Given that standards are legislated through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 and the Standards of Learning have been implemented in the Commonwealth of Virginia, educational reforms call for extended learning opportunities and a requirement that leaders implement programs that are scientifically research-based which concentrate on the achievement of all students. Year round education is scientifically research based. The purpose of this study was to compare year round and traditional education at an urban middle school on attendance, academic performance, and behavior patterns. The school had both year round education and traditional education from 1998-2001. This is a unique factor to this study, as no one has compared year round education and traditional education on attendance, academic performance, and behavior patterns in an urban setting with both year round education and traditional education in the same building. The population in this quantitative quasi-experimental study was 113 grade 8 year round education (87) and traditional education (26) students from one urban middle school in southeastern Virginia, who had been in the programs for three years (grades 3-6). The over- riding research questions were: (1) does year round education make an impact on attendance as measured by grade 8 attendance data after controlling for initial differences in grade 5 attendance? , (2) does year round education have an impact on academic achievement as measured by the SOL after controlling for grade 5 Degrees of Reading Power (DRP)? , (3) does year round education impact students’ behavior patterns as measured by grade 8 out-of-school suspensions (OSS) and in-school-suspensions (SIPS) data? Two one-way ANCOVAs, two chi squares, and t-tests were conducted to determine the statistical significant differences in attendance, academic performance, and behavior patterns (the first time placements in in-school suspension and out-of school suspension) of year round education and traditional education students with a pre-determined alpha of .05. The results indicated no statistically significant findings. The conclusions and implications in this study were limited by the size of the sample, lack of random student assignment, students interacting with each other, and students having the same teachers. Year round education provides an educational option for students and families. / Ed. D.

Ronden på en kirurgisk akutvårdsavdelning är en central del i vårdprocessen för patient och personal. Ronden sker dagligen och mötet mellan patient, läkare, sjuksköterska och undersköterska sker på kort tid och det sker snabba beslut. Syftet var att undersöka patientens upplevelse av ronden på en kirurgisk akut vårdsavdelning. Med utgångspunkt från detta så valdes det en kvalitativ metod med fenomenologisk ansats och intervjuer som datainsamlings metod. Efter analys av totalt 11 patienters upplevelser av ronden kom det fram tre kategorier med tillhörande underkategorier i resultatet. Kategorin tid och rum har underkategorierna mångfaldens, tidens och placeringens betydelse, kategorin interaktion har bemötandets, rummets och erfarenhetens betydelse och kategorin delaktighet har informationens betydelse, självbestämmande och känsla av stöd. Informanternas upplevelser av ronden betonade att det var många deltagare, att mötet var kort och snabbt, deltagarnas placering på rummet och delgivande av information hade en betydelse. Dock ett bra bemötande från personalen, att känna sig delaktig, att känna ett stöd från sjuksköterskan, känsla av förtroende och tidigare negativa upplevelser gav en positiv upplevelse av ronden. / Round on a surgical emergency ward is a central part of the care process for patients and staff. Round take place daily and the meeting between patient, doctors and other staff take place briefly and decisions are taken rapidly. The purpose was to examine the patient's experience of rounds on a surgical emergency ward. A qualitative and the phenomenon illogical approach were chosen with the interviews. After the analysis of the 11 patients' experiences of rounds show three categories and related subcategories which are labelled as time and room such as diversity, time and posting importance. Further more interaction such as importance of treatment, the space and experience and also participation such as the importance of information, self-determination and sense of support. The results show that the participants thought that there were various participants involved in the rounds, the meetings were short and brief, and the participants' presence in the room and the given information affected their experiences. However, a good treatment from the staff, sense of participation, a sense of support, a sense of confidence and previous experience gave participants positive experiences.

Mémoire--Genève--Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1992. N°: 349.

