Presented thesis deals with the settlement archaeology of the Roman Period in Bohemia and then introduces in detail also the findings of the Holubice settlement in the Prague-west district in this period. The work is mainly focused on processing and evaluation of archeological research at the sites "Kozákova zahrada" and "Na Ovčárně", which took place under the leadership of Vladimír Sakař between years 1977-1989. There was uncovered a part of the settlement from the younger part of early Roman Period and from the beginning of late Roman Period. Pottery sherds were evaluated with quantitative and qualitative analysis. The thesis also includes the analysis of unearthed objects and the outline of a shift of the land register of Holubice based on mapping of finds which were acquired through field exploration and detector survey. The thesis includes tables with drawings of shards of the pottery made by the author of this thesis (unless otherwise indicated) and also map tables from the archeological research and other inserts.

This thesis presents archaeological finds from the site "U silnice", in municipality Plaňany (district Kolín), where a settlement from roman period has been found during excavations in 2016 and 2017. An assemblage of excavated finds consists mostly of ceramic, animal bones and daub. The aim of the thesis is to describe qualitative and quantitative attributes of these finds. Results will be used to validate and compare properties of individual archaeological contexts. Main goal is to place the site into regional network of settlements and cemeteries from roman period. Potential of the site rises from the fact that it is the only settlement from roman period excavated by modern methods in the region and therefore it represents a valuable source of new information. Keywords (a. j.): Roman period; Settlement; Archaeological Sites; Pottery; Typology

Yes / Objectives: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) has recurrently been associated with a rich diet (high in protein and higher trophic level foods); however, very few studies have investigated this link using carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) stable isotope analysis. This paper explores the relationship between DISH and diet in two Roman urban communities by analyzing individuals with and without DISH. Materials and methods: δ13C and δ15N analysis carried out on collagen from 33 rib samples (No DISH: 27; early DISH: 4; DISH: 2) selected from individuals buried at the Romano-British site of Baldock (UK), 41 rib samples (No DISH: 38; early DISH: 3) from individuals from the Catalan Roman site of Santa Caterina (Barcelona, Spain). Additionally, six faunal samples from Baldock and seven from Santa Caterina were analyzed. Results: Standardized human isotope data from Santa Caterina show high δ15N probably associated to a diet combining terrestrial resources and freshwater fish. In contrast, isotope results from Baldock suggest a terrestrial-based diet. Individuals with DISH do not show isotopic ratios indicative of rich diet and there is no correlation between stage of DISH development and δ13C and δ15N. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that individuals with DISH followed a similar or isotopically similar diet as those individuals without DISH in Baldock and in Santa Caterina and therefore, while DISH may have been influenced by individual's dietary habits, this is not reflected in their isotopic signature. / Institute of Life Sciences Research Studentship, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK

Long-term repercussions of extremity trauma can include fracture mal- and non-union, osteoarthritis, pain, and impairment of physical movement, which can result in disuse of the limb and eventual bone loss. Although trauma is commonly investigated in palaeopathology, the functional repercussions of injuries are not typically considered. By integrating palaeopathological fracture analyses and biomechanical investigations of cross-sectional properties, this thesis explores individual and group experiences of extremity fracture risks, responses, and consequences at two Roman sites. Adults from 1st-4th century AD Roman cemeteries at Ancaster, UK (n=181), and Vagnari, Italy (n=66), were examined for limb fractures. Data on fracture type, location, malunion, and associated infection and osteoarthritis were collected. Bone areas and asymmetries were calculated using biplanar radiographs for individuals without fractures, and compared to those of individuals with fractures. Patterns in bone amounts and asymmetries associated with fracture attributes were identified. Extremity fractures were observed in 39 individuals from Ancaster and 12 individuals from Vagnari, but the prevalence rates did not differ between the sites. Cross-sectional properties suggested that compared to Ancaster, individuals living at Vagnari experienced greater mechanical loading (i.e., larger bone areas). Disuse of a fractured limb was only identified in two old adult individuals from Ancaster; no Vagnari individuals had evidence for post-traumatic dysfunction. Functional consequences of injuries were not associated with observable fracture attributes (e.g., fracture type, malunion), meaning that physical impairment cannot be recognized based only on an injury’s appearance. By incorporating biomechanical methods in palaeopathological analyses of trauma, this thesis reveals the physical experiences of injury acquisition and recovery among residents of Ancaster and Vagnari over the life course. The relative absence of post-traumatic disuse speaks to the resilience of Romans at these sites, and contributes to the growing literature on the human experience of trauma and impairment in the past. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Immobility and disuse of a fractured arm or leg can result in bone loss. Using radiographs, this research evaluated physical activity and long-term fracture complications in adult skeletons from ancient Roman communities at Ancaster, UK and Vagnari, Italy (1st-4th century AD). Compared to Ancaster, Vagnari individuals had thicker bones that indicated they were more physically active. Evidence for physical consequences were not associated with the type or location of a fracture; only two individuals from Ancaster (and none from Vagnari) had evidence of disuse. This study of fracture consequences contributes to our understanding of injury risk and recovery in the past. Although fractures can cause lasting physical consequences, these results show that fractures that appeared ‘severe’ did not necessarily result in long-term impairment. Most residents at Ancaster and Vagnari were physically active and recovered from their injuries, a finding that emphasizes the importance of continued physical activity after injury.

