Free-roaming horses (Equus ferus caballus L.) – also called wild or feral – have been present in the Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada and part of Tsilhqot’in First Nations’ culture for over 250 years. The horses, naŝlhiny in Tsilhqot’in, have also been a focal point for controversy and power struggles over land use in the same region for at least 120 years. Recently, the wild horses of the Brittany Triangle (called Tachelach’ed, near the Nemiah Valley in the territory of the Xeni Gwet’in First Nation) have been used by local First Nations and some non-governmental organizations as an iconic symbol to gain support for wilderness conservation. To some other residents and government agencies, free-roaming horses are invasive pests that threaten forage availability for cattle, range health, and native wildlife habitat. Little peer-reviewed research exists to elucidate the actual ecological impacts and social relationships of free-roaming horses in the particular ecological, cultural and political context of the Brittany Triangle, or to support management decisions concerning the horses. This research explores how scientific analysis, local knowledge, and socio-cultural perspectives regarding the ecology and cultural role of free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle can be integrated to inform conservation planning and land use management. The primary objectives were: 1) to determine and quantify the species of vegetation where horses are feeding; 2) to document local socio-cultural knowledge and perceptions of free-roaming horses; and 3) to determine how ecological information and socio-cultural perspectives can be integrated to inform conservation planning and land use management. This transdisciplinary, mixed-methods study took an exploratory, adaptive approach over six years of site visits, including two preparatory field visits (2006-2007), four field seasons over two years of formal data collection (2008-2009), and two follow-up visits (2010-2011). A line-point intersect method and statistical analysis were used to assess plant community composition and variance in eight sample sites that are grazing habitat of free-roaming horses. Qualitative research involved literature review, participant observation among host communities, semi-structured key informant interviews, and extensive observation of free-roaming horses and other wildlife in the Brittany Triangle. Results demonstrate that the free-roaming horses are part of a social-ecological complex, one of many disturbance factors in a system with multiple drivers of ecological and social change. Grazing and disturbance of vegetation by horses are patchy and heterogeneous in distribution, but no statistically significant difference was found in plant community composition or heights between sample sites. Qualitative research demonstrates that while the horses are currently remote from much human contact, they and the landscape are part of a rich history of interaction with people in Chilcotin society and cultures, particularly in Xeni Gwet’in and other Tsilhqot’in communities. Disagreements over free-roaming horses reveal deeper differences in ways of knowing that underlie management actions, including differing perceptions of “the wild” in relation to humans, and a history of power struggles over land use between First Nations and government authorities from colonial and settler cultures. As well, vegetation communities in sample meadow habitats did not show signs of ecologically significant structural variance or ubiquitous damage on a spatial scale large enough to warrant management intervention in horse populations within the Brittany Triangle at this time. Local knowledge and livelihood practices among Xeni Gwet’in and other local people have functioned as an informal management system for free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle and Nemiah Valley. Broadly, this study suggests a partial rather than full integration of diverse ways of knowing may sometimes be desirable in order to maintain the epistemological and contextual depth and richness of different knowledge systems. Effective integration of diverse ways of knowing in management warrants not only the integration of information into knowledge products (i.e. reports, studies, proposals, etc.), but also the equitable inclusion of knowledge holders in processes and decisions. Narrative can be an effective means of conveying complexity in situations of conflict or controversy. This research also finds that a recognition of the agency that wild animals and the land itself have in relationships with humans, and the sense of collective responsibility towards the land and wild animals are two elements that indigenous perspectives can contribute to management and planning frameworks. This research indicates that it is possible and desirable to maintain a population of free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle as part of a functional social ecological system, in ways that are appropriate to, and expressive of the culture, identity and livelihood practices of the Xeni Gwet’in First Nation. The success of localized stewardship and management depends on: 1) culturally-appropriate means of limiting horse populations including maintaining predator populations; 2) defining management zones based on ecosystems, political and cultural boundaries, and horse sub-populations; 3) basing actions and decisions on systemic, not segmented, ecological indicators; 4) encouraging people to spend time on the land moving cattle more frequently on grazed open range; 5) cultivating stewardship and monitoring activities; 6) including socio-cultural values and goals in management objectives; 7) recognizing diverse people and ways of knowing in land use and management decisions; and 8) encouraging traditional activities as part of dynamic and changing local livelihoods.

