À l'aube de la quatrième révolution industrielle, la comanipulation robotique est une technologie clé tant elle allie la dextérité de l'opérateur humain à la puissance de la machine. Ce partage de tache entre humain et la machine, en sus dans un environnement incertain et inconnu à l'avance, apporte un lot de difficultés intrinsèques à la nature de cette interaction. Cette problématique a été intensivement étudiée durant les vingt dernières années, par diverses équipes de recherches, le plus souvent sur des dispositifs à un seul degré de liberté et avec des hypothèses fortes sur la nature du contrôleur. Dans la présente thèse, nous traitons la problématique de la comanipulation robotique à travers la commande Hoo structurée, cadre de travail particulièrement adapté aux systèmes multivariables et pouvant être étendu à une certaine classe de systèmes non linéaires – les robots manipulateurs en font partie – à travers une modélisation linéaire à paramètres variants (LPV). Les exigences de performance et de stabilité propres aux systèmes de comanipulation sont exprimées en termes de contraintes Hoo et de conditions de secteurs à respecter. Les objectifs de commande ainsi formalisés, sont résolus par optimisation non lisse afin de tirer profit des structures particulières des contrôleurs de robots de comanipulation. La validation de la méthodologie est réalisée par des simulations intensives et des expérimentations sur des dispositifs réels. / At the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution, robotic comanipulation is a key technology as it combines the dexterity of the human operator with the power of the machine. This task sharing between human and machine, in an uncertain and previously unknown environment, brings a lot of intrinsic difficulties to the nature of this interaction. This problem has been intensively studied over the last two decades by various research teams, mostly on devices with a single degree of freedom and with strong hypotheses about the controller structure. In this thesis, we deal with the problem of robotic comanipulation through the scope of the structured Hoo control, a framework particularly adapted to multivariable systems and which can be extended to a certain class of non-linear systems – manipulating robots are part of it – through linear parameter varying (LPV) models. The performance and stability requirements specific to comanipulation systems are expressed in terms of Hoo constraints and sector bounds. The control objectives thus formalised are solved by non-smooth optimization in order to take advantage of the particular structures of the comanipulation robot controllers. The validity of the methodology is carried out by intensive simulations and experiments on real devices.

Em metalurgia, a busca pela qualidade, baixo custo e alta produtividade têm feito empresas e institutos de pesquisa trabalharem juntos, procurando novas tecnologias que supram as necessidades do mercado. Dentre essas novas tecnologias, se destaca o processo de lingotamento contínuo de tiras de aço, utilizando o conceito de twin roll, cuja proposição inicial foi sugerida no século XIX por Henry Bessemer. Este trabalho apresenta a modelagem, análise e controle de um sistema de bobinamento de tiras de aço produzidas através de lingotamento contínuo do tipo twin roll , em uma planta localizada no Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas de São Paulo. As características do processo foram primeiramente apresentadas. A modelagem matemática do sistema de bobinamento foi realizada, levando-se em consideração os componentes envolvidos no sistema. As variações paramétricas foram então evidenciadas. O sistema de controle foi primeiramente implementado utilizando-se um controlador do tipo PID, pelo fato desse tipo de controle ser altamente difundido industrialmente. Para maior precisão do sistema de controle, propôs-se a introdução de um sensor ultrasônico para medição das variações do raio de bobinamento. Por último realizou-se o projeto de um compensador robusto utilizando a metodologia LQG/LTR. Para a realização das simulações utilizou-se o programa Matlab/simulink. / In metallurgy, the quest for quality, low cost, and high productivity have resulted in companies and research institutes working together to find new technologies to satisfy the customer demand. Among these new technologies is the direct steel strip casting, using the twin roll concept suggested in the 19th century by Henry Bessemer. This work presents the modelling, analysis and control of a steel strip coiling system using twin roll direct casting, in a plant installed at the Technological Research Institute of Sao Paulo. The characteristics of the process are first introduced. The mathematic modelling of the coiling system used, take into account the system components. The parametric changes were adressed. The control system was first implemented using a PID controller as this kind of control is highly used in the industry. An ultrasonic sensor was introduced in the system to improve the control precision by coiling radius measurement. Last a robust compensator using the LQG/LTR method was designed. The simulations were done using Matlab/Simulink software.

