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As a pre-requisite for the Roman law to come into existence, a community of people had first to emerge; a community identifying itself vis-à-vis its surroundings. Legal norms that came into being in such community, rather simple legal norms at the time of their hypothetical origin, were gradually developed in line with the development of such community throughout the times. The outcome is an elaborated system of Roman law that communicates with us even today. The presented paper endeavours to shed some light at some profound aspects of the formation of the Roman nation on its road to the definition of the Roman citizenship. In the case of the Romans we cannot use simple definition features, such as the language (as the Latin language was shared by other peoples of the ancient Italy) or the religion (as the ancient polytheism intertwined various cultures of the given times) or a territory. The paper offers views into the combinations of the Roman culture with those other ancient cultures that shared numerous aspects with it and that had a formatting effect on it. It also addresses the role of the religion in the formatting process of the original Roman society. The result is an attempt for a definition of the Roman nation, i.e. the personal area serving the creation and development of the Roman law...

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Apoštol Pavel a římské zákony Apostle Paul and the Roman Law bc. Ladislava Říhová The thesis deals with problematics associated with the life and first of all with Apostle PaulVs Roman citizenship. The first chapter contains a brief description of PaulVs life which de facto makes the outline of the whole work. Special attention is being paid to PaulVs origin, his education and last but not least to his conversion to Christianity. Noticed is also PaulVs missionary activity and his end. In the second part of the first chapter there is discussed the view of the Scipture on the Roman citizenship of the Apostle, supplemented with a historical excursus about the history of Roman citizenship as such taking into special consideration the time of Paul's life i.e. the time of the Early Principate. Of course, the possibility of the Apostle's double citizenship is mentioned. From Paul's civil state follow necessarily his rights which form his further destiny. In particular there are concerned Paul's iudicial proceedings which are extensively discussed in the Acts of the Apostles. The second chapter therefore engages in the history and necessities of Roman iudicial proceedings and the appellate right of Roman citizens, which was used by Paul as Roman citizen, too. Whereas the second chapter of the work is...

Le phénomène de la romanisation étant des plus complexe, il est donc nécessaire de se concentrer sur un seul de ses aspects, mais aussi sur un espace géographique restreint : la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine en Afrique proconsulaire. Quels sont ses mécanismes et ses processus? Quels sont les motifs pour Rome ou pour les indigènes? Finalement, quels sont les impacts de cette diffusion sur les individus ainsi que sur leur cité? Ultimement, y a-t-il eu une romanisation de l’Afrique par la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine? Voilà les questions qui ont été posées à travers l’étude des cas de Thugga et de Lepcis Magna. Finlement, il semble que l’empereur ainsi que les notables locaux furent des moteurs importants de cette diffusion, que les motifs pouvaient être stratégiques ou culturels pour l’empereur, mais surtout fiscaux pour les notables et que le principal impact, autant sur les individus que sur la cité, fut bel et bien la transformation, voire la romanisation juridique, de l’Afrique romaine. / Because of the Romanization phenomenon's complexity, it is necessary to focus on a single aspect, and a defined area : the spread of Roman citizenship in Africa proconsularis. What are its mechanisms and processes? What are the reasons for Rome or for the natives? Finally, what are the impacts of this diffusion on the individuals and communities? Ultimately, was there a Romanization of Africa through the spread of Roman citizenship? These are the questions that were asked through the study of Leptis Magna and Thugga cases. In the end, it seems that the emperor and community leaders were important drivers of this spread, while the emperor's motives were more strategic or cultural, they were for the community leaders, mostly economical, the main impact on both the individuals and the communities, was indeed the transformation or the jural romanization of Roman Africa.

Le phénomène de la romanisation étant des plus complexe, il est donc nécessaire de se concentrer sur un seul de ses aspects, mais aussi sur un espace géographique restreint : la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine en Afrique proconsulaire. Quels sont ses mécanismes et ses processus? Quels sont les motifs pour Rome ou pour les indigènes? Finalement, quels sont les impacts de cette diffusion sur les individus ainsi que sur leur cité? Ultimement, y a-t-il eu une romanisation de l’Afrique par la diffusion de la citoyenneté romaine? Voilà les questions qui ont été posées à travers l’étude des cas de Thugga et de Lepcis Magna. Finlement, il semble que l’empereur ainsi que les notables locaux furent des moteurs importants de cette diffusion, que les motifs pouvaient être stratégiques ou culturels pour l’empereur, mais surtout fiscaux pour les notables et que le principal impact, autant sur les individus que sur la cité, fut bel et bien la transformation, voire la romanisation juridique, de l’Afrique romaine. / Because of the Romanization phenomenon's complexity, it is necessary to focus on a single aspect, and a defined area : the spread of Roman citizenship in Africa proconsularis. What are its mechanisms and processes? What are the reasons for Rome or for the natives? Finally, what are the impacts of this diffusion on the individuals and communities? Ultimately, was there a Romanization of Africa through the spread of Roman citizenship? These are the questions that were asked through the study of Leptis Magna and Thugga cases. In the end, it seems that the emperor and community leaders were important drivers of this spread, while the emperor's motives were more strategic or cultural, they were for the community leaders, mostly economical, the main impact on both the individuals and the communities, was indeed the transformation or the jural romanization of Roman Africa.