<p>Ronden på en kirurgisk akutvårdsavdelning är en central del i vårdprocessen för patient och personal. Ronden sker dagligen och mötet mellan patient, läkare, sjuksköterska och undersköterska sker på kort tid och det sker snabba beslut. Syftet var att undersöka patientens upplevelse av ronden på en kirurgisk akut vårdsavdelning. Med utgångspunkt från detta så valdes det en kvalitativ metod med fenomenologisk ansats och intervjuer som datainsamlings metod. Efter analys av totalt 11 patienters upplevelser av ronden kom det fram tre kategorier med tillhörande underkategorier i resultatet. Kategorin tid och rum har underkategorierna mångfaldens, tidens och placeringens betydelse, kategorin interaktion har bemötandets, rummets och erfarenhetens betydelse och kategorin delaktighet har informationens betydelse, självbestämmande och känsla av stöd. Informanternas upplevelser av ronden betonade att det var många deltagare, att mötet var kort och snabbt, deltagarnas placering på rummet och delgivande av information hade en betydelse. Dock ett bra bemötande från personalen, att känna sig delaktig, att känna ett stöd från sjuksköterskan, känsla av förtroende och tidigare negativa upplevelser gav en positiv upplevelse av ronden.</p> / <p>Round on a surgical emergency ward is a central part of the care process for patients and staff. Round take place daily and the meeting between patient, doctors and other staff take place briefly and decisions are taken rapidly. The purpose was to examine the patient's experience of rounds on a surgical emergency ward. A qualitative and the phenomenon illogical approach were chosen with the interviews. After the analysis of the 11 patients' experiences of rounds show three categories and related subcategories which are labelled as time and room such as diversity, time and posting importance. Further more interaction such as importance of treatment, the space and experience and also participation such as the importance of information, self-determination and sense of support. The results show that the participants thought that there were various participants involved in the rounds, the meetings were short and brief, and the participants' presence in the room and the given information affected their experiences. However, a good treatment from the staff, sense of participation, a sense of support, a sense of confidence and previous experience gave participants positive experiences.</p>

It is shown in this thesis that fluid dynamic forces on unsteadily moving bluff bodies depend on the history of motion as much as on the velocity and acceleration of motion. An empirical relationship between the motion of the body and the resulting force is obtained by analysing the effect of the history of motion on the fluid dynamic force at any instant. The fluid dynamic force, velocity and acceleration are obtained as functions of time, by oscillating test models in water while they are being towed at constant speed. The test models used are: 1. a two-dimensional circular cylinder, 2. a rectangular block with square frontal area and fineness ratio of 3:1, 3. a cruciform parachute canopy with arm ratio of 4:1, and 4. a ring-slot parachute canopy. The functions by which the history of flow affects the future forces, are evaluated by using the Convolution Integral. The results show that the effects due to history of both velocity and acceleration are by no means negligible, that is the velocity and the acceleration at a specific time prior to any instant is so domineering that the fluid dynamic force can approximately be expressed as being delayed by this period of time. This 'time-delay', or time lag (as opposed to phase-lag) in the part of the measured force is found to be independent of the frequency of excitation. In the light of this evidence, a prediction model is suggested for estimating unsteady fluid forces. The data required for the application of this prediction model are obtained experimentally. Chapter One of this thesis gives a brief explanation of the historical background of unsteady fluid dynamics. The effects of acceleration on the fluid dynamic force, in both ideal and real fluids, are discussed in Chapter Two. Explained in Chapter Three are the techniques used for building the force prediction model, and data acquisition. The experimental procedure is explained in Chapter Four. Chapter Five gives the empirical form of the prediction model, and some data that are used in association with this model.

