Este trabalho analisa a natureza e as características das fotografias enquanto documentos integrantes de arquivos institucionais. Partindo do questionamento sobre o tratamento de fotografias pertencentes a arquivos históricos, o trabalho investiga a trajetória do documento fotográfico como objeto teórico e metodológico na área da arquivística, com base na análise de alguns de seus principais manuais e textos metodológicos. Analisando o enfoque tradicional aplicado às fotografias, discute a problemática do documento fotográfico desenvolvida mais contemporaneamente à luz do referencial teórico da Diplomática. O trabalho utilizase de um estudo de caso, o arquivo fotográfico gerado a partir das atividades da Fundação Rockefeller e do Serviço Nacional de Febre Amarela nos anos de 1930 e 1940 durante os estudos, pesquisas e combate à febre amarela no Brasil. Esse estudo pretende, por um lado, investigar a contextualização da produção do arquivo de imagens como forma de entendimento do contexto funcional responsável pelo surgimento dos documentos visuais e, por outro, afirmar o caráter arquivístico do documento fotográfico, considerando suas peculiaridades. Aos que organizam os arquivos, cabe a tarefa de investigar e tornar explícitos tanto o contexto de produção quanto os vínculos que ligam as imagens às funções ao longo de sua trajetória como documento, para que haja uma transformação no enfoque reservado a esses materiais, calcado na valorização exclusiva de seu conteúdo informativo, em detrimento do seu valor como evidência das ações para as quais foram gerados e utilizados. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the nature and characteristics of photography as part of institutional archives documents. From the questioning about the treatment given to photographies of historical archives, the work seeks to investigate the journey of the photographic document as object of theoretical and methodological questioning in the archival field, based on examination of some of its main manuals and methodological texts. Analyzing the traditional approach applied to photography, discusses the problematic of photographic document developed contemporaneously in the light of Diplomatics theoretical reference. The thesis adopts a case study, the photographic archive generated from activities of study, research and combat of yellow fever in Brazil, by the partnership between Rockefeller Foundation and the Brazilian National Service of Yellow Fever, during the Thirties and Forties. The present study proposes, on the one hand, to investigate the contextualization of the production of image archives as means of understanding the functional context responsible for the appearance of visual documents and, on the other hand, asseverates the archival nature of photographic documents, according to its peculiarities. To those who organize the archives, is assigned the task of investigating and making explicit both the context of the production and the bonds that links images to functions during their journey as document, in order to produce a transformation of the approach reserved to these materials, based on the sole valuation of it\'s informative contents in prejudice of it\'s value as evidence of actions for which have been created and used.

Este trabalho analisa a natureza e as características das fotografias enquanto documentos integrantes de arquivos institucionais. Partindo do questionamento sobre o tratamento de fotografias pertencentes a arquivos históricos, o trabalho investiga a trajetória do documento fotográfico como objeto teórico e metodológico na área da arquivística, com base na análise de alguns de seus principais manuais e textos metodológicos. Analisando o enfoque tradicional aplicado às fotografias, discute a problemática do documento fotográfico desenvolvida mais contemporaneamente à luz do referencial teórico da Diplomática. O trabalho utilizase de um estudo de caso, o arquivo fotográfico gerado a partir das atividades da Fundação Rockefeller e do Serviço Nacional de Febre Amarela nos anos de 1930 e 1940 durante os estudos, pesquisas e combate à febre amarela no Brasil. Esse estudo pretende, por um lado, investigar a contextualização da produção do arquivo de imagens como forma de entendimento do contexto funcional responsável pelo surgimento dos documentos visuais e, por outro, afirmar o caráter arquivístico do documento fotográfico, considerando suas peculiaridades. Aos que organizam os arquivos, cabe a tarefa de investigar e tornar explícitos tanto o contexto de produção quanto os vínculos que ligam as imagens às funções ao longo de sua trajetória como documento, para que haja uma transformação no enfoque reservado a esses materiais, calcado na valorização exclusiva de seu conteúdo informativo, em detrimento do seu valor como evidência das ações para as quais foram gerados e utilizados. