Interference limits the throughput of modern wireless communication networks, and thus the successful mitigation of interference can have a significant impact on network performance. Successive interference cancellation (SIC) has emerged as a promising physical layer method, where multiple packets received simultaneously need not be treated as a ``collision'' requiring retransmission; rather, under certain conditions, all of the packets can be decoded. Obviously, using SIC can thus serve as an important design element that can provide higher performance for the network. However, it also requires a rethinking of the way that traditional routing and scheduling algorithms, which are designed for a traditional physical layer, are developed. In order to consider routing and scheduling over a physical layer employing SIC, some tools such as the oft-employed conflict graph need to be modified. In particular, a notion of links interfering with other links ``indirectly'' is required, and this issue has been ignored in many past works. Therefore, considering the dependencies and interferences between links, a joint routing and scheduling algorithm that employs an understanding of the SIC that will be employed at the physical layer is presented and shown to surpass previous algorithms. We know that the maximum throughput scheduling problem is NP-hard. On the other hand, even if we can reach maximum throughput scheduling, while being throughput efficient, it can result in highly unfair rates among the users. Hence, proportional fairness is developed in the proposed algorithm.

With the miniaturization of satellites a fundamental change took place in the space industry. Instead of single big monolithic satellites nowadays more and more systems are envisaged consisting of a number of small satellites to form cooperating systems in space. The lower costs for development and launch as well as the spatial distribution of these systems enable the implementation of new scientific missions and commercial services. With this paradigm shift new challenges constantly emerge for satellite developers, particularly in the area of wireless communication systems and network protocols. Satellites in low Earth orbits and ground stations form dynamic space-terrestrial networks. The characteristics of these networks differ fundamentally from those of other networks. The resulting challenges with regard to communication system design, system analysis, packet forwarding, routing and medium access control as well as challenges concerning the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication links are addressed in this thesis. The physical modeling of space-terrestrial networks is addressed by analyzing existing satellite systems and communication devices, by evaluating measurements and by implementing a simulator for space-terrestrial networks. The resulting system and channel models were used as a basis for the prediction of the dynamic network topologies, link properties and channel interference. These predictions allowed for the implementation of efficient routing and medium access control schemes for space-terrestrial networks. Further, the implementation and utilization of software-defined ground stations is addressed, and a data upload scheme for the operation of small satellite formations is presented. / Mit der Miniaturisierung von Satelliten hat eine fundamentale Änderung in der Raumfahrtindustrie stattgefunden. Anstelle von einzelnen, großen, monolithischen Satelliten werden heutzutage immer mehr Systeme entworfen die aus mehreren Kleinstsatelliten bestehen die kooperativ zusammenarbeiten. Die geringeren Kosten für Entwicklung und Start sowie die räumliche Verteilung dieser Satellitensysteme ermöglichen die Realisierung neuer wissenschaftlicher Missionen und kommerzieller Dienstleistungen. Durch diesen Paradigmenwechsel entstehen neue Herausforderungen für Ingenieure, insbesondere in den Bereichen Funkkommunikation und Netzwerkprotokolle. Satelliten in erdnahen Umlaufbahnen und Bodenstationen bilden sogenannte Satelliten-terrestrische Netzwerke. Die Eigenschaften dieser Netzwerke unterscheiden sich wesentlich von denen anderer Netzwerke. Die resultierenden Herausforderungen in den Bereichen Systemdesign, Systemanalyse, Paketvermittlung, Routing und Medienzugriffskontrolle, sowie Herausforderungen in Bezug auf die Zuverlässigkeit und Effizienz der Funkkommunikation werden in dieser Dissertation behandelt. Die physikalische Modellierung von Satelliten-terrestrischen Netzwerken wird behandelt durch die Analyse von existierenden Satelliten- und Funkkommunikationssystemen, durch die Nutzung von Messungen an einer Bodenstation und einem Satelliten und durch die Implementierung eines Simulators für Satelliten-terrestrische Netzwerke. Die resultierenden System- und Kanalmodelle wurden als Basis für die Prädiktion der dynamischen Netzwerktopologien, Verbindungseigenschaften und Kanalinterferenzen genutzt. Diese Prädiktionen haben die Implementierung effizienter Verfahren für Routing und Medienzugriffskontrolle in Satelliten-terrestrischen Netzwerken ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus wird die Implementierung und Nutzung von Bodenstationen auf Basis von digitaler Signalverarbeitung behandelt und ein Datenübertragungsverfahren für den Betrieb von Kleinstsatellitenformationen beschrieben und evaluiert.