Round Island is a 219 hectares islet north of the Mauritian mainland and has been classified as a Nature Reserve since 1957. The island has been subjected to human influence in the form of land degradation through introduced grazing animals (goats and rabbits) which has detrimentally affected the floral and faunal ecology of the island. Since the removal of the grazers, intensive conservation management has been undertaken to restore Round Island’s unique ecological status. The aim of this research project was to investigate erosion phenomena at specific study sites on Round Island through field-based classification and mapping procedures and describe physical soil characteristics. A modified version of the SARCCUS (1981) Erosion Classification system was used to classify linear erosion forms in the field, based on morphometric parameters. The effect of rock hardness was also assessed to determine lithological controls on bedrock-incised erosion features. Given the size of Round Island and the extensive nature of erosion, five study sites were chosen for the soil and erosion assessment. An additional two gully networks, ‘camp’ and ‘big’ gully were chosen to allow the investigation of an entire erosion system. Soils are thin and discontinuous, with a sandy texture and are poorly sorted. The Helipad habitat has the coarsest soils indicative of wind erosion where the deflation of fines leaves a coarser gravel pavement. No significant differences are found between sites for soil physical properties, with the exception of pH where the Summit has a significantly lower pH than the Helipad (Mann- Whitney U test, z= -2.21, p= 0.03) and Rock Slab (Mann- Whitney U test, z= -2.93, p< 0.01) habitat regions. No linear erosion forms are found on the soils of Round Island, however bedrock incised rills and gullies extensively occur. The Summit, Rock Slab and Palm Savannah habitats represent erosion processes along a profile gradient on the steep, convex western slope. The Summit habitat is subject predominantly to sheetwash and wind erosion, with the presence of two bedrock-incised rills of moderate severity. The Rock Slab region is predominated by parallel, shallow bedrock rills and gullies running downslope with moderate and slight severity, respectively. Soil and vegetation cover is highly variable within the region. Downslope, the Palm Savannah region is subject to moderate gully erosion with an irregular morphology. Soil is transported during rainfall within the gully channels where it is ultimately lost to sea. The two large gully systems, ‘camp’ and ‘big’ gully represent erosion of the highest severity on Round Island. The gullies have their starting points on the mid- upslope regions as rills, which increase in width and depth downslope, as indicated by decreasing width: depth ratios. The gullies have their end point at sea, both with a severity of very severe bedrock-gully erosion. During periods of intense rainfall the bedrock-incised gullies act as transport channels for sediment which is ultimately lost to sea. Little sediment is able to remain and this is exemplified by a lack of vegetation. This is a natural cycle where conservation efforts will remain ineffective. In addition to morphology, rock hardness was assessed using a Schmidt Hammer for the bedrock incised forms. The rate of erosion of the bedrock dominated channels depends on various factors such as rock strength, sediment supply and grain size. The predominant rock type on Round Island is tuff which is a relatively weak volcanic rock, as indicated by low mean Schmidt Hammer R-values, implicating higher expected bedrock erosion rates. / Mini-dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Zoology and Entomology / MSc / Unrestricted

No description available.

Participation in summer session has benefits for students including improved retention and degree completion and increased contact with faculty (Adelman, 2006; DiGregorio, 1998). Just as some characteristics of students limit their access to participate in higher education in general, participation in summer session may also be affected by certain student characteristics. This study used a nationally representative sample to explore how undergraduate students who enroll in summer session may differ from undergraduate students who do not enroll in summer session in a variety of financial, geographic, academic, programmatic and cultural/social/physical characteristics historically associated with access to higher education. Significant differences between summer enrolled and not enrolled students were found in a number of instances. Some characteristics that are negatively associated with enrollment, persistence and attainment in higher education were positively associated with summer enrollment. A regression analysis revealed that the combined predictive value of student characteristics accounts for only a small portion of the overall decision to enroll in the summer term. / Ph. D.

Yes / Uses new C14 chronology to chart the burial sequence within and the development of the iconic round barrow.