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the nature and characteristics of photography as part of institutional archives documents. From the questioning about the treatment given to photographies of historical archives, the work seeks to investigate the journey of the photographic document as object of theoretical and methodological questioning in the archival field, based on examination of some of its main manuals and methodological texts. Analyzing the traditional approach applied to photography, discusses the problematic of photographic document developed contemporaneously in the light of Diplomatics theoretical reference. The thesis adopts a case study, the photographic archive generated from activities of study, research and combat of yellow fever in Brazil, by the partnership between Rockefeller Foundation and the Brazilian National Service of Yellow Fever, during the Thirties and Forties. The present study proposes, on the one hand, to investigate the contextualization of the production of image archives as means of understanding the functional context responsible for the appearance of visual documents and, on the other hand, asseverates the archival nature of photographic documents, according to its peculiarities. To those who organize the archives, is assigned the task of investigating and making explicit both the context of the production and the bonds that links images to functions during their journey as document, in order to produce a transformation of the approach reserved to these materials, based on the sole valuation of it\'s informative contents in prejudice of it\'s value as evidence of actions for which have been created and used.

No description available.

The central argument that I advance in this dissertation is that the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in the governance of global health and agricultural development has been derived from their ability to advance knowledge structures crafted to accommodate the preferences of the dominant states operating within the contexts where they have sought to catalyze change. Consequently, this dissertation provides a new way of conceptualizing knowledge power broadly conceived as well as private governance as it relates to the provision of public goods. In the first half of the twentieth-century, RF funds drove scientific research that produced tangible solutions, such as vaccines and high-yielding seed varieties, to longstanding problems undermining the health and wealth of developing countries emerging from the clutches of colonialism. At the country-level, the Foundation provided advanced training to a generation of agricultural scientists and health practitioners, and RF expertise was also pivotal to the creation of specialized International Organizations (IOs) for health (e.g. the League of Nations Health Organization) and agriculture (e.g. the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) as well as many informal international networks of experts working to solve common problems. Finally in the neo-liberal era, RF effectively demonstrated how the public-private partnership paradigm could provide public goods in the face of externally imposed austerity constraining public sector capacity and the failure of the free-market to meet the needs of populations with limited purchasing power. Since its inception, the BMGF has demonstrated a similar commitment to underwriting innovation through science oriented towards reducing global health disparities and increasing agricultural productivity in poor countries, and has greatly expanded the application of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach in both health and agriculture. Unlike its intellectual forebear, BMGF has been far more focused on end-points and silver bullets than investing directly in the training of human resources. Moreover whereas RF has for most of its history decentralized its staff, those of BMGF have been concentrated mainly at its headquarters in Seattle. With no operational programs of its own, BMGF has instead relied heavily on external consultants to inform its programs and remains dependent on intermediary organizations to implement its grants. Despite these and other differences, both RF and BMGF have exhibited a common capacity to catalyse institutional innovation that has benefited historically marginalized populations in the absence of structural changes to the dominant global power structure. A preference for compromise over contestation, coupled with a capacity for enabling innovation in science and governance, has resulted in broad acceptance for RF and BMGF knowledge structures within both state and international policy arenas. This acceptance has translated into both Foundations having direct influence over (i) how major challenges related to disease and agriculture facing the global south are understood (i.e. the determinants and viable solutions); (ii) what types of knowledge matters for solving said problems (i.e. who leads); and (iii) how collective action focused on addressing these problems is structured (i.e. the institutional frameworks).

No description available.