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Since its commercialization, the Internet has grown exponentially. A large variety of devices can communicate creating advanced services for a diverse ecosystem of applications. However, as the number of Internet hosts has grown, the size of routing tables required to correctly route data between them has also increased exponentially. This growth rate necessitates increasingly frequent upgrades to routing device hardware, providing them with additional memory for fast-access storage of route information. These upgrades are both physically and fiscally untenable, and a new Internet routing solution is necessary for future growth. This research focuses around an incrementally deployable, reactive routing system that is scalable to projected Internet growth. It requires no hardware or software updates to Internet routers, and offoads processing to end hosts and the network's edge. Within this framework, routers can make accurate decisions about optimal data paths; incurring no increase in path length over the current routing system. A new architecture for IP Mobility is considered as a case study within this routing system, and compared with existing standards and implementations. The new architecture eliminates the triangle routing problem, while providing legacy hosts with connectivity to mobile devices. This mobility solution can integrate with a variety of hierarchical reactive routing systems with little overhead.

Ad hoc wireless networks are increasingly being used to provide connectivity where a wired networking infrastructure is either unavailable or inaccessible. Many deployments utilize group communication, where several senders communicate with several receivers; multicasting has long been seen as an efficient way to provide this service. While there has been a great deal of research on multicast routing in ad hoc networks, relatively little attention has been paid to the design of multicast transport protocols, which provide reliability and congestion control. In this dissertation we design and implement a complete multicast transport architecture that includes both routing and transport protocols. Our multicast transport architecture has three modules: (a) a multicast routing and state setup protocol, (b) a mobility detection algorithm, and (c) a hop-by-hop transport protocol. The multicast routing and state setup protocol, called ASSM, is lightweight and receiver-oriented, making it both efficient and scalable. A key part of ASSM is its use of Source Specific Multicast semantics to avoid broadcasting when searching for sources. ASSM also uses routes provided by the unicast protocol to greatly reduce routing overhead. The second module, MDA, solves the problem of determining the cause of frame loss and reacting properly. Frame loss can occur due to contention, a collision, or mobility. Many routing protocols make the mistake of interpreting all loss as due to mobility, resulting in significant overhead when they initiate a repair that is not required. MDA enables routing protocols to react to frame loss only when necessary. The third module is a hop-by-hop multicast transport protocol, HCP. A hop-by-hop algorithm has a faster response time than that of an end-to-end algorithm, because it invokes congestion control at each hop instead of waiting for an end-to-end response. An important feature of HCP is that it can send data at different rates to receivers with different available bandwidth. We evaluate all three components of this architecture using simulations, demonstrating the improved performance, efficiency and scalability of our architecture as compared to other solutions.

Major cloud service providers have become increasingly popular as the traditional way of storing data locally is turning more and more obsolete. Plenty of large companies have turned to cloud storage which have created business opportunities for the cloud service providers. The cloud service providers have to adapt the availability of their services as well as the security in relationship with the increasing demand of their services. With the growth of these providers, their increased presence in the global internet traffic is a fact as they establish more autonomous systems to increase their availability within the internet topology. This study is based on a couple of these cloud service providers such as Google Cloud, AWS and Microsoft Azure and their growth as well as how they route their data with the BGP protocol in general. A topology was created of how these providers have increased their presence on the internet to see how much of the traffic that goes through their autonomous systems today compared to what it looked like nearly 20 years ago. We have also performed a series of remote traceroutes from different locations around the world and compared the announced path from the BGP protocol to the route that the data actually takes for the same route. It is concluded that the tracerouted path is not always the same as the BGP path, and the reason for that is most likely a companies own routing policy that disrupts the announced path in one way or another.

