Inaugural-Dissertation--Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. / Cover title.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ludwigs-Universität zu Giessen, 1941. / Vita. "Literatur-Verzeichnis: " p. 130-131.

Inaugural-Dissertation--Friedrichs-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. / Cover title.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ludwigs-Universität zu Giessen, 1941. / Vita. "Literatur-Verzeichnis: " p. 130-131.

Esta tese apresenta um enquadramento diverso da History of Brazil (1810-1819), escrita por Robert Southey, em relação ao que veio sendo proposto após a publicação do clássico livro de Maria Odila da Silva Dias, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre). A hipótese de Dias buscou entender a History of Brazil pelo prisma da historiografia romântica e concluiu que Southey teria “uma concepção essencialmente intuitiva e sensível da história, o que lhe permitiria, aliás, desenvolver um método todo imaginativo de revivência empática do passado”. Não busquei um enquadramento de Southey em qualquer outra “escola” diversa do Romantismo, mas entender quais foram as linguagens mobilizadas na History of Brazil e o contexto discursivo em que se inseriam. Para tanto, foi fundamental o entendimento da importância do antiquariato e das questões etnográficas, presentes em todo o conjunto de publicações de Southey, para o desenvolvimento da History of Brazil. Essas preocupações corroboraram para uma abordagem interessada em desvendar os costumes, maneiras e os aspectos curiosos que pudessem contribuir para a compreensão dos estágios das sociedades. O próprio interesse pelas maneiras e pelos costumes, ou seja, tudo que dizia respeito ao dia-a-dia das sociedades, foi um legado antiquário. Ambos também ajudaram na construção do entendimento, por parte de Southey, da história como um relato minucioso, de referência e que monumentalizava o passado. Explorei de forma mais detida na tese duas linguagens historiográficas. A primeira delas foi a do desenvolvimento do homem na Terra, que permitiu a Southey articular um cenário comum de desenvolvimento social entre todos os povos que existiram e que viviam a existir. Além de contribuir para um interesse profundo pelos costumes, a teoria dos quatro estágios da sociedade proporcionava uma comparação entre civilizações bastante diferentes em tempo e espaço, assegurando a sua validade pela linearidade contida em suas bases. Todas as civilizações tinham passado ou passariam pelos estágios de caçador, pastor, agricultor e comerciante. A segunda linguagem que explorei foi a da diversidade biológicaclimática, ponto essencial para o entendimento da valorização da mistura inter-racial na History of Brazil. Essa linguagem é articulada por Southey para explicar a suscetibilidade de certas raças a algumas doenças e a mutação ocorrida em compleições diferentes, promovida pela mistura racial. O Novo Mundo era um espaço em que as raças negra, europeia e indígena eram mescladas, formando uma nova raça e onde as doenças europeias eram reconfiguradas. Para ser possível a criação de um indivíduo chamado de brasileiro seria, antes de tudo, necessária a sua sobrevivência biológica. Essa mistura das raças, na avaliação de Southey, era bastante positiva, principalmente, a do indígena com o português, que gerava o mameluco. Os paulistas, que eram mamelucos, foram apresentados na History of Brazil como os grandes herdeiros do temperamento empreendedor português e da infatigabilidade indígena. / This thesis presents a new approach to Robert Southey’s History of Brazil (1810-1819), which is distinct from what has been proposed after the publication of Maria Odila da Silva Dias’ classical work, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre) [“The White Man’s Burden: Southey, historian of Brazil (a study of the ideological values of the free-trade empire)”]. The hypothesis proposed by Dias sought to understand the book History of Brazil through the prism of Romantic historiography and concluded that Southey had “an essentially intuitive and sensible conception of history, which would allow him, indeed, to develop an entirely imaginative method of empathically reviving the past”. I did not search for an approach to Southey in any other “school” aside from Romanticism; instead, I sought to understand the languages employed in History of Brazil and the discursive context in which they were inserted. To achieve this goal, it was fundamental to grasp the importance of the antiquary and ethnographic issues portrayed in Southey’s entire oeuvre, for the development of History of Brazil. These concerns corroborated to an approach that sought to unveil the customs, manners and peculiar aspects that could contribute to a comprehension of the stages of societies. The interest in manners and customs in itself, in other words, everything regarding the daily life of societies, was an antiquary legacy. Both elements also helped in the construction of Southey’s view of history as a thorough account, as a reference-account, and also as an account that monumentalized the past. In this thesis, I undertook a detailed examination of two historiographical languages. The first was the language of man’s development on Earth, which enabled Southey to work with a common backdrop of social development for all peoples that have come to exist. Besides contributing to a deep interest in customs, the four stages theory; allowed a comparison among quite distinct civilizations in time and space, thus securing its validity on account of the linearity of its basis. All civilizations either had been through or would have to undergo the stages of hunting, herding, agriculture and commerce. The second language I explored was the language of biological-climatic diversity – an essential point for understanding the positive valuation of the inter-racial mixture in History of Brazil. This is resort to explain the susceptibility of specific races to some diseases and the mutations in different complexions as a result of racial mixture. The New World was a space where African, European and Indigenous races merged, giving birth to a new race, and where European diseases were reconfigured. Biological survival, above all, was necessary for the emergence of the individual called ‘Brazilian’. This mixture of races, in Southey’s evaluation, was quite positive, especially among the Indigenous and Portuguese races, which led to the Mameluco type. The inhabitants of São Paulo, who were Mamelucos, appear in the History of Brazil as the great heirs of the Portuguese enterprise character, on the one hand, and, on the other, of the Indigenous indefatigability.