O que se desejou investigar foi a institucionalização da genética na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo e o conseqüente desenvolvimento da Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky. Pretendeu-se descobrir quando e como se deu a introdução da genética, as áreas, os temas pesquisados e os cientistas envolvidos no desenvolvimento da genética nessa faculdade. O presente trabalho visa a \"construção\" de uma análise histórica da escola de genética, na qual se enfoca o papel da Faculdade de Filosofia, da ação da Fundação Rockefeller e da influência dos pesquisadores André Dreyfus e Theodosius Dobzhansky. A Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky foi a pioneira na pesquisa de genética e ecologia de Drosophila, além de introduzir a genética de populações, tornando-se uma referência internacional e desdobramentos da Escola Dreyfus-Dobzhansky se espalharam para várias regiões do país, formando grupos de pesquisa apoiados, principalmente, pela Fundação Rockefeller e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. / It was investigated the institutionalization of Genetics in the School of Philosophy, Science and Literary of the University of São Paulo and, in consequence, the development of Dreyfus-Dobzhansky School of Genetics. The purpose is to discover when and how was the Genetics introduction, as well the areas, subjects and the involved scientists in the Genetics development in the University of São Paulo. This work is a historical analysis of the Genetics School, in which is focused the work of the College of Philosophy, the action of Rockefeller Foundation and the influence of researchers Andres Dreyfus and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Dreyfus-Dobzhansky Genetics School was the pioneer in Drosophila´s genetics research and ecology, besides introducing the populations genetics, becoming an international reference. The unfolding of Dreyfus- Dobzhansky School had spread for several regions of Brazil, forming supported groups of research, mainly, for Rockefeller Foundation and Brazilian Society of Genetics.

O presente trabalho discute a história da genética no Brasil desde sua institucionalização até o desenvolvimento da genética humana, entre 1920 e 1970. No Brasil, os primeiros estudos de genética remontam à década de 1920 nas escolas agrícolas, em especial o Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC) e a Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), em Piracicaba. Em 1934, a partir da formação da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), que incorporou a ESALQ, se iniciou a institucionalização da genética no Departamento de Biologia Geral daquela Faculdade e a criação da primeira escola de genética de populações de Drosophila de espécies tropicais. Esta escola foi denominada de Dreyfus-Dobzhansky e sua origem esteve ligada ao plano de ação da Fundação Rockefeller para a ciência na América Latina. A Fundação Rockefeller patrocinou a vinda do evolucionista Theodosius Dobzhansky, considerado um pioneiro na genética de populações de Drosophila e na teoria sintética da evolução. Na década de 1940 e 50, o desenvolvimento da genética de populações sob a liderança de André Dreyfus, Theodosius Dobzhansky e Crodowaldo Pavan fez do Departamento de Biologia Geral da USP um centro nacional de pesquisas de genética de populações e evolução, além de atuar na formação de inúmeros pesquisadores que foram posteriormente fazer pós-graduação com Dobzhansky na Universidade de Columbia. A evolução nas pesquisas de populações de Drosophila resultou no reconhecimento internacional da genética no Brasil, através de suas publicações, e na formação de novos centros de estudo de genética disseminados por todo o país. Novas áreas de pesquisa também foram desenvolvidas, como a genética humana e a genética de micro-organismos. A partir de 1960, pesquisadores brasileiros liderados por Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa, Newton Freire-Maia, Pedro Henrique Saldanha, Willy Beçak, Cora de Moura Pedreira, entre outros, desenvolveram importantes pesquisas na área de genética de populações humanas. Os centros de pesquisa de genética humana estabeleceram parcerias em projetos internacionais nos estudos voltados para os grupos sanguíneos das populações indígenas e aos efeitos da radiação nos seres humanos estes em cooperação com a World Health Organization. Esta tese analisa os principais aspectos desta história da genética no Brasil. Um de seus resultados é a descoberta de um plano nacional de desenvolvimento para a genética, que se deu a partir de parcerias internacionais e renomados cientistas. Os geneticistas brasileiros reelaboraram suas pesquisas de forma original, estudando por exemplo, a consanguinidade e as doenças genéticas das populações brasileiras. Este grupo se disseminou numa influente rede de pesquisas internacionais, tornando-se um dos mais respeitados