With the advance of wireless access technologies, the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) has gained significant increase in popularity and deployment due to the substantially improved transmission rate and decreased deployment costs. However, this same widespread deployment makes WLANs an attractive target for network attacks. Several vulnerabilities have been identified and reported regarding the security of the current 802.11 standards. To address those security weaknesses, IEEE standard committees proposed the 802.11i amendment to enhance WLAN security. The 802.11i standard has demonstrated the capability of providing satisfactory mutual authentication, better data confidentiality, and key management support, however, the design of 802.11i does not consider network availability. Therefore, it has been suggested that 802.11i is highly susceptible to malicious denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, which exploit the vulnerability of unprotected management frames. This research first investigates common DoS vulnerabilities in a Robust Security Network (RSN), which is defined in the 802.11i standard, and presents an empirical analysis of such attacks – in particular, flooding-based DoS attacks. To address those DoS issues, this thesis proposes a novel design and implementation of a lightweight stateless authentication scheme that enables wireless access points (APs) to establish a trust relationship with an associating client and derive validating keys that can be used to mutually authenticate subsequent layer-2 (link layer) management frames. The quality of service provisioning for real-time services over a WLAN requires the total latency of handoff between APs to be small in order to achieve seamless roaming. Thus, this thesis further extends the proposed link-layer authentication into a secure fast handoff solution that addresses DoS vulnerabilities as well as improving the existing 802.11i handoff performance. A location management scheme is also proposed to minimise the number of channels required to scan by the roaming client in order to reduce the scanning delay, which could normally take up 90% of the total handoff latency. In order to acquire practical data to evaluate the proposed schemes, a prototype network has been implemented as an experimental testbed using open source tools and drivers. This testbed allows practical data to be collected and analysed. The result successfully demonstrated that not only the proposed authentication scheme eradicates most of the DoS vulnerabilities, but also substantially improved the handoff performance to a level suitable for supporting real-time services.

Free-roaming horses (Equus ferus caballus L.) – also called wild or feral – have been present in the Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada and part of Tsilhqot’in First Nations’ culture for over 250 years. The horses, naŝlhiny in Tsilhqot’in, have also been a focal point for controversy and power struggles over land use in the same region for at least 120 years. Recently, the wild horses of the Brittany Triangle (called Tachelach’ed, near the Nemiah Valley in the territory of the Xeni Gwet’in First Nation) have been used by local First Nations and some non-governmental organizations as an iconic symbol to gain support for wilderness conservation. To some other residents and government agencies, free-roaming horses are invasive pests that threaten forage availability for cattle, range health, and native wildlife habitat. Little peer-reviewed research exists to elucidate the actual ecological impacts and social relationships of free-roaming horses in the particular ecological, cultural and political context of the Brittany Triangle, or to support management decisions concerning the horses. This research explores how scientific analysis, local knowledge, and socio-cultural perspectives regarding the ecology and cultural role of free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle can be integrated to inform conservation planning and land use management. The primary objectives were: 1) to determine and quantify the species of vegetation where horses are feeding; 2) to document local socio-cultural knowledge and perceptions of free-roaming horses; and 3) to determine how ecological information and socio-cultural perspectives can be integrated to inform conservation planning and land use management. This transdisciplinary, mixed-methods study took an exploratory, adaptive approach over six years of site visits, including two preparatory field visits (2006-2007), four field seasons over two years of formal data collection (2008-2009), and two follow-up visits (2010-2011). A line-point intersect method and statistical analysis were used to assess plant community composition and variance in eight