Esta tese apresenta um enquadramento diverso da History of Brazil (1810-1819), escrita por Robert Southey, em relação ao que veio sendo proposto após a publicação do clássico livro de Maria Odila da Silva Dias, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre). A hipótese de Dias buscou entender a History of Brazil pelo prisma da historiografia romântica e concluiu que Southey teria “uma concepção essencialmente intuitiva e sensível da história, o que lhe permitiria, aliás, desenvolver um método todo imaginativo de revivência empática do passado”. Não busquei um enquadramento de Southey em qualquer outra “escola” diversa do Romantismo, mas entender quais foram as linguagens mobilizadas na History of Brazil e o contexto discursivo em que se inseriam. Para tanto, foi fundamental o entendimento da importância do antiquariato e das questões etnográficas, presentes em todo o conjunto de publicações de Southey, para o desenvolvimento da History of Brazil. Essas preocupações corroboraram para uma abordagem interessada em desvendar os costumes, maneiras e os aspectos curiosos que pudessem contribuir para a compreensão dos estágios das sociedades. O próprio interesse pelas maneiras e pelos costumes, ou seja, tudo que dizia respeito ao dia-a-dia das sociedades, foi um legado antiquário. Ambos também ajudaram na construção do entendimento, por parte de Southey, da história como um relato minucioso, de referência e que monumentalizava o passado. Explorei de forma mais detida na tese duas linguagens historiográficas. A primeira delas foi a do desenvolvimento do homem na Terra, que permitiu a Southey articular um cenário comum de desenvolvimento social entre todos os povos que existiram e que viviam a existir. Além de contribuir para um interesse profundo pelos costumes, a teoria dos quatro estágios da sociedade proporcionava uma comparação entre civilizações bastante diferentes em tempo e espaço, assegurando a sua validade pela linearidade contida em suas bases. Todas as civilizações tinham passado ou passariam pelos estágios de caçador, pastor, agricultor e comerciante. A segunda linguagem que explorei foi a da diversidade biológicaclimática, ponto essencial para o entendimento da valorização da mistura inter-racial na History of Brazil. Essa linguagem é articulada por Southey para explicar a suscetibilidade de certas raças a algumas doenças e a mutação ocorrida em compleições diferentes, promovida pela mistura racial. O Novo Mundo era um espaço em que as raças negra, europeia e indígena eram mescladas, formando uma nova raça e onde as doenças europeias eram reconfiguradas. Para ser possível a criação de um indivíduo chamado de brasileiro seria, antes de tudo, necessária a sua sobrevivência biológica. Essa mistura das raças, na avaliação de Southey, era bastante positiva, principalmente, a do indígena com o português, que gerava o mameluco. Os paulistas, que eram mamelucos, foram apresentados na History of Brazil como os grandes herdeiros do temperamento empreendedor português e da infatigabilidade indígena. / This thesis presents a new approach to Robert Southey’s History of Brazil (1810-1819), which is distinct from what has been proposed after the publication of Maria Odila da Silva Dias’ classical work, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre) [“The White Man’s Burden: Southey, historian of Brazil (a study of the ideological values of the free-trade empire)”]. The hypothesis proposed by Dias sought to understand the book History of Brazil through the prism of Romantic historiography and concluded that Southey had “an essentially intuitive and sensible conception of history, which would allow him, indeed, to develop an entirely imaginative method of empathically reviving the past”. I did not search for an approach to Southey in any other “school” aside from Romanticism; instead, I sought to understand the languages employed in History of Brazil and the discursive context in which they were inserted. To achieve this goal, it was fundamental to grasp the importance of the antiquary and ethnographic issues portrayed in Southey’s entire oeuvre, for the development of History of Brazil. These concerns corroborated to an approach that sought to unveil the customs, manners and peculiar aspects that could contribute to a comprehension of the stages of societies. The interest in manners and customs in itself, in other words, everything regarding the daily life of societies, was an antiquary legacy. Both elements also helped in the construction of Southey’s view of history as a thorough account, as a reference-account, and also as an account that monumentalized the past. In this thesis, I undertook a detailed examination of two historiographical languages. The first was the language of man’s development on Earth, which enabled Southey to work with a common backdrop of social development for all peoples that have come to exist. Besides contributing to a deep interest in customs, the four stages theory; allowed a comparison among quite distinct civilizations in time and space, thus securing its validity on account of the linearity of its basis. All civilizations either had