staffs de genética mundial nas décadas de 1960 e 70. / The present study discusses the history of genetics in Brazil from its institutionalization to the development of human genetics between 1920 and 1970. The first genetic studies in Brazil date back to the 1920s in agricultural schools, especially the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC) and the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ) in Piracicaba. In 1934, as of the formation of the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Arts of the University of São Paulo (USP), which introduced ESALQ, the institutionalization of genetics was begun in the Department of General Biology of that Faculty and the creation of the first school of genetics of Drosophila populations of tropical species. This school was named Dreyfus-Dobzhansky and its origin was linked to the action plan of the Rockefeller Foundation for science in Latin America. The Rockefeller Foundation sponsored the evolutionist Theodosius Dobzhanskys coming, who is considered a pioneer in the Drosophila populations genetics and in the synthetic theory of evolution. In the 1940s and 1950s, the development of population genetics under the leadership of André Dreyfus, Theodosius Dobzhansky and Crodowaldo Pavan made the Department of General Biology of USP a national center for population genetics and evolution research, as well as training of countless researchers who were later doing postgraduate studies with Dobzhansky at Columbia University. The development of Drosophila population research has resulted in the international recognition of genetics in Brazil, through its publications, and in the formation of new genetic study centers spread throughout the country. New areas of research have also been developed, such as genetics of microorganisms and human genetics. Since 1960, Brazilian researchers led by Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa, Newton Freire-Maia, Pedro Henrique Saldanha, Willy Beçak and Cássio Bottura have developed important research in the area of genetics of human populations. Human genetics research centers have established partnerships in international projects in studies focusing on blood groups and the effects of radioactivity in humans - in cooperation with the World Health Organization. This study analyzes the main aspects of this history of genetics in Brazil. One of the results is the discovery of a national development plan for genetics, which has come from international partnerships and renowned scientists. Brazilian geneticists reworked their research in an original way, for example, studying the inbreeding and genetic diseases of Brazilian populations. This group spread to an influential international research network, becoming one of the world\'s most respected genetics staff in the 1960s and 1970s.

O que se desejou investigar foi a institucionalização da genética na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras da Universidade de São Paulo e o conseqüente desenvolvimento da Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky. Pretendeu-se descobrir quando e como se deu a introdução da genética, as áreas, os temas pesquisados e os cientistas envolvidos no desenvolvimento da genética nessa faculdade. O presente trabalho visa a \"construção\" de uma análise histórica da escola de genética, na qual se enfoca o papel da Faculdade de Filosofia, da ação da Fundação Rockefeller e da influência dos pesquisadores André Dreyfus e Theodosius Dobzhansky. A Escola de Genética Dreyfus-Dobzhansky foi a pioneira na pesquisa de genética e ecologia de Drosophila, além de introduzir a genética de populações, tornando-se uma referência internacional e desdobramentos da Escola Dreyfus-Dobzhansky se espalharam para várias regiões do país, formando grupos de pesquisa apoiados, principalmente, pela Fundação Rockefeller e pela Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. / It was investigated the institutionalization of Genetics in the School of Philosophy, Science and Literary of the University of São Paulo and, in consequence, the development of Dreyfus-Dobzhansky School of Genetics. The purpose is to discover when and how was the Genetics introduction, as well the areas, subjects and the involved scientists in the Genetics development in the University of São Paulo. This work is a historical analysis of the Genetics School, in which is focused the work of the College of Philosophy, the action of Rockefeller Foundation and the influence of researchers Andres Dreyfus and Theodosius Dobzhansky. Dreyfus-Dobzhansky Genetics School was the pioneer in Drosophila´s genetics research and ecology, besides introducing the populations genetics, becoming an international reference. The unfolding of Dreyfus- Dobzhansky School had spread for several regions of Brazil, forming supported groups of research, mainly, for Rockefeller Foundation and Brazilian Society of Genetics.