sample sites that are grazing habitat of free-roaming horses. Qualitative research involved literature review, participant observation among host communities, semi-structured key informant interviews, and extensive observation of free-roaming horses and other wildlife in the Brittany Triangle. Results demonstrate that the free-roaming horses are part of a social-ecological complex, one of many disturbance factors in a system with multiple drivers of ecological and social change. Grazing and disturbance of vegetation by horses are patchy and heterogeneous in distribution, but no statistically significant difference was found in plant community composition or heights between sample sites. Qualitative research demonstrates that while the horses are currently remote from much human contact, they and the landscape are part of a rich history of interaction with people in Chilcotin society and cultures, particularly in Xeni Gwet’in and other Tsilhqot’in communities. Disagreements over free-roaming horses reveal deeper differences in ways of knowing that underlie management actions, including differing perceptions of “the wild” in relation to humans, and a history of power struggles over land use between First Nations and government authorities from colonial and settler cultures. As well, vegetation communities in sample meadow habitats did not show signs of ecologically significant structural variance or ubiquitous damage on a spatial scale large enough to warrant management intervention in horse populations within the Brittany Triangle at this time. Local knowledge and livelihood practices among Xeni Gwet’in and other local people have functioned as an informal management system for free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle and Nemiah Valley. Broadly, this study suggests a partial rather than full integration of diverse ways of knowing may sometimes be desirable in order to maintain the epistemological and contextual depth and richness of different knowledge systems. Effective integration of diverse ways of knowing in management warrants not only the integration of information into knowledge products (i.e. reports, studies, proposals, etc.), but also the equitable inclusion of knowledge holders in processes and decisions. Narrative can be an effective means of conveying complexity in situations of conflict or controversy. This research also finds that a recognition of the agency that wild animals and the land itself have in relationships with humans, and the sense of collective responsibility towards the land and wild animals are two elements that indigenous perspectives can contribute to management and planning frameworks. This research indicates that it is possible and desirable to maintain a population of free-roaming horses in the Brittany Triangle as part of a functional social ecological system, in ways that are appropriate to, and expressive of the culture, identity and livelihood practices of the Xeni Gwet’in First Nation. The success of localized stewardship and management depends on: 1) culturally-appropriate means of limiting horse populations including maintaining predator populations; 2) defining management zones based on ecosystems, political and cultural boundaries, and horse sub-populations; 3) basing actions and decisions on systemic, not segmented, ecological indicators; 4) encouraging people to spend time on the land moving cattle more frequently on grazed open range; 5) cultivating stewardship and monitoring activities; 6) including socio-cultural values and goals in management objectives; 7) recognizing diverse people and ways of knowing in land use and management decisions; and 8) encouraging traditional activities as part of dynamic and changing local livelihoods.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-07-10T21:02:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciene Guerra dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 1615833 bytes, checksum: 2ea1e12abb11fe0d1428030a2bd2728b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-11T10:43:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciene Guerra dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 1615833 bytes, checksum: 2ea1e12abb11fe0d1428030a2bd2728b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T10:43:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Luciene Guerra dos Santos - 2018.pdf: 1615833 bytes, checksum: 2ea1e12abb11fe0d1428030a2bd2728b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-18 / This paper discusses the role of itinerant learning support teacher in a Regular School of Basic Education of the Secretaria Estadual de Educação (State Education Network) in the city of Buriti Alegre in the state of Goiás- Brazil. The goal is to help students in their daily activities by avoiding fragmented attendance, as