O texto discute a evolução do esforço do setor privado do agronegócio brasileiro na defesa de sua agenda de abertura de mercados externos. O foco é em especial no período entre a Rodada Uruguai (1986-1994) do Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio (Gatt) e na Rodada Doha (desde 2001) da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). O objetivo é analisar de que forma o aumento da competitividade internacional desse setor, nas últimas décadas, contribuiu para o interesse dos empresários em elaborar uma agenda de demandas ofensivas. Busca-se ainda indicar como esse interesse se traduziu em ações coletivas. A ação coletiva pode ser entendida como a ação de indivíduos, ou de apenas um, interessados em obter um bem coletivo. Esse bem tem caráter primordialmente de partilhabilidade (seu uso por um indivíduo não diminui a quantidade para outros indivíduos) e de não exclusão, com todos do grupo tendo direito de usufruir dele. O caminho para se obter o bem é basicamente por meio de organizações. Entidades que representam empresas da agroindústria são aqui objetos de estudo. A análise ocorre sobre dois tipos de entidades: as de caráter geral, que representam diferentes segmentos do agronegócio, e as de caráter específico, que defendem interesses de um segmento. Devido à forte competitividade do agronegócio brasileiro, é sobre a ação de atores ofensivos que se concentra a discussão. A pesquisa indica que após a reestruturação do agronegócio no final dos anos 80 e nos anos 90, com o fim do pesado intervencionismo estatal e com a liberalização comercial do país, parte da agroindústria enfrentou o desafio de se modernizar e de abrir mercados externos. O que se assistiu foi a diversificação da pauta de exportação e o crescimento contínuo das vendas ao exterior. Tal aumento de vendas e diversificação adicionou atores ao grupo de interessados na abertura de mercados internacionais, inclusive por meio de redução de barreiras protecionistas aos produtos brasileiros. O país envolveu-se nos últimos anos em negociações internacionais com a meta de redução dessas barreiras. De uma participação incipiente e pouco organizada para a negociação da Rodada Uruguai, o setor privado caminhou em direção a um preparo técnico maior de conhecimento das barreiras enfrentadas e das soluções possíveis para eliminá-las, de forma a atuar com mais organização nas negociações dos anos 90 e das deste século, como a Rodada Doha. Este estudo aponta que essa atuação se deu por meio de ações coletivas organizadas pelas associações de segmentos da agroindústria, as quais, na percepção dos empresários, têm sido o principal canal de articulação de interesses, quando comparadas a entidades de caráter geral, como a Confederação da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil (CNA), órgão oficial de representação. Isso indica que grupos menores têm maior capacidade de mobilização do que grupos grandes. Mas há uma heterogeneidade dentro dessas associações de segmentos, com sócios de diferentes tamanhos, interesses e recursos. Os membros mais interessados no bem coletivo e com mais recursos formam uma massa crítica que parece ajudar a compreender a atuação desses grupos menores / This research discusses the evolution of the efforts made by the private sector of the Brazilian agribusiness to defend its agenda of liberalization of international markets. It is especially focused on the period between the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (Gatt) and on the Doha Round (since 2001) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The aim of this research is to analyse how the increase in the international competitiveness of the Brazilian agribusiness in the last few decades has affected the private sector interest in elaborating an offensive agenda. In addition, it is our purpose to indicate how this interest has generated collective actions by the private sector. Collective action can be understood as the action by a group of individuals, or just one individual, who are interested in reaching a collective good. The characteristics of this collective good are primarily the jointness of supply, meaning that an individual who has access to that good will not diminish the amount available to another individual, and non-excludibility, meaning that all the individuals of the group will have access to that good. Organizations are the mainly way to reach the collective goods. Associations that represent agribusiness firms are the objects of study in this research. The analysis will be made on two types of associations: those that represent different segments of the agribusiness and those that represent one segment of the agribusiness. Due to the strong competitiveness of the Brazilian agribusiness, the discussion will be concentrated on the actions taken by the players with an agenda demanding higher trade liberalization. This study indicates that after the restructure of the agribusiness in the late 80s and in the 90s, with the end of the heavy state intervention in the sector and the trade liberalization of the country, part of the agribusiness faced the challenge of modernisation and looked for new markets abroad. The result was a diversification of the products exported and the continuous expansion of the exports. Such diversification and increase in the exports added new players to the group formed by those interested in the liberalization of international markets, including the reduction of protectionist barriers against Brazilian products. In the last few years Brazil has participated in a number of international trade negotiations with the aim to put pressure on the reduction of those barriers. From an incipient organization to participate in the Uruguay Round, the private sector headed for a higher technical understanding of the international obstacles to its products and the possible solutions to open more markets. This resulted in it being also better organized to defend its agenda in the negotiations occurred during the 90s and the beginning of this century, such as the Doha Round. One of the conclusions of this study is that the private sector movement was made by collective actions organized by those associations representative of specific segments of the agribusiness, which are seen by the private sector as the main channel to articulate their interests, when compared to associations that represent different segments of the agribusiness, such as the Confederation of Agriculture and Livestock of Brasil (CNA), the official representative of the sector. This indicates that small groups are more successful in mobilizing a collective action than large groups. However, there is an heterogeneity inside those associations that represent one specific segment, with members of different sizes, different interests and different resources. The members more interested in the collective good and with more resources to provide it form a critical mass that seems to better explain the movements of the small groups