There were two-way and non-governmental communications between China and the United States in the field of agriculture throughout twentieth century. During the late nineteenth century, Chinese intellectuals already recognized the importance of western agricultural science and technology, and they began actively to court modern agricultural knowledge from western countries. The Plant Improvement Project (PIP) conducted by Cornell University and the University of Nanking from 1925 to 1931 was the groundbreaking agricultural cooperation in agricultural science and technology between the United States and China. Although most of the activities of this project were non-governmental, organized by two universities, and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the PIP broke new ground. In 1925, Professor H. H. Love of Cornell University was invited to the University of Nanking to lead a five-year cooperative program of crop improvement, which was called the PIP. From 1925 to 1931, Love along with C. H. Myers and R. G. Wiggans of Cornell University went to China to implement PIP. With the joint efforts of specialists from Cornell University and the University of Nanking, many high-yielding crop varieties were bred and distributed to farmers to improve yields and fight hunger; at the same time they trained a professional group of crop breeders and extension workers to continue crop breeding and distribution. PIP sought a new model for China’s application of the American concept of the integration of agricultural research, education, and extension, which resulted in both success and failure. PIP, however, exerted profound influence on the follow-up work not only at Cornell and Nanking but also for the governments of United States and Nationalist China.  <div><br></div><div>Following the PIP, in 1934, aiming to increase the well-being of rural populations, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) trustee committee approved its first comprehensive program (China Program) for rural reconstruction in China. The RF established the North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR) in 1936. By studying the policy, hopes, and outcomes of the NCCRR, this chapter provides a specific example of the problem western civil organizations faced in reshaping non-western rural societies. The NCCRR developed techniques for modernizing rural Chinese society; however, constant warfare, political instability, and funding shortages hindered the success of this endeavor. Its impact on China’s rural development remained after the termination of the China Program in 1944.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Then, to promote China’s post-World War II economic reconstruction and hunger relief, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry developed their transnational cooperation with the International Harvester Company from 1945 to 1948. In 1945, the Agricultural Engineering Program for China was proposed by Dr. P. W. Tsou, then a member of the Executive Committee of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the resident representative of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of the Nationalist government in the U.S., to the International Harvester Company. This initiative was supported by International Harvester Company to help China quickly achieve agricultural mechanization. This program was composed with Harvester Fellowships to sponsor Chinese students to learn agricultural engineering in the U.S. and from the committee’s field investigations, demonstrations, and teaching in China. The Chinese Ministry of Education selected ten students who had graduated from agricultural universities and ten students who had graduated from the engineering universities with two to three years of practical work experience. In total twenty students went to the U.S. to study agricultural engineering. Those from engineering universities were sent to the University of Minnesota while those from agricultural universities received admission into master’s program of Iowa State College (later Iowa State University). In two years’ time, they took engineering courses and completed the master’s degree in agricultural engineering. Then, they received a one-year internship at local farms to practice. In September 1948, the first student group returned to China. These twenty students were the first group of Chinese graduate students to study agricultural engineering in the United States. After they returned home, most of them became China’s leading agricultural engineering experts for the People’s Republic of China. In addition, four experienced agricultural engineers (Edwin L. Hansen, Howard F. McColly, Archie A. Stone, and J. Brownlee Davidson) in the United States formed the Committee on Agricultural Engineering to conducted extensive field investigations in China from January 1947 to December 1948 until political and military conditions were not suitable for them to stay in China.