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Risks and Risk Premiums in Commodity MarketsHandika, Rangga 19 February 2014 (has links)
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht Risikofaktoren und Risikoprämien in Rohstoffmärkten und beinhaltet vier empirische Studien. Die ersten zwei Studien konzentrieren sich dabei auf Risikoprämien von verbundenen Terminmärkten für Elektrizität in Australien. In der dritten Studie wird ein Modell zur Beschreibung von extremen Preissprüngen bei Strom entwickelt. Die vierte Studie untersucht schließlich Risikoprämien in der Convenience Yield auf Rohstoffmärkten. (Für eine detailliertere Beschreibung der einzelnen Studien wird auf die jeweilige englische Zusammenfassung verwiesen.)
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Determinants of risk premiums on forward contracts for Kansas wheatWaldie, Kyle January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Mykel Taylor / Forward contracts are one of the main tools used by producers to manage price risk because forward contracts shift the risk from producers to the grain elevator offering the contract. The elevators protect themselves from this risk by hedging, leaving them susceptible to basis risk, which they offset by adding a risk premium to the forward contracts they offer producers. This risk premium is affected by increased volatility and by differences in elevator-specific characteristics at elevator locations across Kansas.
This study replicates the results in Taylor, Tonsor, and Dhuyvetter (2013) and adds a set of elevator-specific characteristics to measure their effect on risk premiums. A random effects generalized least squares model is estimated due to the data gathered being panel data. The contribution of this study is to further examine the drivers of risk premiums in forward contracts for Kansas wheat.
The results indicate that all of the elevator-specific characteristics in the data set have a statistically significant impact on the value of risk premiums on forward contracts for Kansas wheat. The results also confirm the findings in Mallory, Etienne, and Irwin (2012) and Taylor, Tonsor, and Dhuyvetter (2013) that increased volatility post 2007 caused increases in risk premiums. The risk premiums after the structural break in 2007 increased by $0.069695/bushel, as the average risk premium prior to 2008 was $0.158682/bushel, while the average risk premium after 2007 was $0.228378/bushel.
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A Study of Stock Market Linkages between the US and Frontier MarketsTodorov, Galin Kostadinov 02 July 2012 (has links)
My dissertation investigates the financial linkages and transmission of economic shocks between the US and the smallest emerging markets (frontier markets).
The first chapter sets up an empirical model that examines the impact of US market returns and conditional volatility on the returns and conditional volatilities of twenty-one frontier markets. The model is estimated via maximum likelihood; utilizes the GARCH model of errors, and is applied to daily country data from the MSCI Barra. We find limited, but statistically significant exposure of Frontier markets to shocks from the US. Our results suggest that it is not the lagged US market returns that have impact; rather it is the expected US market returns that influence frontier market returns
The second chapter sets up an empirical time-varying parameter (TVP) model to explore the time-variation in the impact of mean US returns on mean Frontier market returns. The model utilizes the Kalman filter algorithm as well as the GARCH model of errors and is applied to daily country data from the MSCI Barra. The TVP model detects
statistically significant time-variation in the impact of US returns and low, but statistically and quantitatively important impact of US market conditional volatility.
The third chapter studies the risk-return relationship in twenty Frontier country stock markets by setting up an international version of the intertemporal capital asset pricing model. The systematic risk in this model comes from covariance of Frontier market stock index returns with world returns. Both the systematic risk and risk premium are time-varying in our model. We also incorporate own country variances as additional determinants of Frontier country returns. Our results suggest statistically significant impact of both world and own country risk in explaining Frontier country returns. Time-variation in the world risk premium is also found to be statistically significant for most Frontier market returns. However, own country risk is found to be quantitatively more important.