well as highlighting the ways to overcome obstacles and obtain possibilities for advancement in roaming. For that, we took into account the presupposition prescribed and lived in the performance of this professional of Inclusive Education. The results presented were based on reflections of a Study Group (GT-Buriti) carried out during ten meetings in the second half of 2016, in order to observe the professional practice of the teacher of itinerant learning support. The theoretical references of authors, such as: Maria Tereza Égler Mantoan, Ivani Catarina Arantes Fazenda, Francisco Imbernón, Magda Soares, Enicéia Gonçalves Mendes and others were used as basis. This Study Group was comprised of two teachers of itinerant learning support, a teacher of Specialized Educational Assistance (AEE) and the researcher (itinerant learning support teacher and regent teacher). Based on the experiences of each subject of the research, activities were presented and elaborated with the following purposes: to analyze the mentioned experiences seeking alternatives and educational actions that help the unveiling of the difficulties faced by the itinerancy; possibilities of advancement in the relation between itinerant learning support teacher, regent teacher and student, in basic inclusive schooling. In order to investigate problems related to questions raised about the role of itinerant learning support teacher in education, the action research, the bibliographical review, as well as a semi-structured interview were used as methodological strategies in order to draw the profile of the participants and carry out initial survey from the perspective of each one in the function performed. The research indicates the following conclusion: despite the obstacles present in a fragmented service, it is possible to get solutions that are more accurate with a better analysis of the daily life, with a view to partnership and theoretical / practical training. We can understand that if each teacher is aware of his role, in a solidarity search that meets the needs of all, expanding knowledge to improve his performance, chances are of success throughout the institution. Thus, assisting students and teachers in the school context requires discussion of better conditions for carrying out the itinerant support service. / Neste estudo discute-se o papel do professor de apoio itinerante em uma Escola Regular da Educação Básica da Rede Estadual de Ensino, no município de Buriti Alegre-GO. Tem-se por objetivo ajudar os alunos nas atividades diárias evitando atendimentos fragmentados, bem como evidenciar os caminhos para superar os entraves e obter possibilidades de avanços na itinerância. Para tanto, levou-se em conta o pressuposto prescrito e vivido na atuação desse profissional da Educação Inclusiva. Os resultados apresentados basearam-se em reflexões de um Grupo de Estudo (GT – Buriti) realizado ao longo de dez encontros, no segundo semestre de 2016, a fim de observar a prática profissional do professor de apoio itinerante. Tomou-se por fundamento referenciais teóricos de autores, tais como: Maria Tereza Égler Mantoan, Ivani Catarina Arantes Fazenda, Francisco Imbernón, Magda Soares, Enicéia Gonçalves Mendes e outros. Esse GT foi composto por dois professores de apoio itinerante, um professor de Atendimento Educacional Especializado (AEE) e a pesquisadora (professora de apoio itinerante e regente). Partindo das vivências de cada sujeito da pesquisa foram apresentadas e elaboradas atividades com vistas aos seguintes propósitos: analisar as referidas vivências buscando alternativas e ações educacionais que auxiliem o desvelamento das dificuldades enfrentadas pela itinerância; possibilidades de avanço na relação entre professor de apoio itinerante, professor regente e aluno, na escolarização básica inclusiva. Para investigar problemas relacionados a questionamentos suscitados sobre a atuação do professor de apoio itinerante na educação, foram utilizadas como estratégias metodológicas a pesquisa-ação, a revisão bibliográfica, bem como uma entrevista semiestruturada com o intuito de traçar o perfil dos participantes e realizar sondagem inicial da perspectiva de cada um na função desempenhada. A pesquisa indica a seguinte conclusão: apesar dos obstáculos presentes num atendimento fragmentado, é possível chegar a soluções mais eficientes com melhor análise do cotidiano, tendo em vista a parceria e uma formação teórico/prática. Entende-se que, se cada professor ciente de seu papel, numa busca solidária que atenda a necessidade de todos, ampliando conhecimentos para melhorar a sua atuação, tem-se possibilidades de êxito em toda a instituição. Assim, auxiliar os alunos e os professores no contexto escolar requer a discussão de melhores condições para a realização do serviço de apoio itinerante.