O restaurador dinâmico de tensão (DVR) é uma solução baseada em eletrônica de potência para minimizar os problemas causados por afundamentos e elevações de tensão em equipamentos ou cargas sensíveis a esses tipos de distúrbios. Basicamente a operação do DVR consiste em injetar na rede tensões de correção com a finalidade de anular o afundamento ou a elevação na tensão aplicada à carga. Tipicamente, a estrutura do controlador utilizado em um DVR é composta por uma malha interna de corrente e uma malha externa de tensão. Usualmente um controlador do tipo proporcional ou proporcional integral é utilizado na malha interna de corrente e um controlador ressonante é utilizado na malha externa de tensão. O presente trabalho apresenta um projeto de controlador robusto para rastreamento da tensão injetada pelo DVR que garante estabilidade robusta do sistema com respeito à variação dos parâmetros da carga. Além disso, o controlador proposto garante valores pré-definidos para o erro de rastreamento e para a rejeição do distúrbio causado por correntes de carga distorcidas na tensão injetada pelo DVR. A síntese do controlador robusto de tensão é feita com base no método de projeto H? pela formulação da sensibilidade mista. Todas as especificações de desempenho e robustez são impostas por meio de restrições nos diagramas de resposta em frequência do sistema em malha fechada (funções sensibilidade e sensibilidade complementar). O desempenho do controlador proposto é verificado e a metodologia de projeto é validada por simulações e experimentos realizados em um DVR de baixa potência. / The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a power electronics based solution for mitigation of voltage sags and swells effects on sensitive loads, which basically injects voltages in series with the grid. Typically the controller structure for a DVR is composed by an inner current loop and an outer voltage loop. Usually proportional or a proportional-integral controller is used for the current loop and a resonant controller is used for the voltage loop. This paper presents the design of a robust controller for the voltage tracking loop of a DVR that guaranties the robust stability against load parameters variation. Moreover, the proposed controller assures the tracking of a sinusoidal voltage waveform, as well the rejection of the non linear load current influence, both with a pre specified error. The voltage controller design is based on H? mix-sensitivity parameter specification approach. All the performance and robustness requirements are specified and analyzed based on the frequency response plot of closed loop transfer function (sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions). The proposed controller performance is validated by simulation and by experiments carried out on a low scale DVR prototype.

Nesta dissertação é realizado um estudo comparativo entre controladores robustos projetados para sistemas lineares em espaço de estado sujeitos a incertezas paramétricas. O objetivo é resolver problemas de acompanhamento de trajetória de robôs. O estudo é realizado em um robô móvel com tração diferencial e em um quadricóptero. Para tal, é aplicado um Regulador Linear Quadrático Robusto no qual engloba em uma estrutura unificada todos os parâmetros de incerteza de entrada e saída de maneira recursiva, útil em aplicações em tempo real. A fim de demonstrar a eficiência do Regulador Robusto, resultados de simulações e de experimentos são empregados comparando-o com controle Η∞ não linear via teoria dos jogos e com um controle Proporcional-Derivativo mais torque calculado. / This work provides a comparative study between robust controllers for linear statespace systems subject to parametric uncertainties to solve trajectory tracking problems. The study is developed in a mobile robot with differential traction and in a quadricopter. A Robust Linear Quadratic Regulator is applied, which encompasses in a unified framework all input and output uncertain parameters, useful in online applications. In order to show the effectiveness of the robust regulator, simulations and experiments results allow the comparison with nonlinear Η∞ control via game theory and with a Proportional- Derivative control plus computed torque.