been through or would have to undergo the stages of hunting, herding, agriculture and commerce. The second language I explored was the language of biological-climatic diversity – an essential point for understanding the positive valuation of the inter-racial mixture in History of Brazil. This is resort to explain the susceptibility of specific races to some diseases and the mutations in different complexions as a result of racial mixture. The New World was a space where African, European and Indigenous races merged, giving birth to a new race, and where European diseases were reconfigured. Biological survival, above all, was necessary for the emergence of the individual called ‘Brazilian’. This mixture of races, in Southey’s evaluation, was quite positive, especially among the Indigenous and Portuguese races, which led to the Mameluco type. The inhabitants of São Paulo, who were Mamelucos, appear in the History of Brazil as the great heirs of the Portuguese enterprise character, on the one hand, and, on the other, of the Indigenous indefatigability.

Esta tese apresenta um enquadramento diverso da History of Brazil (1810-1819), escrita por Robert Southey, em relação ao que veio sendo proposto após a publicação do clássico livro de Maria Odila da Silva Dias, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre). A hipótese de Dias buscou entender a History of Brazil pelo prisma da historiografia romântica e concluiu que Southey teria “uma concepção essencialmente intuitiva e sensível da história, o que lhe permitiria, aliás, desenvolver um método todo imaginativo de revivência empática do passado”. Não busquei um enquadramento de Southey em qualquer outra “escola” diversa do Romantismo, mas entender quais foram as linguagens mobilizadas na History of Brazil e o contexto discursivo em que se inseriam. Para tanto, foi fundamental o entendimento da importância do antiquariato e das questões etnográficas, presentes em todo o conjunto de publicações de Southey, para o desenvolvimento da History of Brazil. Essas preocupações corroboraram para uma abordagem interessada em desvendar os costumes, maneiras e os aspectos curiosos que pudessem contribuir para a compreensão dos estágios das sociedades. O próprio interesse pelas maneiras e pelos costumes, ou seja, tudo que dizia respeito ao dia-a-dia das sociedades, foi um legado antiquário. Ambos também ajudaram na construção do entendimento, por parte de Southey, da história como um relato minucioso, de referência e que monumentalizava o passado. Explorei de forma mais detida na tese duas linguagens historiográficas. A primeira delas foi a do desenvolvimento do homem na Terra, que permitiu a Southey articular um cenário comum de desenvolvimento social entre todos os povos que existiram e que viviam a existir. Além de contribuir para um interesse profundo pelos costumes, a teoria dos quatro estágios da sociedade proporcionava uma comparação entre civilizações bastante diferentes em tempo e espaço, assegurando a sua validade pela linearidade contida em suas bases. Todas as civilizações tinham passado ou passariam pelos estágios de caçador, pastor, agricultor e comerciante. A segunda linguagem que explorei foi a da diversidade biológicaclimática, ponto essencial para o entendimento da valorização da mistura inter-racial na History of Brazil. Essa linguagem é articulada por Southey para explicar a suscetibilidade de certas raças a algumas doenças e a mutação ocorrida em compleições diferentes, promovida pela mistura racial. O Novo Mundo era um espaço em que as raças negra, europeia e indígena eram mescladas, formando uma nova raça e onde as doenças europeias eram reconfiguradas. Para ser possível a criação de um indivíduo chamado de brasileiro seria, antes de tudo, necessária a sua sobrevivência biológica. Essa mistura das raças, na avaliação de Southey, era bastante positiva, principalmente, a do indígena com o português, que gerava o mameluco. Os paulistas, que eram mamelucos, foram apresentados na History of Brazil como os grandes herdeiros do temperamento empreendedor português e da infatigabilidade indígena. / This thesis presents a new approach to Robert Southey’s History of Brazil (1810-1819), which is distinct from what has been proposed after the publication of Maria Odila da Silva Dias’ classical work, O fardo do homem branco: Southey historiador do Brasil (um estudo dos valores ideológicos do império do comércio livre) [“The White Man’s Burden: Southey, historian of Brazil (a study of the ideological values of the free-trade empire)”]. The hypothesis proposed by Dias sought to understand the book History of Brazil through the prism of Romantic historiography and concluded that Southey had “an essentially intuitive and sensible conception of history, which would allow him, indeed, to develop an entirely imaginative method of empathically reviving the past”. I did not search for an approach to Southey in any other “school” aside from Romanticism; instead, I sought to understand the languages employed in History of Brazil and the discursive context in which they were inserted. To achieve this goal, it was fundamental to grasp the