Depuis la fin de la guerre civile libanaise en 1991, le cinéma libanais décline le mal existentiel et le sentiment de mélancolie d’une génération dont les personnages étrangers au monde comme à eux mêmes, sans repères, font face à la répétition des violences, la séparation, le deuil, ou l’exil, trainent leur mal-être dans une ville en éternel chantier et où les morts tels des fantômes réapparaissent d’entre les ruines. Entre un monde qui s’effondre et un passé qui s’efface, la mélancolie habite ces films dont les récits fragmentés et éclatés ne s’achèvent jamais. Avec Ghassan Salhab, Michel Kammoun, Joanna Hadjithomas, Khalil Joreige, Mohammad Soueid, Danielle Arbid, Christophe Karabache, Waël Noureddine, Nigol Bezgian, Borhane Alaouié, Jocelyne Saab... un nouveau cinéma s’invente. / As the Lebanese civil war ended in 1991, a feeling of malaise and melancholy started to imprint the works of filmmakers. Between a collapsing world and a fading past, the films’ characters seem to drift aimlessly as they face constant violence, separation, mourning and exile. Their malaise lingers in a city crammed by massive construction sites where the dead, like ghosts, emerge from the ruins. While melancholy roots itself in the films, fragmented and never ending stories interlace.With Ghassan Salhab, Michel Kammoun, Joanna Hadjithomas, Khalil Joreige, Mohammad Soueid, Danielle Arbid, Christophe Karabache, Waël Noureddine, Nigol Bezgian, Borhane Alaouié, Jocelyne Saab... a new cinema is born.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the impacts of European Union's roaming regulation on company T-Mobile Czech Republic, a.s. For customers, reducing of roaming prices is a welcome step, on the other hand, telecommunication companies have a different opinion and the impacts on companies are doubtful. In the theoretical part I will try to describe the roaming service and introduce the content of roaming legislative regulation, which the company must follow when creating roaming strategy. The practical part will include the real impacts of European Union's roaming regulation on company T-Mobile Czech Republic, a.s., such as usage of roaming services, new roaming tariffs or company's financial indicators. At the conclusion I will try to predicate possible future roaming development because lately talking about the abolition of roaming fees, which could mean the completion of the single European market in telecommunications.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) experiences high levels of cross border human traffic due to trade, cultural and language links across the fifteen countries. Technological advances and increased domestic competition have contributed to lower domestic retail tariffs for mobile cellular services. Unfortunately, this has not extended to international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs which remain unacceptably high. These high tariffs have attracted harsh criticism from commentators and prompted calls for regulatory intervention. This study investigates the level of international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs, usage and demand elasticity. It further considers whether competition or regulation play a greater role in reducing these tariffs and whether regulatory intervention is likely to reduce competition. The research took the form of a quantitative study and used an online survey questionnaire as the data collection tool. The results of the study confirmed that international mobile roaming (IMR) retail tariffs are indeed high, resulting in poor uptake by cost conscious travellers who pay for their own cellular usage. The finding that competition plays a greater role than regulation in reducing IMR retail tariffs is not significant. It was concluded that neither competition nor regulation are sufficient on their own to provide increased social welfare. The best result is obtained when competition is allowed to flourish, underpinned by an enabling regulatory framework. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

E l trabajo desarrollado en la presente tesis consiste en el diseño y validación de un método que garantice un roaming rápido, menor a 150 ms, para una red Wi-Fi con el nivel más alto de seguridad recomendado en el estándar 802.11 (WPA2-Enterprise) el cual utiliza un esquema de autenticación por usuario (802.1X). En el primer capítulo, se recorre brevemente la historia de las redes Wi-Fi y se describe cómo el roaming termina siendo determinante para brindar calidad de servicio a diversas aplicaciones de tiempo real. Asimismo, se presentan los objetivos y el alcance del presente trabajo. En el segundo capítulo, se explica brevemente conceptos básicos de redes Wi-Fi. Además, se presenta la enmienda 802.11i la cual indica el nivel de seguridad de una red Wi-Fi y se explica el proceso de asociación a una Red de Seguridad Robusta. En el tercer capítulo, se describe el proceso de roaming, tipos y fases. Además, se explica el impacto del nivel de seguridad en un proceso de roaming. Luego, se presentan los mecanismos y métodos de roaming rápido introducidos por el estándar IEEE 802.11 además del método OKC. En la última sección de este capítulo, se brindan observaciones a los métodos de roaming rápido actuales. En el cuarto capítulo, se indican los requerimientos de diseño que se han considerado para el sistema de roaming rápido. En la segunda parte de este capítulo, se explica el diseño cada etapa del sistema, además de detallarse la implementación de la arquitectura y el método de key Caching seleccionado. En el capítulo final, se presentan las diferentes pruebas que se llevaron a cabo para verificar el funcionamiento del sistema. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones obtenidas de la implementación y las pruebas realizadas sobre el sistema, basadas en los objetivos de la tesis y trabajos que podrían complementar el diseño desarrollado.

