Orientadores: Kátia Lucchesi Cavalca Dedini, Luiz Otávio Saraiva Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T15:03:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_RicardoUgliara_M.pdf: 2835811 bytes, checksum: c8cae753b116c3893246e25fb64fdf4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Máquinas rotativas apresentam um vasto campo de aplicação como aeronaves, fábricas, laboratórios e usinas de energia. Estas aplicações contêm eixos girando a altas velocidades que devem ter alto nível de confiabilidade. Assim, a análise do comportamento dinâmico destas bombas e turbinas é necessária para estabelecer padrões de funcionamento do equipamento. Ultimamente, com projetos feitos com auxílio de computador, modelos de elementos finitos de eixos incluindo mancais, discos, selos e acoplamentos têm sido desenvolvidos. Através destes modelos, o comportamento das máquinas pode ser previsto, permitindo projetos otimizados baseados nos cálculos de velocidades críticas e simulações de instabilidades do filme de óleo. Estas informações fornecem a base para o desenvolvimento de controladores para reduzir vibrações durante a partida de máquinas, assim como aceleração ou desaceleração através das velocidades críticas, ou ainda para controlar instabilidades do filme de óleo. Uma das técnicas aplicadas na identificação de parâmetros de máquinas e estruturas é a análise modal, a qual consiste em aplicar uma força de perturbação no sistema e, então, medir sua resposta. Entretanto, há uma dificuldade que traz limitações à excitação de sistemas com eixos rotativos, quando utilizando martelos de impacto ou shakers, uma vez que, devido ao atrito, forças tangenciais e ruídos indesejados podem ser aplicados ao sistema. Portanto, o estudo de uma técnica de excitação externa sem contato se torna de grande interesse. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho trata do estudo e desenvolvimento de um modelo em elementos finitos de máquinas rotativas integrado ao modelo de um atuador magnético como fonte de excitação externa, focando na resposta do modelo e sua interação com o atuador. Também é apresentada uma comparação entre simulações numéricas e testes práticos obtidos de uma bancada experimental / Abstract: Rotating machines have a wide range of application such as airplanes, factories, laboratories and power plants. These applications contain shafts rotating at high speeds that must have high trust levels. Thus, the dynamic behavior analysis of these pumps and turbines is required to establish operational patterns of the equipment. Lately, with computer aid design, shafts finite element models including bearings, discs, seals and couplings have been developed. Through these models the machines behavior can be predicted, allowing optimized design based on the critical speeds calculus and oil instabilities simulations. These informations provide the basis for controller development in order to reduce vibrations during the machines start-up and acceleration or deceleration through the critical speeds, or even to control oil instabilities. One of the technique es applied in parameters identification of machines and structures is the modalanalysis, which con sists of applying a perturbation force into the system and then to measure its response. However, there is a difficulty that brings limitations to the excitation of systems with rotating shafts when using impact hammers or shakers, due to friction, undesired tangential forces and noise that can be applied to the system. Therefore, the study of a non-contact technique of external excitation becomes of high interest. In this sense, the present work deals with the study and development of a finite element model for rotating machines using a magnetic actuator as source of external excitation, focusing on the model response and its interaction with the actuator. It is also presented a comparison between the numerical simulations and practical tests obtained from a rotor test rig / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Coorientador: Willy Roger de Paula Mendonça / Banca: José Elias Toamzini / Banca: Everaldo de Barros / Resumo: Os estudos relacionados a máquinas rotativas são muito importantes no apoio e manutenção da operação de máquinas de grande porte, tais como turbo compressores ou turbinas. Modelos analíticos e numéricos têm sido aplicados por anos, entretanto, eles nem sempre apresentam as condições reais dessas máquinas. Por isso, o uso de procedimentos experimentais para a avaliação e validação de resultados de máquinas rotativas é importante para a etapa de projeto mecânico. O uso de modelos em escala, por exemplo, turbinas hidráulicas ou turbinas a vapor, tem sido comum nesta área. Um rotor é dividido em várias partes, sendo uma delas os elementos de suporte, mais especificamente os mancais. Os mancais podem ser divididos em vários tipos, os mais utilizados são os do tipo rolamento e tipo hidrodinâmico. Devido este último ser o mais encontrado em máquinas pesadas, seu estudo é muito importante. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar o projeto de um protótipo de um mancal hidrodinâmico e sua avaliação experimental. O mancal desenvolvido consiste de uma bucha de bronze montada sobre uma casa de mancal de alumínio e sistemas de vedação para o óleo lubrificante. As geometrias das buchas e as propriedades dos fluidos foram analisadas pela medição do comportamento dinâmico de um rotor apoiados por esses mancais. Esta avaliação foi baseada na medição de uma bancada do tipo Jeffcott apoiada em um par de mancais hidrodinâmicos em condições diversas, incluindo combinações entre mancais do tipo rolamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies related to rotary machines are very important to support and keep the operation of large machines such as turbochargers or turbines. Analytical and numerical models have been applied for years, however, they do not always present the real condition of these machines. Therefore, the use of experimental procedures for the evaluation and validation of rotating machine results is important for mechanical design step. The use of scale models, for example, hydraulic turbines or steam turbines, has been very common in this area. A rotor is divided into several parts, one of which is the support elements, more specifically the bearings. The bearings can be divided into several types, the most common are the ball/roller bearing and the hydrodynamic bearing. Due to the latter be the most applied in heavy machinery, his study is very important. This work aims to show the design of a prototype of a hydrodynamic bearing and its experimental evaluation. The developed bearing consists of a bronze bushing mounted on an aluminum bearing housing and sealing systems for lubricating oil. The bushing geometries and the properties of the fluids are analyzed by measuring the dynamic behavior of a rotor supported by these bearings. This evaluation was based on the measurement of a Jeffcott rotor test bench supported by hydrodynamic bearings under a variety of conditions, including combinations of rolling and hydrodynamic type bearings,variation of the internal geometry of the bronze bushing ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This thesis presents the results from measurements taken during the transient unstable operation of an axial-flow transonic core-compressor rotor. The measurements were taken to better understand the unstable flow physics of transonic rotors. The rotor, commonly referred to as Rotor 37, was designed by NASA Lewis to be the first stage of an advanced, eight-stage, core-compressor having a high pressure ratio (about 20:1), good efficiency and sufficient stall margin. The rotor was tested without the presence of a stator (or any of the following seven stages) at the NASA Lewis single-stage, high-speed, core-compressor test-rig. The measurements were obtained with a single circumferential, high-response, total pressure and total temperature probe. The measurements were taken immediately after the machine was ’tripped’ into unstable operation by slowly closing the downstream throttle valve. Measurements were obtained at several different span-wise locations and at two different operating speeds. The rotor was shown to exhibit many of the same characteristics typical of low-speed axial-flow machines. Both rotating stall cells and surge cycles were present during unstable operation. The surge cycles present immediately after the inception of unstable operation involved a large-extent single-cell type rotating stall that was present only during the first half of the surge cycles (the second half of these surge cycles involved operation in the stable operating region). However, as the unstable operation progressed (approximately three to five surge cycles later), surge cycles were present that contained a multiple-cell smaller-extent type rotating stall that existed throughout the entire surge cycle with no partial operation in the stable operating region. Thus, compressor system recovery from single-cell large-extent rotating stall (partial operation in stable operating range during the surge cycle) is more probable than recovery from multiple-cell small-extent rotating stall (no operation in stable operating range during the surge cycle). Rotor wheel speed was shown to be an important variable in influencing the form of unstable operation. Surge and rotating stall were shown to be coupled during the unstable operation. Furthermore, the surge/stall coupling was shown to be related more by pressure interactions than by temperature or efficiency interactions. Also, this high hub-tip ratio transonic rotor was shown to exhibit instantaneous stalling across the entire blade span (typical of low-speed, high hub-tip ratio machines). Attempts to fit the data to Greitzer’s one-dimensional lumped-parameter model are presented and the reasons for poor agreement are discussed. / Master of Science

