on the Different between AISD an LISD / Chapter III. --- COMPARISON ON THE TWO PREDICTORS --- p.59 / Chapter A. --- Preliminary Comparison of the Risk Estimators under Different Categorization / Chapter B. --- Structural Change on Risk after the June Fourth Event / Chapter C. --- Stability of the Implied Standard Deviation / Chapter 1. --- Empirical Results in U.S.A / Chapter 2. --- Empirical Studies in Hong Kong / Chapter D. --- Predictability on Future Risk / Chapter 1. --- Empirical Results in U.S.A / Chapter 2. --- Empirical Results in Hong Kong / Chapter IV. --- CONCLUSION --- p.78 / Chapter A. --- Comments and Compare the Empirical Results / Chapter 1. --- Degree of Market Efficient / Chapter a. --- U.S.A / Chapter b. --- Hong Kong / Chapter 2. --- Applicability of Option Pricing Model / Chapter a. --- U.S.A / Chapter b. --- Hong Kong / Chapter B. --- Suggested Modifications / Chapter 1. --- Data Selection / Chapter a. --- Period of Study / Chapter b. --- Selection of Warrants / Chapter 2. --- Modifications of the Option Pricing Model / Chapter a. --- Adjustment for Dividend / Chapter b. --- Correction for Dilution Effect / LIST OF TABLES --- p.103 / Chapter A. --- Preliminary Description of Data / Chapter 1 / Chapter a. --- Names of Warrant-issuing Stocks and the Expiry Year of the Warrants / Chapter b. --- Summary of the Number of Warrants Issued / Chapter 2. --- Categorization of Warrant-issuing Companies by: / Chapter a. --- Sector / Chapter i. --- Name of the Company in Different Sector / Chapter ii. --- Summary of the Number of Company Classified by Sector / Chapter b. --- Constituent Stocks of the Hang Seng Index / Chapter c. --- 20 Leading Companies in Market Capitalization / Chapter d. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stocks in Shares / Chapter e. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stocks in Dollars / Chapter B. --- Classical Risk Estimator / Chapter 1. --- Amount and Term of Dividend and the Exdividend Date / Chapter C. --- Implicit Volatility / Chapter 1. --- Terms of Warrant Contract / Chapter 2. --- Prime Rate and its Period of Effectiveness / Chapter 3. --- Newton-Raphson Iteration Process / Chapter a. --- Computation of the Positive ISDs / Chapter b. --- Computation of the zero ISDs / Chapter 4. --- Time Series on the Concurrent ISDs of a Stock / Chapter 5. --- Selection of the Weighting Scheme: Correlation Matrix of the Performance Test / Chapter a. --- WISD / Chapter b. --- UWISD / Chapter c. --- EISD / Chapter d. --- UEISD / Chapter e. --- WMISD / Chapter f. --- EMISD / Chapter 6. --- Selection Criteria / Chapter a. --- Position of the Correlation Coefficient in the Matrix of Different Weighting Scheme / Chapter b. --- Relationships Revealed by the Correlation Coefficients / Chapter c. --- Matrix of the Correlation Coefficients from Various Weighting Scheme / Chapter d. --- Ranking in the Correlation Coefficients for Various Weighting Scheme / Chapter e. --- Type of Relations Displayed in the Boxes of the Correlation Coefficient Matrix / Chapter 7. --- Comparison of AISD and LISD / Chapter D. --- Preliminary Comparison of the Two Risk Estimators under Different Categorization of the Warrant-issued Stocks / Chapter 1. --- Cross-Sectional Series / Chapter a. --- Sector / Chapter b. --- Constituent Stock of Hang Seng Index / Chapter c. --- 20 Leading Companies in Market Capitalization / Chapter d. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stock in Shares / Chapter e. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stock in Dollars / Chapter 2. --- Summary Statistics / Chapter a. --- Sector / Chapter b. --- Constituent Stock of Hang Seng Index / Chapter c. --- 20 Leading Companies in Market Capitalization / Chapter d. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stock in Shares / Chapter e. --- 20 Most Actively Traded Stock in Dollars / Chapter E. --- Structural Change in Risk / Chapter 1 --- Test of Structural Change in HISTSD / Chapter 2 --- Test of Structural Change in ISD / Chapter a. --- CISD / Chapter b. --- CAISD / Chapter c. --- AVGCISD / Chapter F. --- Stability of ISD / Chapter 1 --- Time Series of the CISD / Chapter 2 --- Mean and Standard Deviation of CISD of: / Chapter a. --- Whole Year / Chapter b. --- Before June 6 / Chapter c. --- After June 6 / Chapter 3 --- Test of Stability of ISD as against CISD: / Chapter a. --- Whole Year / Chapter b. --- Before June 6 / Chapter c. --- After June 6 / Chapter G. --- Predictability on Future Risk / Chapter 1 --- Performance Test: Correlation Matrix and Cross Sectional Series Average Risk Level: / Chapter a. --- Whole Year / Chapter b. --- Before May 22 / Chapter c. --- After May 23 / Chapter d. --- Before June 5 / Chapter e. --- After June 6 / Chapter 2 --- Half Year Performance Test: Correlation Matrix and Cross Sectional Series Average Risk Level with Division Dates at: / Chapter a. --- April 4 and 6 / Chapter b. --- May 22 and 23 / Chapter c. --- June 5 and 6 / Chapter 3 --- Cross-sectional Average of HISTSD and ISD from: / Chapter a. --- Performance Test / Chapter b. --- Half Year Performance Test / Chapter 4 --- Predictability and Contemporary Relationship of Cross-sectional HISTSD and ISD from: / Chapter a. --- Performance Test / Chapter b. --- Half Year Performance Test / Chapter H. --- Validity of the Black and Scholes Model in the Pricing of Warrant in Hong Kong / Chapter 1. --- Test of the Validity of the Black and Scholes Model in the Pricing of Warrant in Hong Kong / Chapter 2. --- Summary of the Validity of the Black and Scholes Model in the Pricing of the Warrant for the Company that issued 2/3 Warrants / Chapter 3. --- Comparison on the Validity Test of the Constituent Stocks of the Hang Seng Index and all Other Stocks / LISTS OP COMPUTER PROGRAMS --- p.200 / Chapter A. --- Classical Risk Estimator: / Chapter 1 --- HISTSD1 and HISTSD2 / Chapter 2 --- HISTSD(90) / Chapter B. --- Implicit Volatility / Chapter 1 --- Algorithm for the Newton-Raphson Iteration Process / Chapter 2 --- Different Weighting Schemes / Chapter 3 --- Comparison of AISD and LISD / Chapter C. --- Significant Tests for Structural Change in Risk / Chapter 1 --- HISTSD / Chapter 2 --- CISD and CAISD / Chapter 3 --- AVGCISD / Chapter D. --- Stability Test / Chapter E. --- Predictability Tests / Chapter 1 --- Performance Test / Chapter 2 --- Half Year Performance Test / Chapter F. --- Validity of the Black & Scholes Model / APPENDIX --- p.223 / Chapter A. --- Glossary of Notations / Chapter B. --- Other Risk Estimator / Chapter C. --- Option / Chapter 1. --- Concept of Option / Chapter 2. --- Terminology of Option / Chapter 3. --- Determination of Option Value / Chapter 4. --- Trading Strategy of Option / Chapter 5. --- Features of Option as a Financial Instrument / Chapter 6. --- Special Attributes of Warrant / Chapter D. --- Historical Evaluation Methods / Chapter 1. --- Non-evaluation Approach / Chapter a. --- Rules and Formulas / Chapter b. --- Graphic Appraisal / Chapter 2. --- Fair Value Approach / Chapter a. --- Econometric Models / Chapter b. --- Probability Models / Chapter E. --- Black & Scholes Option Pricing Model / Chapter 1. --- Arbitrage Relations of Option Pricing / Chapter 2. --- Black and Scholes Model / Chapter a. --- Assumptions / Chapter b. --- Model Framework / Chapter F. --- Option Market / Chapter 1. --- Option Market in U.S.A / Chapter a. --- Historical Development / Chapter b. --- Present Trading Mechanic / Chapter 2. --- Option Market in Hong Kong / Chapter a. --- Present Trading Mechanic / Chapter b. --- Feasibility of an Option Market in Hong Kong / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.280