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Företagsspecifika riskpremier : En redogörelse för hur svenska analytikerhus och banker jobbar med ytterligare avkastningskrav / Firm-specific risk premiumsSchüler, Christoffer, Tubérus Liljekvist, Victor January 2022 (has links)
Bakgrund: Analytikerhus och banker har i dagsläget en betydande roll för värderingen av företag och allmänhetens investeringsbeslut som följer dessa aktörers råd. Oavsett värderingsmetod så har analytikern en stor frihet i värderingsprocessen och det finns mycket möjligheter för subjektiva bedömningar och antaganden. Varför är detta viktigt? Jo, analytikernas ändamål skiljer sig mellan företag. Vissa aktieanalytiker arbetar med uppdragsanalyser, där ett företag begär en publik analys för att marknadsföra både sitt bolag och sin aktie, fokus kan ofta befinna sig på möjligheter för företaget i fråga snarare än hot. Vissa aktieanalytiker jobbar med M&A transaktioner, där det istället kan vara fördelaktigt för köparens team att komma fram till en låg värdering för att köpa ett bolag billigt men för säljaren gäller motsatsen. Olika ändamål kan skapa utrymme för missvisande värderingar. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att analysera hur svenska analytikerhus och banker jobbar med företagsspecifika riskpremier för att sedan kunna analysera hur de skiljer sig åt och belysa hur och när riskpremierna används av de olika analytikerna. Metod: Studien grundar sig i en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjuer med svenska analytiker från analytikerhus och banker, vars dagliga verksamhet består av företagsvärdering och/eller rådgivning. Efter empiriska data presenterats har denna ställts mot befintliga teorier och annan forskning för att skapa en redogörelse över hur analytikerna skiljer sig åt gällande riskpremierna Slutsats: En justerad CAPM används av nästan alla respondenter. De främsta riskerna som identifierades hos analytikerna vissa sig vara branschrisk, vinstvolatilitet, överlevnadsrisk, ledning, kund- och leverantörsberoende. Största skillnad var vilka risker analytikerna väljer att inkludera i prognos och i riskpremier. Författarna har identifierat att en storlekspremie används endast vid arbete med onoterade bolag av revisionsbyrå. Erfarenhet har visat sig vara avgörande vid skattningen av avkastningskravet, författarna menar att det kan finnas en koppling till bias i detta sammanhang. / Background: Analyst firms and banks currently play a significant role in the valuation of companies and the public's investment decisions that follow the advice of these players. Regardless of the valuation method, the analyst has a great deal of freedom in the valuation process and there are many opportunities for subjective assessments and assumptions. Why is this important? Well, the purpose of the analysts differs between companies. Some stock analysts work with commissioned analyzes, where a company requests a public analysis to market both its company and its stock, the focus can often be on opportunities for the company in question rather than threats. Some equity analysts work with M&A transactions, where it may instead be advantageous for the buyer's team to arrive at a low valuation to buy a company cheaply, but for the seller the opposite applies. Different purposes can create room for misleading valuations. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze how Swedish analyst firms and banks work with firm-specific risk premiums in order to then be able to analyze how they differ and shed light on how and when the risk premiums are used by the various analysts. Methodology: The study is based on a qualitative study in the form of interviews with Swedish analysts from analyst firms and banks, whose daily operations consist of company valuation and / or financial advice. After empirical data has been presented, this has been set against existing theories and previous research to create a description of how analysts differ regarding current risk premiums. Conclusion: An adjusted CAPM is used by almost all respondents. The main risks identified by the analysts turned out to be industry risk, profit volatility, survival risk, management, customer and supplier dependence. The biggest difference was which risks the analysts choose to include in the forecast and in risk premiums. The authors have identified that a size premium is only used when working with unlisted companies by an auditing firm. Experience has proven to be crucial in estimating the required rate of return, the authors believe that there may be a connection to bias in this context.
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Three essays in macro-finance, international economics and macro-econometricsKemoe, Laurent 04 1900 (has links)
This thesis brings new evidence on different strands of the literature in macro-finance, international economics and macroeconometrics. The first two chapters combine both theoretical models and empirical techniques to deepen the analysis of important economic phenomena such as the effects of economic policy uncertainty on financial markets, and convergence between emerging market economies and advanced economies on these markets. The third chapter of the thesis, which is co-authored with Hafedh Bouakez, contributes to the literature on the identification of news shocks about future productivity.
In the first chapter, I study the effect of monetary and fiscal policy uncertainty on nominal U.S. government bond yields and premiums. I use a New-Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model featuring recursive preferences, and both real and nominal rigidities. Policy uncertainty in the DSGE model is defined as a mean-preserving spread of the policy shock distributions. My results show that: (i) When the economy is subject to unpredictable shocks to the volatility of policy instruments, the level of the median yield curve is lower, its slope increases and risk premiums decrease relative to an economy with no stochastic volatility. This negative effect on the level of yields and premiums is due to the asymmetric impact of positive versus negative shocks; (ii) A typical policy risk shock increases yields at all maturities. This is because the fall in yields triggered by higher demand for bonds by households, in order to hedge against higher predicted consumption volatility, is outweighed by the increase in yields due to higher inflation risk premiums. Finally, I use several empirical measures economic policy uncertainty in a structural VAR model to show that the above effects of policy risk shocks on yields are consistent empirical evidence.
Chapter 2 looks at the market for government bonds in 12 advanced economies and 8 emerging market economies, during the period 1999-2012, and consider the question of whether or not there has been any convergence of risk between emerging market and advanced economies. I distinguish between default risk and other types of risk, such as inflation, liquidity and exchange rate risk. I make the theoretical case that forward risk premium differentials can be used to distinguish default risk and other risks. I then construct forward risk premium differentials and use these to make the empirical case that there has been little convergence associated with the other types of risk. I also show that differences in countries' macroeconomic fundamentals and political risk play an important role in explaining the large "non-default" risk differentials observed between emerging and advanced economies.