M. S.

Orientador: Robson Pederiva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:11:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aquino_MarceloBrazde_D.pdf: 2578383 bytes, checksum: cfe62d4a785e2dd17a987600f5ef2e7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um procedimento de detecção do fenômeno de rubbing e seus efeitos em máquinas rotativas, aplicável para o regime estacionário e não-estacionário, utilizando como ferramenta de análise a Transformada de Wavelet. Primeiramente, aplica-se a Transformada de Wavelet Contínua (CWT) para sinais estacionários com o uso da wavelet Morlet Complexa como wavelet mãe, para extração de características intrínsecas da falha estudada. Aplica-se esta técnica para este regime de operação, pois, a análise multi-resolução é capaz de evidenciar possíveis transientes, mesmo no regime estacionário. Posteriormente, aplicou-se a Transformada de Wavelet Packet (WPT) visando-se analisar a variação da distribuição das energias contidas em bandas de freqüências específicas para o regime nãoestacionário. Diante da grande quantidade de informações contidas no sinal de partida e passagem pelas velocidades críticas do sistema, esta segunda técnica foi escolhida considerandose sua habilidade de compactação de dados, viabilizando o uso de outras técnicas e também o monitoramento on-line de máquinas. Todas as análises em questão, CWT no regime estacionário e a WPT no não-estacionário, são através de simulações computacionais com auxílio do Método dos Elementos Finitos e para sinais reais proveniente de uma bancada experimental de testes / Abstract: This work presents a detection procedure of the rubbing phenomenon and its effects in rotating machinery, applicable on the stationary and non-stationary regimes, using the Wavelet Transform as analysis tool. Firstly, the Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) is applied for stationary signals using the Complex Morlet wavelet as mother wavelet, for extracting of intrinsic features of the studied fault. The use of this technique and regime of operation is suitable, because, this multi-resolution analysis is able to evidence possible transients, even in the stationary regime. Afterward, the Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) is applied for analyzing the variation of the energy distribution contained in bands of specific frequencies for the nonstationary regime. Related to the amount of information contained on the signal of run-up and while passing through the critical speeds of the system, this second technique was chosen by its ability of data compression that makes possible the use of another techniques as well as the online monitoring of machines. Both analyses, CWT in the stationary regime and WPT in the nonstationary one, are studied through computational simulations by the use of Finite Element Method and also through real signals got from the experimental test rig / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Banca: José Elias Tomazini / Banca: Marcelo Sampaio Martins / Banca: José Rui Camargo / Banca: Everaldo de Barros / Resumo : Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de otimização dinâmica e estrutural para rotores com eixos em material compósito. A dinâmica destes rotores difere das análises convencionais devido à existência de amortecimento interno no eixo. As equações de movimento destes rotores apresentam a influencia do amortecimento interno sobre o comportamento dinâmico dos rotores. Materiais compósitos podem ser manufaturados em diferentes sequências de laminação. Para obter as melhores propriedades mecânicas, que possibilitem aos rotores operarem, em condições de estabilidade dinâmica e de esforços estruturais, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de otimização para obter o melhor projeto. Para a aplicação desta metodologia foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de otimização. Para fundamentar este desenvolvimento foram revisados conceitos da teoria clássica de laminação, dos modelos de amortecimento estrutural, da dinâmica de rotores com amortecimento interno, de elementos finitos e dos métodos de otimização. O método de otimização escolhido foi o genético. Dentro do algoritmo de otimização foram inseridos módulos de análise para calcular as propriedades equivalentes, de avaliação estrutural por critérios de falha e de análise dinâmica de rotores. Diferentes simulações demonstraram a importância da sequência de laminação sobre a dinâmica dos rotores. Dentre os resultados finais estão simulações de otimizações e uma análise dos principais parâmetros que influenciam a obtenção de soluções ótimas pela otimização / Abstract: This thesis presents a development on dynamic and structural optimization method (multiobjective) for rotors mount on composite shafts. The dynamic analysis of these rotors differs from conventional analysis due to the existence of internal damping in the shaft. The equations of motion for these rotors represent the influence of internal damping on the dynamic behavior of the rotor system. Composite materials can be manufactured using different layups. To obtain the best mechanical properties, which allow rotors to operate in stability dynamic and allowable efforts structural conditions, it was necessary to develop a methodology for design optimizing. For the application of this methodology an optimization algorithm was developed. To support this development were reviewed: the classical lamination theory, models of structural damping, rotor dynamics with internal damping, finite elements and optimization methods. The optimization method chosen was algorithm genetic. Within the optimization algorithm were inserted analysis modules responsible for: calculate the equivalent properties, evaluate structurally by failure criteria and analyze the dynamics of the rotors. Several simulations have demonstrated the importance of the layup for rotor dynamics. Among the final results from optimization simulations, there are discussions about the influence of the each optimization parameters that influence the achievement of optimal solutions / Doutor

Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Banca: José Elis Tomazini / Banca: Everaldo de Barros / Resumo: O presente trabalho estuda a dinâmica de rotores e em particular a de um rotor modelo de Jeffcott. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma bancada experimental que consiste de um rotor montado sobre um eixo apoiado por mancais de rolamento fixo a uma base metálica, sendo o acionamento da bancada experimental feito por meio de um motor elétrico trifásico de 2 cv com uma rotação máxima de 3.475 rpm, onde foram realizados testes para determinação da primeira frequência natural estacionária (teste de impacto), tesde de partida e de parada. Dois eixos de materiais diferentes foram utilizados, sendo um de aço SAE 1020 e outro de material compósito. Foram determinadas através de análise estrutural pelo método dos elementos finitos as rigidezes dos mancais, com esses valores obteve-se analiticamente a primeira frequência natural do sistema. Ainda utilizando o método dos elementos finitos foram obtidas as frequências naturais, os modos de vibrar e o diagrama de Campbell através de análise modal. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram discutidos e comparados com os resultados analíticos e com os resultados obtidos pela aplicação do método dos elementos finitos. Percebe-se que com essa comparação a aplicação do software na fase inicial de projeto mostra-se de extrema importância, visto que as frequências naturais podem ser previstas já na etapa inicial / Abstract: This work studied the dynamics of rotors and in particular a Jeffcott rotor. An experimental bench consisting of a rotor mounted on a shaft supported by a fixed bearing housings to a metal base. The drive of the testing bench is made a three-phase electric motor of 2cv power, having a maximum rotation of 3.475rpm, which were performed the tests to identify the first natural frequency (impact test), run up and coast down using two different material of shaft, one made by steel SAE 1020 and a composite shaft. It was determined through structural analyses by the finite element method and the rigidities of the bearings was obtained. With this values the first natural frequency for the system was obtained analytically. Still using finite element method was obtainedthe natural frequencies. The vibration modes and the Campbell diagram, using modal analysis. The experimental results were discussed and compared the analytical results and the results by applyingthe finite element method, with this comparion the software application in the initial phase project proved extremely important given that the natural frequencies can be provided in the initial stage / Mestre

Orientador: Mauro Hugo Mathias / Coorientador: Marcelo Sampaio Martins / Banca: José Elias Tomazini / Banca: Everaldo de Barros / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou um estudo do comportamento dinâmico de rotores em balanço, operando acima da primeira velocidade crítica, suportados em mancais de rolamento. Um caso particular de rotor em balanço, que consiste em um ventilador centrífugo de forno de reaquecimento de uma forjaria, foi selecionado para esse estudo. O rotor analisado encontra-se apoiado em mancais de rolamento, que estão montados em base metálica instalada em fundação de concreto. Alguns aspectos relevantes do comportamento dinâmico desse tipo de rotor foram estudados utilizando-se procedimentos experimentais e procedimentos computacionais. O estudo experimental foi desenvolvido sobre um rotor de ventilador centrífugo utilizado para alimentação de ar de combustão em forno industrial, que possui rotação nominal de 3550 rpm, vazão de 5,11 m3/s, pressão de operação de 1150 mm c.a. sendo acionado por motor de potência de 150 cv, de alto rendimento, com partida direta, montado sobre base rígida. Testes de batida ("ensaio estático de ressonância") e medições de vibração em velocidade constante foram realizados sobre esse rotor em diferentes condições de operação, permitindo a obtenção dos espectros de frequência da resposta vibratória do sistema rotativo. Um procedimento computacional baseado no método de elementos finitos também foi desenvolvido para a determinação das frequências naturais do rotor suportado em mancais elásticos / Abstract: This work was focused on a study of the dynamic behavior of in-balance rotors operating above the first critical speed, supported on rolling bearings. A particular case of in-balance rotor, which consists of a centrifugal fan reheating forging furnace was selected for this study. The analyzed rotor is supported by ball bearings, which are mounted on metal base installed in concrete foundation. Some relevant aspects of the dynamic behavior of this rotor type were studied, using experimental procedures and computational procedures. The experimental study was carried on a rotor centrifugal fan used to supply combustion air in the kiln, which has a rated speed of 3550 rpm, flow 5.11 m3 / s operating pressure of 1150 mm WG being motor-driven power of 150 hp, high performance, direct starting, mounted on a rigid base. Hit Testing ("Bump Test") and constant speed vibration tests were performed on this rotor in different operating conditions, allowing to obtain the frequency spectra for the vibrational response of the rotating system. A computational procedure based on the finite element method was also developed to determine the natural frequencies of the rotor supported in elastic bearings / Mestre

