Abstract This paper examines the lessons Ethiopia can learn from East Asia’s growth to sustain its recent economic growth. By an in-depth analysis of the role of government in East Asian’s development it provides recommendations for Ethiopia. The study is based on the experiences of South Korea, Taiwan and Japan in the context of three issues: selective intervention policies, coordination problem and export orientation. Results of the study show that governments in East Asia have used phased selective intervention mechanism to nurture their industries and coordinated private investment to ensure national development. They have also targeted export markets to make their firms competitive and upgrade exports from primary products to higher value goods. The selective intervention suggests a greater role for government, however targeting of exports and the efficiency from international competition indicates the virtue of market mechanisms as well. Government intervention however must be phased, moving from targeting primary products to higher value goods. This paper suggests that government intervention has to be supplemented by a government-firm relationship that avoids too much government autonomy, which is meant to solve rent-seeking problem. Rent-seeking problem can instead be solved through performance requirement and time limits on protection.

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As part of the broader Arctic Urban Sustainability project which is examining sustainable development in the Circumpolar North, this thesis was intended to explore the role of corporate social responsibility in mining as a contributing factor to sustainable development. This was done through the examination of two northern case studies: Cameco Corporation’s uranium mining operations located in the Northern Administration District of the central Canadian province of Saskatchewan, and Northern Iron’s iron mining operation located near the town of Kirkenes along the northeastern border of Norrbotten in Norway. The methodology utilized in this case study was Leslie Pal’s public policy framework which asserts that public policy statements consist of four components: the definition of the policy problem, formulation of policy goals, and the use of specific policy instruments, followed by policy evaluation. This methodology was used to frame the corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies of Cameco and Northern Iron. Data was gathered from a variety of sources including interviews, policy documents, and academic research. Within the literature CSR is primarily understood as a voluntary action undertaken by companies for a variety of reasons ranging widely from effective corporate leadership within the company to greenwashing of the company’s image. The results of this research suggest that the role of the state in the initiation and implementation of CSR is of much greater importance than is predominantly recognized within the literature. This thesis argues that legal requirements instituted by government have the potential to lead to the initiation and implementation of CSR practices by mining companies. In the case of Cameco the Mine Surface Lease Agreements agreed to by the company and the provincial government provided motivation for the company to develop and implement their world-renowned CSR practises, which in turn led to a number of benefits for the company and surrounding communities. In the case of Northern Iron’s operations in Kirkenes, working hour requirements instituted by the Norwegian Government contributed to significantly higher levels of local employment in the region. These findings are important because they demonstrate that government may have a greater role to play in encouraging companies to initiate and implement CSR policies which contribute to improved socioeconomic outcomes for northern communities.

Recently, the festival activities who hold in Taiwan not only promote the development of related industries, but also directly rise regional ecomomic productivity value. In past, the related study about the festival activities usually focused on North Taiwan. Generally speaking, the administrative and financial resource who were gotten by North Taiwan was better than South Taiwan. To understand the marketing strategies of festivals in South Taiwan, the study will focus on the festival activity in South Taiwan to Further speaking, the study will focus on the ¡§Neimen Song Jiang Battle Array in 2009¡¨. By this case study, we will discuss whether the government supports the activity by administrative recourse. On the other hand, we will explore the effect on marketing strategies whether impact on festival activity. In research method, we will take on the relative of difference population statistic variables and the scatification on customers. Second, we will take interview method to understand the practice situation by different groups. In our result, we find the marketing strategies of festivals almost lack the support of government sector and only depend on civil groups. The role of festival acaticities can satisfy the demand of consumers, and promote visitors who can experience the culture meanings and infrastructure. On the other hand, the visitors pay attention on the level of restaurant and hotel side, but unsatisfy on walking line and commodity sale side.

This thesis contributes to the discussion on the role of national governments in climate change adaptation by providing empirical analysis of national adaptation strategies (NASs) in two economically advanced countries, Sweden and the Republic of Korea. A new framework for analyzing NASs focusing on public spending patterns was developed to provide a clear picture of where the priorities are beyond policy rhetoric. The analysis showed that most public spending in the case countries was currently directed toward building adaptive capacity rather than implementing adaptation actions. Both countries’ NASs also showed a similar pattern in terms of adaptation sectors that receive priority funding. Some sectors with private beneficiaries, like agriculture, received more public support when those with a greater number of beneficiaries, like biodiversity protection, received less in our case countries. This thesis has also analyzed rationalities for government intervention. Based on mainstream adaptation literature, an assumption was made that rationalities for government intervention will follow a liberal approach where there is a focus on identifying market failures and improving efficiency. However, it was found that NASs were not at all explicit about why government intervention is justified. Based on these findings, this study explored government actors’ perception on the appropriate rationality for adaptation intervention by interviewing key government officials in Sweden and the Republic of Korea. Three theories of government intervention in adaptation – the liberal approach, the budget maximizing model, and the social contract theory – were tested to examine their relevance. Although many government actors recognize the liberal approach as the norm for intervening in adaptation, it was found that the high level of uncertainty in climate impacts and the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability hinder this approach from becoming a positive theory in adaptation. Despite denials, the budget maximizing model was found to be highly relevant. Furthermore, the social contract theory was found to be highly relevant in explaining government intervention to short-term catastrophe, but not as effective in explaining adaptation to long-term changes.