Chapter 3 proposes a novel strategy to identify anticipated and unanticipated technology shocks, which leads to results that are consistent with the predictions of conventional new-Keynesian models. It shows that the failure of many empirical studies to generate consistent responses to these shocks is due to impurities in the available TFP series, which lead to an incorrect identification of unanticipated technology shocks---whose estimated effects are inconsistent with the interpretation of these disturbances as supply shocks. This, in turn, contaminates the identification of news shocks. My co-author, Hafedh Bouakez, and I propose an agnostic identification strategy that allows TFP to be affected by both technological and non-technological shocks, and identifies unanticipated technology shocks via sign restrictions on the response of inflation. The results show that the effects of both surprise TFP shocks and news shocks are generally consistent with the predictions of standard new-Keynesian models. In particular, the inflation puzzle documented in previous studies vanishes under the novel empirical strategy. / Cette thèse présente de nouveaux résultats sur différentes branches de la littérature en macro-finance, économie internationale et macro-économétrie. Les deux premiers chapitres combinent des modèles théoriques et des techniques empiriques pour approfondir l’étude de phénomènes économiques importants tels que les effets de l’incertitude liée aux politiques économiques sur les marchés financiers et la convergence entre les pays émergents et les pays avancés sur ces marchés. Le troisième chapitre, qui est le fruit d’une collaboration avec Hafedh Bouakez, contribue à la littérature sur l’identification des chocs anticipés sur la productivité future.
Dans le premier chapitre, j’étudie l’effet de l’incertitude relative aux politiques monétaire et fiscale sur les rendements et les primes de risque associés aux actifs nominaux du gouvernement des États-Unis. J’utilise un modèle d’équilibre stochastique et dynamique de type néo-Keynesien prenant en compte des préférences récursives des agents et des rigidités réelles et nominales. En utilisant un modèle VAR structurel. L’incertitude relative aux politiques économiques est définie comme étant une expansion de la distribution des chocs de politique, expansion au cours de laquelle la moyenne de la distribution reste inchangée. Mes résultats montrent que : (i) Lorsque l’économie est sujette à des chocs imprévisibles sur la volatilité des instruments de politique, le niveau médian de la courbe des rendements baisse de 8,56 points de base, sa pente s’accroît de 13,5 points de base et les primes de risque baissent en moyenne de 0.21 point de base. Cet effet négatif sur le niveau de rendements et les primes de risque est dû à l’impact asymétrique des chocs de signes opposés mais de même amplitude; (ii) Un choc positif à la volatilité des politiques économiques entraîne une hausse des rendements pour toutes les durées de maturité. Cet effet s’explique par le comportement des ménages qui, à la suite du choc, augmentent leur demande de bons dans le but de se prémunir contre les fortes fluctuations espérées au niveau de la consommation, ce qui entraîne des pressions à la baisse sur les rendements. De façon simultanée, ces ménages requièrent une hausse des taux d’intérêt en raison d’une espérance d’inflation future plus grande. Les analyses montrent que le premier effet est dominant, entraînant donc la hausse des rendements observée. Enfin, j’utilise plusieurs mesures empiriques d’incertitude de politiques économiques et un modèle VAR structurel pour montrer les résultats ci-dessus sont conformes avec les faits empiriques.
Le Chapitre 2 explore le marché des bons du gouvernement de 12 pays avancés et 8 pays émergents, pendant la période 1999-2012, et analyses la question de savoir s’il y a eu une quelconque convergence du risque associé à ces actifs entre les deux catégories de pays. Je fais une distinction entre risque de défaut et autres types de risque, comme ceux liés au risque d’inflation, de liquidité ou de change. Je commence par montrer théoriquement que le différentiel au niveau des primes de risque « forward » entre les deux pays peut être utilisé pour faire la distinction entre le risque « forward » et les utilise pour montrer qu’il est difficile de conclure que ces autres types de risque dans les pays émergents ont convergé vers les niveaux différents de risque politique, jouent un rôle important dans l’explication des différences de primes de risque – autres que celles associées au risque de défaut– entre les pays émergents et les pays avancés.
Le Chapitre 3 propose une nouvelle stratégie d’identification des chocs technologiques anticipés et non-anticipés, qui conduit à des résultats similaires aux prédictions des modèles néo-Keynésiens conventionnels. Il montre que l’incapacité de plusieurs méthodes empiriques à générer des résultats rejoignant la théorie est due à l’impureté des données existences sur la productivité totale des facteurs (TFP), conduisant à mauvaise identification des chocs technologiques non-anticipés-dont les effets estimés ne concordent pas avec l’interprétation de tels chocs comme des chocs d’offre. Ce problème, à son tour, contamine l’identification des chocs technologiques anticipés. Mon co-auteur, Hafedh Bouakez, et moi proposons une stratégie d’identification agnostique qui permet à la TFP d’être affectée de façon contemporaine par deux chocs surprises (technologique et non technologique), le premier étant identifié en faisant recours aux restrictions de signe sur la réponse de l’inflation. Les résultats montrent que les effets des chocs technologiques anticipés et non-anticipés concordent avec les prédictions des modèles néo-Keynésiens standards. En particulier, le puzzle rencontré dans les travaux précédents concernant les effets d’un choc non-anticipé sur l’inflation disparaît lorsque notre nouvelle stratégie est employée.
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