Cette thèse présente un nouveau cadre pour la conception de correcteurs à gain programmé. Une partie de ce cadre est une fusion novatrice de la théorie des systèmes et de la commande (la métrique ν-gap et sa variante fréquentiellle) et de l'analyse en grappes, technique commune en analyse de données statistiques, apprentissage automatique, fouille de données, etc. La combinaison des deux champs permet de subdiviser le domaine de fonctionnement d'un système non linéaire en secteurs afin de récupérer des informations sur le comportement en boucle fermée avant la conception de la commande. Chaque secteur représente une partie du domaine opérationnel ayant des propriétés de retour similaires, c'est-à-dire que les points de fonctionnement dans un secteur ont des comportements davantage similaires (mesurés par la mesure d'écart ponctuel) les uns des autres que les points de fonctionnement des autres secteurs. La solution de sectorisation est utilisée en vue de réaliser des correcteurs séquencés réglés à partir d'un modèle linéarisé. Par exemple, une distribution optimisée et parcimonieuse des points de synthèse pour les correcteurs LTI est sélectionnée et la distribution des secteurs est exploitée pour le mélange des correcteurs linéaires individuels en un correcteur non-linéaire couvrant l'ensemble du domaine de fonctionnement. L'avantage général de ce cadre est qu'il présente une procédure systématique qui réduit potentiellement le temps, les efforts et donc le coût global d'un projet de développement en réduisant les itérations inutiles au cours du cycle de conception. Le cadre proposé est évalué à partir d’un exemple générique de missile industriel. / This thesis presents a new framework for the design of gain-scheduled controllers. Part of this framework is a novel merging of system & control theory (the ν-gap and pointwise gap metric) and cluster analysis, a common technique in statistical data analysis, machine learning, data mining, etc. The combination of both fields allows for a subdivision of a nonlinear system's operating domain into sectors in order to retrieve information on the feedback behaviour before the actual control design. Each sector represents a part of the operating domain with similar feedback properties, i.e. operating points inside a sector are more similar (as measured by the pointwise gap metric) to each other than to operating points in other sectors. The sectoring solution is used in the proposed framework to support the design of a linearization-based gain-scheduled controller. For example, a reduced and optimized distribution of design points for the LTI controllers is selected and the sectors' distribution is exploited for the blending of the individual linear controllers into an operating domain wide nonlinear controller. The overall advantage of the framework is that it presents a systematic procedure that potentially reduces the overall time, effort, and therefore cost of a development project by preventing unnecessary iterations in the design cycle specifically associated with the control design. The proposed framework is verified at the example of a generic industrial missile benchmark.

Submitted by PPG Engenharia El?trica (engenharia.pg.eletrica@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-26T18:49:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS_SENNA_OLIVEIRA_DIS.pdf: 2367932 bytes, checksum: 927039b4746ebdc5d7da25318435b24a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-06T17:26:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS_SENNA_OLIVEIRA_DIS.pdf: 2367932 bytes, checksum: 927039b4746ebdc5d7da25318435b24a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T17:38:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MATHEUS_SENNA_OLIVEIRA_DIS.pdf: 2367932 bytes, checksum: 927039b4746ebdc5d7da25318435b24a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Este documento apresenta um trabalho de disserta??o sobre o estudo de estrat?gias de controle para o seguimento eficiente de padr?es espirais. Estes padr?es podem ser aplicados em muitas ?reas, como por exemplo, a Microscopia de For?a At?mica, onde padr?es de referenciais r?pidos e suaves s?o requeridos. Para realizar com sucesso o seguimento destas refer?ncias, que s?o compostas de sinais senoidais de amplitude e frequ?ncia vari?vel, estrat?gias de controle avan?adas foram investigadas. O Princ?pio do Modelo Interno ? uma abordagem tradicional para o seguimento de sinais, mas ele n?o pode ser aplicado diretamente em sinais com frequ?ncia variante. Logo, o presente trabalho prop?s uma estrat?gia de controle robusto onde o Princ?pio do Modelo Interno foi aplicado como um Controlador Ressonante em uma estrutura aumentada e variante no tempo. O sistema aumentado e os valores da frequ?ncia foram organizados usando uma representa??o polit?pica e estruturados como um problema de otimiza??o sujeito a restri??es na forma de Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares. Esta s?ntese foi avaliada atrav?s de um conjunto de simula??es, usando um modelo num?rico de um Microsc?pio de For?a At?mica e um novo padr?o de refer?ncia para escaneamento apropriado. Al?m disso, usando a premissa que estes sinais de refer?ncia s?o aplicados m?ltiplas vezes, um Controle por Aprendizagem Iterativa tamb?m foi projetado para melhorar o desempenho do seguimento da estrat?gia principal proposta. Resultados num?ricos demonstraram que o controlador projetado atingiu resultados satisfat?rios, em compara??o com o controlador tradicional dispon?vel na ?rea. / This document presents a dissertation work regarding the study of control strategies for the efficient tracking of spiral patterns. Such patterns arise in many areas, as for example the Atomic Force Microscopy, where fast and smooth reference signals are required. In order to successfully track the above mentioned references, which are composed of amplitude and frequency-varying sinusoidal signals, advanced control strategies were investigated. The Internal Model Principle is a traditional approach to track reference signals, but it cannot be directly applied in frequency-varying signals. Therefore, the present work proposed a robust control strategy where the Internal Model Principle was applied as a Resonant Control in an augmented time-varying structure. The augmented system and the reference frequency values were organized using a polytopic representation and structured as an optimization problem subject to constraints in the form of Linear Matrix Inequalities. This synthesis was evaluated through a set of simulations, using a numerical model of an Atomic Force Microscope and a new suitable scanning reference pattern. Moreover, using the premise that the same reference signals are tracked multiple times, an Iterative Learning Controller was also designed in order to improve the tracking performance of the proposed main strategy. Numerical results demonstrated that the designed controller achieved satisfactory results, in comparison to the traditional controller available in the area.