importance of the antiquary and ethnographic issues portrayed in Southey’s entire oeuvre, for the development of History of Brazil. These concerns corroborated to an approach that sought to unveil the customs, manners and peculiar aspects that could contribute to a comprehension of the stages of societies. The interest in manners and customs in itself, in other words, everything regarding the daily life of societies, was an antiquary legacy. Both elements also helped in the construction of Southey’s view of history as a thorough account, as a reference-account, and also as an account that monumentalized the past. In this thesis, I undertook a detailed examination of two historiographical languages. The first was the language of man’s development on Earth, which enabled Southey to work with a common backdrop of social development for all peoples that have come to exist. Besides contributing to a deep interest in customs, the four stages theory; allowed a comparison among quite distinct civilizations in time and space, thus securing its validity on account of the linearity of its basis. All civilizations either had been through or would have to undergo the stages of hunting, herding, agriculture and commerce. The second language I explored was the language of biological-climatic diversity – an essential point for understanding the positive valuation of the inter-racial mixture in History of Brazil. This is resort to explain the susceptibility of specific races to some diseases and the mutations in different complexions as a result of racial mixture. The New World was a space where African, European and Indigenous races merged, giving birth to a new race, and where European diseases were reconfigured. Biological survival, above all, was necessary for the emergence of the individual called ‘Brazilian’. This mixture of races, in Southey’s evaluation, was quite positive, especially among the Indigenous and Portuguese races, which led to the Mameluco type. The inhabitants of São Paulo, who were Mamelucos, appear in the History of Brazil as the great heirs of the Portuguese enterprise character, on the one hand, and, on the other, of the Indigenous indefatigability.

In this project, I examine the impact of early literary criticism, early literary history, and the history of knowledge on the perception of the laureateship as it was formulated at specific moments in the eighteenth century. Instead of accepting the assessments of Pope and Johnson, I reconstruct the contemporary impact of laureate writings and the writing that fashioned the view of the laureates we have inherited. I use an array of primary documents (from letters and journal entries to poems and non-fiction prose) to analyze the way the laureateship as a literary identity was constructed in several key moments: the debate over hack literature in the pamphlet wars surrounding Elkanah Settle’s The Empress of Morocco (1673), the defense of Colley Cibber and his subsequent attempt to use his expertise of theater in An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber (1740), the consolidation of hack literature and state-sponsored poetry with the crowning of Colley Cibber as the King of the Dunces in Pope’s The Dunciad in Four Books (1742), the fashioning of Thomas Gray and William Mason as laureate rejecters in Mason’s Memoirs of the Life and Writings of William Whitehead (1788), Southey’s progressive work to abolish laureate task writing in his laureate odes 1813-1821, and, finally, in Wordsworth’s refusal to produce any laureate task writing during his tenure, 1843-1850. In each case, I explain how the construction of this office was central to the consolidation of literary history and to forging authorial identity in the same period. This differs from the conventional treatment of the laureates because I expose the history of the versions of literary history that have to date structured how scholars understand the laureate, and by doing so, reveal how the laureateship was used to create, legitimate and disseminate the model of literary history we still use today.

In 'Political Atheism vs. The Divine Right of Kings,' I build on Thompson and Scrivener’s work analysing John Thelwall’s play 'The Fairy of the Lake' as a political allegory, arguing all religious symbolism in 'FL' to advance the traditionally Revolutionary thesis that “the King is not a God.” My first chapter contextualises Thelwall’s revival of 17th century radicalism during the French Revolution and its failure. My second chapter examines how Thelwall’s use of fire as a symbol discrediting the Saxons’ pagan notion of divine monarchy, also emphasises the idolatrous apotheosis of King Arthur. My third chapter deconstructs the Fairy of the Lake’s water and characterisation, and concludes her sole purpose to be to justify a Revolution beyond moral reproach. My fourth chapter traces how beer satirises Communion wine, among both pagans and Christians, in order to undermine any religion that could reinforce either divinity or the Divine Right of Kings. / A close reading of an all-but-forgotten Arthurian play as an allegory against the Divine Right of Kings.