This work deals with roaming issues in the WiFi network. Takes options from a 802.11 standard view. Factory setting options for fast roaming from CISCO and MikroTik. It proposes to measure and test these networks.

行動通訊網路之國際漫遊(以下簡稱：漫遊)的信令傳遞方式，從早期的通信衛星發展至目前的海底纜線，都屬於高維護成本的電信基礎設施，導致漫遊通話費用成本居高不下。隨著行動通訊網路技術發展，無形中促使OTT（Over The Top）的應用逐漸廣泛，甚至取代原本漫遊通話模式。即便如此，漫遊通話節費產品依然盛行，其主要原因是OTT服務無法提供優於目前行動通訊網路所擁有的特性：高通話品質、高移動性以及通話雙方不受應用軟體或終端裝置型號之限制（如Line無法與微信互通）。 由於漫遊的話務必須透過本地端服務網路或國際合作營運商的協議路由，才能順利將信令送達受話方，如此的程序卻造成Tromboning和Triangular等路由問題，對營運商而言，無形中衍生國際營運商合作的路由接續費用等相關成本。為改善上述問題，本論文的研究方法在不增加電信核心網路元件的基礎架構上使用漫遊閘道，分流處理目前行動通訊網路之漫遊的信令傳遞。採用動態更新漫遊用戶資料機制，降低各電信核心網路元件的運算資源，使漫遊的話務能採用更直接的路徑方式進行路由。 本研究所提出的方法，根據數學理論推導驗證可以發現，漫遊路由成本，不論是路由所需經過的國家數、網路元件數以及營運商連結數等，都能有效降低。模擬實驗結果也顯示，本研究方法能有效降低漫遊呼叫接通的時間，並能提升行動通訊網路前端網路元件的運算效能。在避免Tromboning和Triangular等路由問題的同時，降低營運商的話務路由成本，進而降低漫遊通話費用，提升用戶對漫遊通話使用率，達成雙贏局面。 / The ways of transferring signaling of international roaming, abbreviated to roaming in the following, in mobile communication network evolve from satellite communications, submarine cable communications, etc. The huge maintenance cost of telecommunication infrastructure results in high charge of a roaming call. Through the advancement of mobile communication network technologies, the emergent Over The Top (OTT) applications had been widely spread and began to replace the ways of legacy roaming calls. However, the saving call products still popular is due to OTT services are inferior to those of mobile communication in terms of voice quality and mobility. Apart from this, both parties of OTT services are subject to the same application software, e.g. LINE cannot communicate with WeChat. Since roaming traffic should be delivered through the routing protocol between local service network and international cooperative operators, it may cause Tromboning and Triangular problems. Operators, should thus increase the cost of interconnection due to the corporation among international operators. To resolve the problems, we propose to use roaming gateways based on the underlying infrastructure without adding components to the existing telecommunication core network. Roaming gateways can assist in separate processing of roaming signals delivery of the current mobile communication networks. The proposed method adopts the current registration model when roaming users visit a service network. Aside from this, the method dynamically updates users’ data in order to reduce the use of computing resources of core network components. The method is proved to be able to choose more direct paths in making roaming calls. The proposed method is verified by both mathematical analysis and simulations. The mathematical analysis proves that the proposed method is able to reduce roaming routing cost in terms of numbers of countries, network components and interconnected operators. The simulations show that the proposed method is able to shorten the answering time of roaming calls and enhance the computation efficiency of the front-end components of mobile communication network. In summary, the proposed method is able to solve the routing problems of Tromboning and Triangular as well as reduce the traffic routing cost of operators. As the result, the operators will be able to offer better tariff to users.