Cette thèse porte sur les problèmes de stabilité en fréquence et en tension des microréseaux isolés avec forte pénétration d'énergies renouvelables en utilisant des dispositifs de stockage d'énergie, et se divise en deux parties principales.Dans la première partie, nous proposons une conception systématique d'une structure de commande robuste multi-variable pour le réglage de fréquence dans un système de génération de puissance hybride diesel-photovoltaïque-supercondensateur fonctionnant en mode autonome. La structure de commande proposée repose sur une architecture à deux niveaux: les contrôleurs d'asservissement de courant basés sur commande PI classique sont placés sur le niveau de commande inférieur et reçoivent des références d'un niveau supérieur qui, lui, est basé sur commande H-infini. Une méthodologie compréhensive qui traduit les demandes d'ingénierie spécifiques de l'opération du microréseau dans le formalisme de commande H-infini est détaillée. Nous montrons également comment les spécifications de performance dynamiques en boucle fermée doivent à leur tour être prises en compte dans la configuration et le dimensionnement initiaux du microréseau, c'est-à-dire en choisissant de manière appropriée et en évaluant le système de stockage d'énergie. Ensuite, une analyse de performance robuste du contrôleur H-infini synthétisé en présence de diverses perturbations de charge, des variations de puissance active de la source photovoltaïque, et des incertitudes du modèle est effectuée afin de déterminer la plage de variation maximale des paramètres pour laquelle les performances de commande imposées sont respectées pour le point de fonctionnement considéré. Les simulations numériques réalisées avec MATLAB/Simulink montrent l'efficacité de la stratégie de commande robuste de fréquence proposée sur un microréseau d'ordre de quelques MVA. Un banc de test de prototypage rapide, qui est composé d'un système de stockage d'énergie réel à base de supercondensateurs et un réseau diesel-photovoltaïque-charge émulé, est développé afin de valider expérimentalement cette stratégie de commande.La deuxième partie de cette thèse se concentre sur le calcul d'un contrôleur de tension multi-variable basé sur commande H-infini afin de forcer robustement l'amplitude de tension du point de couplage commun à satisfaire des spécifications dynamiques. La même idée de la structure de commande à deux niveaux en cascade - où ce contrôleur est placé sur un niveau de commande supérieur et fournit les références de courant aux contrôleurs de courant placés sur un niveau inférieur - est également adoptée. Ensuite, la performance et la robustesse du contrôleur H-infini proposé en présence de diverses perturbations de puissance réactive de la charge et de la source photovoltaïque, ainsi que des incertitudes du modèle, sont étudiées en utilisant des simulations temporelles MATLAB/Simulink. / This thesis addresses the frequency and voltage stability issues of stand-alone microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy by making use of energy storage devices, and is divided into two main parts.In the first part, we propose a systematic design of a multi-variable robust control structure for frequency regulation in a diesel-photovoltaic-supercapacitor hybrid power generation system operating in stand-alone mode. The proposed control structure relies on a two-level architecture: classical PI-based current tracking controllers are placed on the low control level and receive references from an H-infinity-control-based upper level. A comprehensive methodology that casts the specific engineering demands of microgrid operation into H-infinity control formalism is detailed. It is also shown how closed-loop dynamic performance requirements must at their turn be taken into account in the initial microgrid setup and sizing, namely in appropriately choosing and rating the energy storage system. Then, a robust performance analysis of the synthesized H-infinity controller in the presence of various load disturbances, photovoltaic output active power variations, and model uncertainties is carried out in order to determine the maximum parameter variation range for which the imposed control performances are respected for the considered operating point. Numerical simulations performed with MATLAB/Simulink show the effectiveness of the proposed frequency robust control strategy on a MVA-rated microgrid. A rapid-prototyping test bench, which is composed of a real supercapacitor-based energy storage system and an emulated diesel-photovoltaic-load grid, is developed in order to experimentally validate this control strategy.The second part of this thesis focuses on computing an H-infinity-based multi-variable voltage controller in order to robustly force the voltage magnitude of the point of common coupling to satisfy dynamic specifications. The same idea of cascaded two-level control structure - where this controller is placed on an upper control level and provides the references to current controllers placed on a lower level - is aslo adopted. Then, the performance and robustness of the proposed H-infinity controller in the presence of various load and photovoltaic reactive power disturbances, as well as model uncertainties, are studied based on MATLAB/Simulink time-domain simulations.

