This thesis is a comparative study of the concept and role of the law in the theologies of Rosemary Radford Ruether and Gustaf Wingren. The analysis of their theologies shows that Wingren uses the law as a formal theological category and Ruether does not. The absence of the law in Ruether's theology has implication for theological ethics. For Wingren the law has two uses. The first use, the so called political use, is that which compels and coerces ethical behavior in the human. The first use of the law is used to insure that all humans receive the fullness of life that God intends for all of creation. The second use of the law, the so called spiritual use, accuses the human when he/she does not meet the demands of the law. When the conscience is accused the human is prepared to hear the gospel. For Wingren, the gospel is what gives the human a new will to live by freeing the human from the burden and condemnation of the law. The law and the gospel serve each other but have distinct functions. The law demands ethical behavior and the gospel gives salvation. According to Wingren, the source of ethical behavior is located in the doctrine of creation not in the doctrine of the revelation of God through Jesus Christ; thus preserving the notion that the gift of grace is not earned by good works but is given freely. For Ruether, appropriate ethical behavior is revealed to humans through paradigmatic individuals who denounce systems of oppression and announce God's intent for creation, namely, liberation. Jesus is one such paradigmatic individual who both denounces oppression and announces the kingdom of God. Jesus both demands justice in relationships and offers liberation. The gospel message of Jesus, in effect, collapses the law and the gospel into one entity. The follower of Jesus hears that salvation is dependent upon appropriate ethical behavior thereby nullifying the notion that grace is an unearned gift. The thesis concludes with a constructive statement which develops a feminist theology based on Wingren's concept of the law / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

As ervas e especiarias são fontes de antioxidantes. Essa capacidade antioxidante está relacionada aos compostos fenólicos que apresentam papel importante nos processos de inibição da peroxidação e podem atuar sobre o estresse oxidativo, relacionado com diversas patologias, inclusive o diabetes. O alecrim é bastante apreciado por seu aroma e sabor, tendo como constituintes os seguintes compostos fenólicos: ácido carnósico, carnosol, ácido rosmarínico, ácido caféico e éster do ácido hidroxicinâmico. Objetivou-se avaliar a capacidade antioxidante in vitro de extratos e frações de ácidos fenólicos obtidos das folhas de alecrim e seu efeito sobre ratos diabéticos induzidos por estreptozotocina. Constatou-se que tanto os extratos como as frações apresentaram altos teores de compostos fenólicos totais e expressiva atividade antioxidante in vitro nos três métodos utilizados: &#946;-caroteno/ácido linoléico, varredura do radical DPPH e ORAC. No ensaio in vivo, foi utilizado modelo de diabetes tipo 1, apresentando as características principais: poliúria, polifagia, polidipsia e perda de peso. Observaram-se alterações na atividade das enzimas antioxidantes, nos parâmetros bioquímicos do sangue e aumento significativo (p<0,05) da glicemia, no percentual de hemoglobina glicosilada (Hb-G), nos níveis de triglicérides, de colesterol total, de creatinina, de AL T e de AST. O extrato aquoso de alecrim administrado por 30 dias na concentração de 50 mg/Kg aumentou a atividade das enzimas CAT e GPx, no fígado, e da SOD no cérebro de ratos diabéticos, diminuindo também o percentual de Hb-G. A mesma dose, quando administrada por 60 dias, reduziu o percentual de Hb-G, nos lipídios circulantes, na creatinina, na atividade das enzimas SOD e GPx dos tecidos avaliados e manteve os valores normais das enzimas de função hepática AL T e AST. Não foi observado efeito dose resposta nos parâmetros analisados, sugerindo que a maior dose (100mg/Kg) apresentou níveis de toxicidade que devem ser melhor caracterizados. Portanto, o extrato aquoso de alecrim apresentou capacidade antioxidante in vitro significativa e quando administrado na concentração de 50 mg/Kg pode ter papel importante sobre o estresse oxidativo presente no diabetes experimental. / Herbs and spices are potential sources of antioxidants. This antioxidant capacity is related to the presence of phenolic compounds that play an important role in the peroxidation inhibition processes, that can act on the oxidative stress, which is related to various diseases, including the diabetes. Rosemary is much appreciated due to its aroma and flavor properties, and has the following constituents as phenolic compounds: carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmannlc acid, cafeic acid, and hydroxycinnamic ester. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the extracts and fractions of phenolic acids obtained from the leaves of rosemary and its effect on diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. The results showed that both extract and fractions contains high leveis of total phenolic compounds, and a significant in vitro antioxidative activity evaluated by three methods: &#946;-carotene / Linoleic acid system, DPPH radical scavenging and ORAC. For in vivo tests, it was used a type 1 diabetes model, which presented the main clinicai features: polyuria, polyfagia, polydipsia, and weight loss. It was also observed the following changes in biochemical markers: an altered antioxidant enzymatic activity; a significant increase (p<0.05) of blood glucose, percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb-G), triglycerides, total cholesterol, creatinine, and enzymes ALT and AST. The aqueous extract of rosemary administered daily for 30 days at dose of 50 mg/kg increased the activity of enzymes CAT and GPx in the liver and SOD in the brain of diabetic rats, also decreased the percentage of Hb-G. The same dose, when administered for 60 days, led to a reduction of percentage of Hb-G, circulating lipids, and creatinine, also reducing the activity of enzymes SOD and GPx in the analyzed tissues, and maintaining the normal function of liver enzymes AL T and AST. There was no dose¬response effect on the studied parameters. Some toxic effect was observed when higher doses were used (100 mg/kg) but this effect must be better characterized. Therefore, aqueous extracts of rosemary at dose of 50 mg/kg presented a significant in vitro antioxidant capacity that can be an important role on the oxidative stress in experimental diabetes.

<p>Opponent: Anthony Allen Öhnström</p>

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