For optimal rotor performance in a tiltrotor aircraft the difference in the inflow and the rotor speeds between the hover and cruise flight modes suggests different blade twist and chord distributions. The blade twist rates in current tiltrotor applications are defined based upon a compromise between the figure of merit in hover and propeller efficiency in airplane mode. However, when each operation mode is considered separately the optimum blade distributions are found to be considerably different. Passive blade twist control, which uses the inherent variation in centrifugal forces on a rotor blade to achieve optimum blade twist distributions in each flight mode through the use of extension-twist coupled composite rotor blades, has been considered for performance improvement of tiltrotor aircraft over the last two decades. The challenge for this concept is to achieve the desired twisting deformations in the rotor blade without altering the aeroelastic characteristics of the vehicle. A concept referred to as the sliding mass concept is proposed in this work in order to increase the twist change with rotor speed for a closed-cell composite rotor blade cross-section to practical levels for performance improvement in a tiltrotor aircraft. The concept is based on load path changes for the centrifugal forces by utilizing non-structural masses readily available on a conventional blade, such as the leading edge balancing mass. A multilevel optimization technique based on the simulated annealing method is applied to improve the performance of the XV15 tiltrotor aircraft. A cross-sectional analysis tool, VABS together with a multibody dynamics code, DYMORE are integrated into the optimization process. The optimization results revealed significant improvements in the power requirement in hover while preserving cruise efficiency. It is also shown that about 21% of the improvement is provided through the sliding mass concept pointing to the additional flexibility the concept provides for tailoring of the structure without any additional weight penalty on the system.

Interest in high speed rotorcraft has directed attention toward the slowed-rotor, high advance ratio compound autogyro concept. The behavior of partially unloaded rotors, autorotating at high advance ratio is not well understood and numerous technical issues must be resolved before the vehicle can be realized. The necessity for a reduction in rotor speed with increasing flight speed results in high advance ratio operation. Further, rotor speed changes also affect the rotor dynamics and the associated hub moments generated by cyclic flapping. The result is rotor characteristics that vary widely depending on advance ratio. In the present work, rotor behavior is characterized in terms of issues relevant to the control system conceptual design and the rotor impact on the intrinsic vehicle flight dynamics characteristics. In this research, non-linear models, including the rotor speed degree of freedom, were created and analyzed with FLIGHTLABTM rotorcraft modeling software. Performance analysis for rotors trimmed to autorotate with zero average hub pitching and rolling moments indicates reduced rotor thrust is achieved primarily through rotor speed reduction at lower shaft incidence angle, and imposing hub moment trim constraints results in a thrust increment sign reversal with collective pitch angle above advance ratio . Swashplate control perturbations from trim indicate an increase in control sensitivities with advance ratio, and advance ratio dependent control cross coupling. Rotor speed response to swashplate control perturbations from trim results in non-linear behavior that is advance ratio dependent, and which stems from cyclic flapping behavior at high advance ratio. Rotor control strategies were developed including the use of variable shaft incidence to achieve rotor speed control with hub moment suppression achieved through cyclic control. Flight dynamics characteristics resulting from the coupling of the rotor and airframe were predicted in flight using a baseline airframe with conventional fixed-wing controls. Results predicted by linearization of the non-linear models were compared with system identification results using the non-linear simulation as surrogate flight test data. Low frequency rotor response is shown to couple with the vehicle motion for short period and roll mode response to airframe control inputs. The rotor speed mode is shown to couple with short period and long period vehicle modes as the rotor torque balance is sensitive to vehicle speed and attitude changes.