Estuda-se o problema de sintonia de controladores, objetivando-se a formulação do problema de sintonia ótima de controladores. Busca-se uma formulação que seja geral, ou seja, válida para qualquer estrutura de controlador e qualquer conjunto de especificações. São abordados dois temas principais: especificação de controladores e sintonia ótima de controladores. São compiladas as principais formas de especificação e avaliação de controladores e é feita a formulação do problema de sintonia de controladores como um problema padrão de otimização. A abordagem proposta e os conceitos apresentados são então aplicados em um conjunto de exemplos. / The problem of control tuning is studied, aiming the formulation of the optimal control tuning problem. A general formulation, valid for any controller structure and any set of specifications, is sought. Two main themes are addressed: controller specification and optimal controller tuning. The main ways of controller specification and assessment are compiled and the optimal controller tuning problem is formulated as a standard optimization problem. The proposed approach and the presented concepts are then applied in a set of examples.

The primary goal of this thesis is to evaluate vibration control of an all-clamped plate having an unknown disturbance. The vibration control is implemented using a piezoelectric actuator placed at an optimal location. The first part of this thesis considers a robust actuator placement with respect to varying spatial distributions of disturbances. The treatment here, is different from performance-based LQR approaches, since it is based on minimizing the effect of the disturbance distributions. The second part of this thesis addresses a more general case where the plate is under an unknown disturbance. An unknown disturbance is also characterized by the case where the disturbance signal moves randomly over the entire spatial domain. An optimal switching controller algorithm is developed, based on LQR performance, which switches between piezoelectric actuators employed for the vibration control of the plate. A single actuator is selected from the various actuator locations during each time interval, which leads to performance enhancement.

O restaurador dinâmico de tensão (DVR) é uma solução baseada em eletrônica de potência para minimizar os problemas causados por afundamentos e elevações de tensão em equipamentos ou cargas sensíveis a esses tipos de distúrbios. Basicamente a operação do DVR consiste em injetar na rede tensões de correção com a finalidade de anular o afundamento ou a elevação na tensão aplicada à carga. Tipicamente, a estrutura do controlador utilizado em um DVR é composta por uma malha interna de corrente e uma malha externa de tensão. Usualmente um controlador do tipo proporcional ou proporcional integral é utilizado na malha interna de corrente e um controlador ressonante é utilizado na malha externa de tensão. O presente trabalho apresenta um projeto de controlador robusto para rastreamento da tensão injetada pelo DVR que garante estabilidade robusta do sistema com respeito à variação dos parâmetros da carga. Além disso, o controlador proposto garante valores pré-definidos para o erro de rastreamento e para a rejeição do distúrbio causado por correntes de carga distorcidas na tensão injetada pelo DVR. A síntese do controlador robusto de tensão é feita com base no método de projeto H? pela formulação da sensibilidade mista. Todas as especificações de desempenho e robustez são impostas por meio de restrições nos diagramas de resposta em frequência do sistema em malha fechada (funções sensibilidade e sensibilidade complementar). O desempenho do controlador proposto é verificado e a metodologia de projeto é validada por simulações e experimentos realizados em um DVR de baixa potência. / The Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a power electronics based solution for mitigation of voltage sags and swells effects on sensitive loads, which basically injects voltages in series with the grid. Typically the controller structure for a DVR is composed by an inner current loop and an outer voltage loop. Usually proportional or a proportional-integral controller is used for the current loop and a resonant controller is used for the voltage loop. This paper presents the design of a robust controller for the voltage tracking loop of a DVR that guaranties the robust stability against load parameters variation. Moreover, the proposed controller assures the tracking of a sinusoidal voltage waveform, as well the rejection of the non linear load current influence, both with a pre specified error. The voltage controller design is based on H? mix-sensitivity parameter specification approach. All the performance and robustness requirements are specified and analyzed based on the frequency response plot of closed loop transfer function (sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions). The proposed controller performance is validated by simulation and by experiments carried out on a low scale DVR prototype.