This thesis investigates the rural landscape of the Vale of the White Horse in the late Iron Age and the Roman period. Its three aims are to place the Roman temple, amphitheatre and cemetery at Marcham / Frilford within the context of the wider rural landscape, to document the nature of the Romano-British social and economic structure and its relationship to earlier Iron Age systems, and to compare the rural community of the Vale with other communities in the upper Thames Valley. The first aim is addressed by analysing the archaeological data for the neighbourhood of the religious complex at Marcham / Frilford, integrating recent geophysical survey and commercial archaeological evaluations. It is considered whether the site's function was restricted to an extensive religious complex, or whether it can be classed as a small town. Although there is no evidence for urbanism in terms of densely packed buildings, market activities are possible. It is suggested that the cemetery might be a 'managed cemetery'. The second and third aims are addressed by presenting and evaluating the archaeological evidence for the use of the landscape. The development of the Iron Age into the Romano-British landscape is seen through changes in settlement density, structure and form, buildings such as villas, ditched field systems, communication via roads and trackways, increasing population and agricultural intensification. Variations in settlement forms in the Vale of the White Horse are considered within the wider context of settlement in the upper Thames Valley. The Iron Age landscape of the Vale appears similar to that of the gravel terraces north of the river Thames. In the Roman period it differs from the gravel terraces to the north by becoming a region of villas and local centres, which suggests differences in landholding and in social and economic structures. In addition, the late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement in the Vale of the White Horse is compared with other regional studies.

This submitted thesis summarizes archaeological data about Iron Age and roman period settlement activity in the area of Tuchlovický potok downstream. Main focus is given to the elaboration of archaeological excavations, which were carried out in the years 1967 and 1968 by A. Knor and J. Zeman. The excavations followed up a large drain trench between Tuchlovice and Srby (district Kladno, Central Bohemia), where K. Motyková detected in the year 1966 the rests of roman period settlement with organic finds. Thirteen probes unearthed relatively widely spread rests of settlement, which was probably buried by a flood. The analysis of pottery sherds allows dating of the excavated settlement mainly to the 1.st century AD. Sampled wooden finds were submitted to dendrochronological surveys, but the recorded tree ring curve didn't match any so far known. Most important finds are a part of wooden fence and a piece from composite wooden jar. Other wooden artifacts and finds do not allow any functional interpretation. The research carried pointed to a great potential of this site for answering a wide spectrum of questions about prehistorical settlement sites and their relation to environment. The excavations also brought some rarely found organic finds like pollen, rests of plants and some other.

Cette étude archéologique et archéo-ichtyologique a pour but d’aborder une activité rarement décrite par les historiens : la pêche sur le littoral de l’Aquitaine romaine (Ier - IIIe siècle). Le renouvellement des informations, peu nombreuses sur ce sujet, nécessitait une approche archéo-ichtyologique, menée sur quatre sites archéologiques : Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux et Biganos (Gironde), et un site de production de sauces et salaisons de poisson à Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Pour la première fois dans cette région, le matériel archéo-ichtyofaunique a été récolté selon des stratégies d’échantillonnage adaptées aux caractéristiques de chaque gisement, afin de disposer de données représentatives des espèces consommées. Ces données ont été confrontées aux sources écrites et figurées antiques et aux travaux plus récents d’époques moderne et contemporaine portant sur la pêche et l’écologie des écosystèmes concernés. Cette méthode comparative a permis d’éclairer des textes antiques quelquefois obscurs et d’émettre des hypothèses sur les techniques de pêche utilisées en fonction des espèces de poisson présentes sur les sites, de leur taille et de leur saison de capture. En fonction de la finalité économique (consommation de poisson frais ou transformation en sauces et salaisons), les spécificités de la pêche et les relations entre les milieux exploités et les techniques utilisées ont été étudiées. L’activité de pêche répondait à une adaptation aux milieux et aux espèces ciblées mais également à des critères économiques et culturels, propres à l’époque romaine. Les échanges entre les agglomérations étudiées ont été abordés afin de réfléchir sur l’approvisionnement de Bordeaux en poissons marins. Dans ce cadre, la portée économique de l’unique établissement à salaisons d’Aquitaine romaine, situé à Guéthary, a été discutée. La part de l’influence romaine dans le développement de cette production a été démontrée par la convergence de multiples données archéologiques et historiques. / The goal of this archaeological and archaeo-ichthyological study is to address an activity rarely described by historians: the fishing on the coast of Aquitaine during the Roman period (1st – 3rd century AD). The renewal of the information, few concerning this subject, required an archaeo-ichthyological study conducted on four archaeological sites: Barzan (Charente-Maritime), Bordeaux and Biganos (Gironde), and the salting installation of Guéthary (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). For the first time in this region, the fish bones remains were collected according to sampling strategies adapted to the characteristics of each archaeological site, in order to obtain representative data of the consumed fish species. These data were compared with ancient written and iconographic sources and with modern and contemporary works concerning the fishing and the ecology of the studied ecosystems. This comparative method allowed to clarify ancient texts, and to suggest hypothesis about the fishing techniques used thanks to the fish species discovered on the sites, their size and their season of capture. According to the economic purpose (fresh fish consumption or fish processing), the fishing specificities but also the connections between the exploited environments and the used techniques were studied. The fishing activity involved an adaptation to ecosystems targeted but also to economic and cultural criteria, specific to the Roman period. The exchanges between the studied sites were discussed in order to think about the supply of marine fishes to Bordeaux. In this context, the economic significance of the unique salting installation of Roman Aquitaine, situated in Guéthary, was discussed. The part of the Roman influence in the development of this production was demonstrated by the convergence of several archaeological and historical data.

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This Master thesis is dedicated to pasture and the overall image of animal husbandry in Central Europe in La Téne Period and Roman Age. An important part is evaluation of osteological assemblages grazed animals, the question of the spectrum of species and creating models applied in the territory of today's Czech republic. A meaningful component of this study is comparison farmed animals at the time of La Téne and Roman period. Keywords: pasture - animal husbandry - agriculture - La Téne period - Roman period - archaeozoology