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Except for the cooperation with the private sectors in the U.S., the Nationalist government also proposed to the U.S. government cooperation to organize a joint program to provide economic and technical assistance to China’s agricultural industry. In June 1946, the China-United States Agricultural Mission initiated its work. The committee members from the U.S. included Claude B. Hutchison as the head of the U.S. delegation and Raymond T. Moyer as deputy head. Committee members from China included Zou Binwen as the head of the Chinese delegation and Shen Zonghan as the deputy head. After the investigation of fifteen provinces, delegation members provided their findings and suggestions on the reconstruction of Chinese agriculture in their reports. In 1947, the Report of China-United States Agricultural Mission was released by the two governments. This report is a comprehensive agenda for agricultural construction which put forward feasible and systematic plans for agricultural management, crop improvement, and rural education. This plan did not get adopted in mainland China, but it incubated an organizational structure for the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction and provided a blueprint for agricultural reform in Taiwan. This mission had a profound effect on later cooperation in the field of agricultural science and technology between the two countries, which merits scholarly attention. <br></div><div><br></div><div>Final success of this transnational agricultural communication and cooperation was in Taiwan under the direction of the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction from 1948 to 1979. This program, funded by the U.S. government, had a distinct success in agricultural development in Taiwan, but it eventually ended after the Carter Administration withdrew diplomatic recognition from Taiwan in 1979. Later this commission became part of the Council of Agriculture in the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC). <br></div><div><br></div><div>This agricultural communication and interaction between China and the U.S. made long-term impacts to China, the U.S., and the rest of the world. For the ROC and the PRC, these organized programs and cooperation gradually developed agricultural science and technology, increased agricultural production, and cultivated agricultural experts. These programs did not achieve their pre-set purpose to prevent communism from expanding in rural China, however, both the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enjoyed those rewards. The ROC directly benefitted from this assistance while PRC also indirectly obtained agricultural science and technology through those trained experts who chose to stay in the mainland after the revolution.<br></div><div><br></div><div>For the United States, these attempts in China helped Americans to expand and reevaluate their global assistance and development projects and governmental agencies, including the Marshall Plan, the Technical Cooperation Administration (TCA), the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), and later the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). <br></div><div><br></div><div>For the rest of the world, new global agricultural cooperation, such as Green Revolution agricultural science, eradicated starvation and famine in many developing countries such as India, Mexico, and the Philippines. Meanwhile, global agricultural cooperation generated new problems including environmental degradation and pesticide contamination. Further international cooperation and agricultural development can be tracked back to the U.S.-China agricultural cooperative experience.<br></div>

This dissertation examines the modernization of aspects of Cuba’s public health programs through the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation. As a result of its sponsorship of projects, the Rockefeller Foundation contributed to the spread of modernizing practices and policies from 1913 through 1945. An evaluation of medical modernization remains an important chapter in the study of post-colonial development. Current research has often portrayed public health modernization efforts as unidirectional with the United States imposing its ideas and practices onto developing nations. By examining institutional records, personal correspondence, and reports, this dissertation provides a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between Cuba and the United States during this period. This dissertation also argues that efforts to modernize Cuban public health were in fact the result of bilateral cooperation between Cubans and the United States. This study evaluates efforts made by scientists, researchers, and professionals to expand educational programs, to implement public health structures, and to develop new techniques for treating disease. During its occupations of Cuba at the turn of the century, the United States advanced public health programs and infrastructure. This work was later continued under the Cuban Republic with the support of private US interests, the Rockefeller Foundation. This dissertation addresses a significant gap in existing research by providing a different lens with which to view public health modernization in Cuba. Despite the past and ongoing presence of United States government interests in Cuba, the Rockefeller Foundation only pursued projects in Cuba after obtaining permission by the Cuban government. In one instance, Cuban physicians persistently requested for the involvement of the Foundation to forward their own aims. Both the Foundation and the Cuban government were interested in adopting successful programs established elsewhere and in using scientific findings from surrounding regions to advance research in Cuba. Instability in the newly formed Cuban Republic undermined these projects and prevented them from achieving their primary aims. Although these public health modernization plans made strong gains in some areas, at times they fell short in their primary agendas.