[pt] Com o advento do comércio eletrônico, o mercado passou a atuar cada vez mais intensamente através de suas fronteiras geográficas e, como consequência, as empresas necessitam constantemente de inovações e melhorias na gestão de suas operações para se manterem competitivas. Desta forma, encontrar soluções de fretes que consigam atender longas distâncias em um curto prazo pode ser tão decisivo quanto o fator custo, por isso, os estudos acadêmicos em otimização de rotas intermodais estão em contínua evolução para se aproximarem dos modelos reais. Nesse contexto, esta dissertação busca solucionar um problema de roteamento aeroterrestre de transporte de cargas, com linhas aéreas predeterminadas e frotas próprias e heterogêneas. Uma extensão do problema de roteamento de veículos é elaborada com a inclusão de arcos que representam as possíveis linhas aéreas. O modelo é aplicado em um resolvedor de Programação Linear Inteira Mista e, primeiramente, é realizado um teste de validação com demandas fictícias em todos os locais. Em seguida, o modelo é aplicado no planejamento real de um órgão governamental em três períodos distintos. São realizadas análises sobre a velocidade de solução; a decisão de utilizar o modal aéreo, terrestre ou intermodal; e sobre os ganhos do modelo. Em comparação com as rotas efetivamente realizadas, o modelo traz redução de 7 por cento a 55 por cento dos custos com transportes. Com esses resultados, conclui-se que é imprescindível que os detentores de frota própria de aeronaves e caminhões utilizem o modal aéreo apenas como atividades acessórias, ou seja, que estejam cumprindo outras missões em conjunto (transporte de passageiros, por exemplo), ou para atender locais remotos. / [en] With the advent of e-commerce, the market has started to act more and more intensively across its geographic borders and, as a consequence, companies constantly need innovations and improvements in the management of their operations in order to remain competitive. Thus, finding freight solutions that can serve long distances in the short term can be as decisive as the cost factor, for this reason, academic studies in intermodal routing optimization are continually evolving to approach real models. In this context, this thesis seeks to solve a problem of air-land cargo routing, with predetermined airlines and their own heterogeneous fleets. We elaborated an extension of the vehicle routing problem by including arcs that represent overhead lines. The model is applied to a Mixed Integer Linear Programming solver and, firstly, a validation test is performed with fictitious demands in all locations. It is then applied to the actual planning of a government agency in three different periods. We performed analyses on the solution speed; the decision to use the air, land or intermodal modal; and about the earnings of the model. In comparison with the routes actually carried out, the model reduces transport costs by 7 percent to 55 percent. With this results, it is concluded that it is essential that owners of their aircraft and trucks fleet use the air modal only as secondary activities, in other words, that they are fulfilling more missions together (transportation of passengers, for example), or to deliver to remote locations.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta uma aplicação prática do roteamento de navios com coleta-e-entrega e janelas de tempo para o alívio de plataformas de petróleos para exportação. Especificamente para este caso, os navios aliviadores fazem o transporte do petróleo de plataformas offshore diretamente para um terminal de transbordo, onde a carga será transferida para outro navio para ser exportado. Foram propostas adaptações a um modelo de programação linear inteira mista já existente, buscando descrever as peculiaridades deste processo e facilitar a sua resolução pelo método exato. O modelo foi testado com dados realísticos de uma empresa petrolífera e pode fornecer soluções de alta qualidade para testes com períodos de até 30 dias em um tempo de processamento computacional inferior a 10 minutos, estando assim adequado ao uso na rotina do programador de navios desta empresa. / [en] This study presents a practical application of ship routing with pickup-anddelivery and time windows for offloading operations in offshore oil platforms. Specifically in this case, the shuttle tankers transport crude oil from the offshore platforms directly to an onshore terminal, where the cargo will be transferred to another vessel to be exported. Adaptations to an existing mixed-integer linear programming model are proposed to better represent this process and facilitate its resolution by the exact method. The model was tested with realistic data from an oil and gas company and it can provide high-quality solutions for tests with periods up to 30 days, in a processing time of less than 10 minutes, thus being suitable for use in the routine of the company s ship programmer.