This thesis contributes to the discussion on the role of national governments in climate change adaptation by providing empirical analysis of national adaptation strategies (NASs) in two economically advanced countries, Sweden and the Republic of Korea. A new framework for analyzing NASs focusing on public spending patterns was developed to provide a clear picture of where the priorities are beyond policy rhetoric. The analysis showed that most public spending in the case countries was currently directed toward building adaptive capacity rather than implementing adaptation actions. Both countries’ NASs also showed a similar pattern in terms of adaptation sectors that receive priority funding. Some sectors with private beneficiaries, like agriculture, received more public support when those with a greater number of beneficiaries, like biodiversity protection, received less in our case countries.   This thesis has also analyzed rationalities for government intervention. Based on mainstream adaptation literature, an assumption was made that rationalities for government intervention will follow a liberal approach where there is a focus on identifying market failures and improving efficiency. However, it was found that NASs were not at all explicit about why government intervention is justified.   Based on these findings, this study explored government actors’ perception on the appropriate rationality for adaptation intervention by interviewing key government officials in Sweden and the Republic of Korea. Three theories of government intervention in adaptation – the liberal approach, the budget maximizing model, and the social contract theory – were tested to examine their relevance. Although many government actors recognize the liberal approach as the norm for intervening in adaptation, it was found that the high level of uncertainty in climate impacts and the multi-faceted nature of vulnerability hinder this approach from becoming a positive theory in adaptation. Despite denials, the budget maximizing model was found to be highly relevant. Furthermore, the social contract theory was found to be highly relevant in explaining government intervention to short-term catastrophe, but not as effective in explaining adaptation to long-term changes.

Regional development discourses and theories have significantly changed since the born of regional science. Focus of regional development theories has shifted from industrialization efforts via large-scale enterprises and transfer of central government funds to disadvantaged regions to endogenous capabilities and potentials of innovation and knowledge creation. Endogenous factors and self-development capabilities are highly emphasized by recent development literature. Changes in the regional development discourses also affected regional policies, policy tools and actors / endogenous factors and self-development discourses became dominant in regional development policies and implementations. However, source of regional development for less developed regions that do not have endogenous potentials and self-development capability have not clearly defined and have not empirically tested. The thesis attempted to empirically define regional growth factors and the usefulness of theoretical frameworks. In the thesis, econometric model of Turkey is used for the empirical study. The theoretical framework discussed in the thesis is both economic theories and regional development models. The study shows that all theoretical models offer only partial explanations of regional growth. While study shows that factors emphasized by traditional theories support regional growth, the study has no evidence supporting that soft factors emphasized by recent theories support regional growth. The main findings of this study contribute to theoretical and empirical field by reintroducing role of government and interventions. Factors highlighted by recent regional development theories are not sufficient for explaining growth, since the regional policies at the national level continue to be important therefore factors emphasized by traditional theories still have significant contributions to growth.

The abolition of corporal punishment in S v Williams and Others 1995 (3) SA 632 (CC) provided the state with the impetus to consider alternative sentencing options. Unsystematic efforts by the government to reform the juvenile justice system have failed abysmally. The government was forced to review its policies on juvenile sentencing. An examination of international trends reveals the imposition of stricter measures of punishment for serious and violent juvenile offenders. Community-based sentencing options are used mainly for first-time offenders. The focus has also shifted from punishment and retribution to prevention and treatment. It is advocated that serious and violent juvenile offenders be incarcerated in secure-care facilities and/or juvenile prisons and that community-based sentencing options be utilised for first-time offenders. The government should also design programmes that deal with situations that lead to crime and delinquency / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study is to evaluate the housing process of Witzenberg Local Municipality and determine the involvement of the community and their perception regarding the whole process. The researcher is using a qualitative method to obtain the views, perspectives and feelings of the participants. For the purpose of the study is data collection limited to the sample population of people on the waiting list and those already in possession of low-cost house of the seven townships in the Witzenberg Local Municipality to. The researcher made use of questionnaires and interviews to collect data to make a profound finding and recommendation. In Witzenberg, 41% of households earn less than R30000 per annum (Witzenberg Local Municipality 2012: Online) which indicate that the Witzenberg Local Municipality has a high need for subsidized housing. The waiting list for low-cost housing in the Witzenberg Local Municipality currently stands at 6278 of which 1478 are a blocked housing project and a backlog of 4800 houses. The inhabitants of the Municipality received low-cost housing 8 years ago (Witzenberg Local Municipality 2012: Online). Witzenberg Local Municipality does has a housing problem, which stems from finance, affordability, insufficient land to erect housing projects, overcrowding, and quality of housing, staff shortage, unemployment, uncontrolled farm evictions and community involvement (Witzenberg Local Municipality 2007a:Online). Low-cost housing is in demand to address the challenges. Farm evictions, influx into the Witzenberg Local Municipality and forming of informal dwellings and increasing of squatter camps hold a serious threat to build sustainable, quality low-cost housing in the Witzenberg Local Municipality and with limit staff is in-flux control very hard to manage. Although the homeowners of the Witzenberg Local Municipality are happy to have received houses, they expressed much concern about the poor construction work, overall quality of the materials used as well as the housing process adopted by the Witzenberg Local Municipality. / Public Administration / M. Admin.

The abolition of corporal punishment in S v Williams and Others 1995 (3) SA 632 (CC) provided the state with the impetus to consider alternative sentencing options. Unsystematic efforts by the government to reform the juvenile justice system have failed abysmally. The government was forced to review its policies on juvenile sentencing. An examination of international trends reveals the imposition of stricter measures of punishment for serious and violent juvenile offenders. Community-based sentencing options are used mainly for first-time offenders. The focus has also shifted from punishment and retribution to prevention and treatment. It is advocated that serious and violent juvenile offenders be incarcerated in secure-care facilities and/or juvenile prisons and that community-based sentencing options be utilised for first-time offenders. The government should also design programmes that deal with situations that lead to crime and delinquency / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M. (Law)