by Yeung See Ming Kevin. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 96-99. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- THE PROBLEM SETTING --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Research Objectives --- p.3 / Research Objective I --- p.4 / Research Objective II --- p.4 / Research Objective III --- p.5 / Organization of the Report --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.7 / Perceived Risk in Consumer Behavior --- p.7 / Types of Risk --- p.14 / Risk Relievers --- p.18 / Chapter III. --- SCOPE OF STUDY --- p.22 / Risk Concept --- p.22 / Types of Risk --- p.23 / Risk Relievers --- p.24 / Personal Characteristics --- p.25 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY - PHASE I QUALITATIVE RESEARCH --- p.26 / Literature Review --- p.26 / Focus Group Interviews --- p.27 / Purpose --- p.27 / Method of Execution --- p.27 / Chapter V. --- FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH --- p.29 / Products Mentioned --- p.29 / Reasons Provided --- p.31 / Consequences of Wrong Decision --- p.32 / Ranking of Risks --- p.32 / Risk Relievers --- p.33 / Implications --- p.34 / Risk Types to be Studied --- p.35 / Risk Relievers --- p.35 / Product Selection --- p.36 / Chapter V. --- SUMMARY OF HYPOTHESES --- p.37 / Chapter VI. --- METHODOLOGY - PHASE II QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH --- p.41 / Purpose --- p.41 / Questionnaire Design --- p.41 / Definition of Terms --- p.42 / Measurement --- p.45 / Mode of Execution --- p.46 / Validity Concern --- p.47 / Data Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter VII. --- FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH --- p.50 / Hypothesis One --- p.51 / Hypothesis Two --- p.54 / Hypothesis Three --- p.57 / Hypothesis Four --- p.58 / Hypothesis Five --- p.59 / Hypothesis Six --- p.65 / Hypothesis Seven --- p.71 / Summary --- p.73 / Chapter VIII --- .RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.75 / For All Manufacturers --- p.75 / For Computer Manufacturers --- p.77 / Chapter IX. --- LIMITATIONS AND FURTHER RESEARCH --- p.80 / Limitations --- p.80 / Further Research --- p.82 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.96

by Cheng Tsz-yam, Frederick, Tam Wai Yun, Christina. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 48-49. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.2 / Definition of Political Risk --- p.2 / Political Risk Assessment Methods --- p.3 / Political Risk Framework --- p.9 / Political Risk Avoidance Policies --- p.11 / Chapter III. --- CURRENT ISSUES --- p.14 / Economic Stability --- p.14 / Exchange Rate Stability --- p.15 / Currency Convertibility --- p.16 / Price Stability --- p.16 / Restriction on Capital/Profit Repatriation --- p.18 / Economic Recession --- p.18 / Labour Productivity --- p.18 / Change of Political Leaders --- p.19 / Policy Stability --- p.20 / Brain Drain --- p.20 / Labour Shortage --- p.22 / Industrial Relations --- p.23 / Social Demonstrations --- p.23 / Riots --- p.24 / Government Structure --- p.25 / Relations with China --- p.26 / Relations with Foreign Countries --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.28 / Research Design --- p.28 / Data Collection Methods --- p.28 / Sampling Design --- p.30 / Data Analysis --- p.31 / Questionnaire Design --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS --- p.33 / Economic Stability --- p.33 / Exchange Rate Stability --- p.33 / Currency Convertibility --- p.34 / Price Stability --- p.34 / Restriction on Capital/Profit Repatriation --- p.35 / Economic Recession --- p.36 / Labour Productivity --- p.36 / Change of Political Leaders --- p.36 / Policy Stability --- p.37 / Brain Drain --- p.37 / Labour Shortage --- p.38 / Industrial Relations --- p.38 / Social Demonstrations --- p.40 / Riots --- p.40 / Government Structure --- p.41 / Relations with China --- p.41 / Relations with Foreign Countries --- p.42 / Risk Avoidance Strategies --- p.43 / Chapter VI. --- DISCUSSION --- p.46 / Chapter VII. --- REFERENCES --- p.48 / Chapter APPENDIX 1. --- Questionnaire --- p.50 / Chapter APPENDIX 2. --- Political Risk Factors from Expert Opinion --- p.53 / Chapter APPENDIX 3. --- Risk Avoidance Policies from Expert Opinion --- p.54 / Chapter APPENDIX 4. --- Households having residency right of a foreign country or intend to migrate --- p.55 / Chapter APPENDIX 5. --- Economic growth for Asian countries in 1988 and 1989 --- p.56 / Chapter APPENDIX 6. --- Political Risk Framework by Simon --- p.57