No / Localized Quality of Service (QoS) routing has recently been proposed as a viable alternative approach to traditional QoS routing algorithms that use global state information. In this approach, problems associated with maintaining global state information and the staleness of such information are avoided by having the source nodes to infer the network QoS state based on flow blocking statistics collected locally, and perform flow routing using this localized view of the network QoS state . In this paper we introduce a credit based routing algorithm (cbr) which is a simple yet effective localized QoS routing algorithm. We compare its performance against the localized proportional sticky routing (psr) algorithm same time complexity. using different types of network topologies, QoS requirements and traffic patterns and under a wide range of traffic loads. Extensive simulations show that our algorithm outperforms the psr algorithm with the same time complexity.

The growing demand on the variety of internet applications requires management of large scale networks by efficient Quality of Service (QoS) routing, which considerably contributes to the QoS architecture. The biggest contemporary drawback in the maintenance and distribution of the global state is the increase in communication overheads. Unbalancing in the network, due to the frequent use of the links assigned to the shortest path retaining most of the network loads is regarded as a major problem for best effort service. Localised QoS routing, where the source nodes use statistics collected locally, is already described in contemporary sources as more advantageous. Scalability, however, is still one of the main concerns of existing localised QoS routing algorithms. The main aim of this thesis is to present and validate new localised algorithms in order to develop the scalability of QoS routing. Existing localised routing, Credit Based Routing (CBR) and Proportional Sticky Routing (PSR), use the blocking probability as a factor in selecting the routing paths and work with either credit or flow proportion respectively, which makes impossible having up-to-date information. Therefore our proposed Highest Minimum Bandwidth (HMB) and Highest Average Bottleneck Bandwidth History (HABBH) algorithms utilise bandwidth as the direct QoS criterion to select routing paths. We introduce an Integrated Delay Based Routing and Admission Control mechanism. Using this technique Minimum Total Delay (MTD), Low Fraction Failure (LFF) and Low Path Failure (LPF) were compared against the global QoS routing scheme, Dijkstra, and localised High Path Credit (HPC) scheme and showed superior performance. The simulation with the non-uniformly distributed traffic reduced blocking probability of the proposed algorithms. Therefore, we advocate the algorithms presented in the thesis, as a scalable approach to control large networks. We strongly suggest that bandwidth and mean delay are feasible QoS constraints to select optimal paths by locally collected information. We have demonstrated that a few good candidate paths can be selected to balance the load in the network and minimise communication overhead by applying the disjoint paths method, recalculation of candidate paths set and dynamic paths selection method. Thus, localised QoS routing can be used as a load balancing tool in order to improve the network resource utilization. A delay and bandwidth combination is one of the future prospects of our work, and the positive results presented in the thesis suggest that further development of a distributed approach in candidate paths selection may enhance the proposed localised algorithms.

With the increase in applications of wireless sensor networks, data extraction and visualisation have become a key issue to develop and operate these networks. Wireless sensor networks typically gather data at a discrete number of locations. By bestowing the ability to predict inter-node values upon the network, it is proposed that it will become possible to build applications that are unaware of the concrete reality of sparse data. The aim of this thesis is to develop a service for maximising information return from large scale wireless sensor networks. This aim will be achieved through the development of a distributed information extraction and visualisation service called the mapping service. In the distributed mapping service, groups of network nodes cooperate to produce local maps which are cached and merged at a sink node, producing a map of the global network. Such a service would greatly simplify the production of higher-level information-rich representations suitable for informing other network services and the delivery of field information visualisations. The proposed distributed mapping service utilises a blend of both inductive and deductive models to successfully map sense data and the universal physical principles. It utilises the special characteristics of the application domain to render visualisations in a map format that are a precise reflection of the concrete reality. This service is suitable for visualising an arbitrary number of sense modalities. It is capable of visualising from multiple independent types of the sense data to overcome the limitations of generating visualisations from a single type of a sense modality. Furthermore, the proposed mapping service responds to changes in the environmental conditions that may impact the visualisation performance by continuously updating the application domain model in a distributed manner. Finally, a newdistributed self-adaptation algorithm, Virtual Congress Algorithm,which is based on the concept of virtual congress is proposed, with the goal of saving more power and generating more accurate data visualisation.

The exponential growth of Internet applications has created new challenges for the control and administration of large-scale networks, which consist of heterogeneous elements under dynamically changing traffic conditions. These emerging applications need guaranteed service levels, beyond those supported by best-effort networks, to deliver the intended services to the end user. Several models have been proposed for a Quality of Service (QoS) framework that can provide the means to transport these services. It is desirable to find efficient routing strategies that can meet the strict routing requirements of these applications. QoS routing is considered as one of the major components of the QoS framework in communication networks. In QoS routing, paths are selected based upon the knowledge of resource availability at network nodes and the QoS requirements of traffic. Several QoS routing schemes have been proposed that differ in the way they gather information about the network state and the way they select paths based on this information. The biggest downside of current QoS routing schemes is the frequent maintenance and distribution of global state information across the network, which imposes huge communication and processing overheads. Consequently, scalability is a major issue in designing efficient QoS routing algorithms, due to the high costs of the associated overheads. Moreover, inaccuracy and staleness of global state information is another problem that is caused by relatively long update intervals, which can significantly deteriorate routing performance. Localized QoS routing, where source nodes take routing decisions based solely on statistics collected locally, was proposed relatively recently as a viable alternative to global QoS routing. It has shown promising results in achieving good routing performance, while at the same time eliminating many scalability related problems. In localized QoS routing each source-destination pair needs to determine a set of candidate paths from which a path will be selected to route incoming flows. The goal of this thesis is to enhance the scalability of QoS routing by investigating and developing new models and algorithms based on the localized QoS routing approach. For this thesis, we have extensively studied the localized QoS routing approach and demonstrated that it can achieve a higher routing performance with lower overheads than global QoS routing schemes. Existing localized routing algorithms, Proportional Sticky Routing (PSR) and Credit-Based Routing (CBR), use the blocking probability of candidate paths as the criterion for selecting routing paths based on either flow proportions or a crediting mechanism, respectively. Routing based on the blocking probability of candidate paths may not always reflect the most accurate state of the network. This has motivated the search for alternative localized routing algorithms and to this end we have made the following contributions. First, three localized bandwidth-constrained QoS routing algorithms have been proposed, two are based on a source routing strategy and the third is based on a distributed routing strategy. All algorithms utilize the quality of links rather than the quality of paths in order to make routing decisions. Second, a dynamic precautionary mechanism was used with the proposed algorithms to prevent candidate paths from reaching critical quality levels. Third, a localized delay-constrained QoS routing algorithm was proposed to provide routing with an end-to-end delay guarantee. We compared the performance of the proposed localized QoS routing algorithms with other localized and global QoS routing algorithms under different network topologies and different traffic conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the other algorithms in terms of routing performance, resource balancing and have superior computational complexity and scalability features.

Roteamento por colônia de formigas é um método de roteamento em redes de comunicação, e diversos algoritmos foram propostos nos últimos anos baseado nessa estrutura. Todos esses algoritmos produzem excelentes resultados, provando a sua eficiência e eficácia. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de desempenho dos principais algoritmos encontrados na literatura, e com base nesses resultados, propõe um novo algoritmo com desempenho equivalente e com uma complexidade computacional menor. O trabalho é focalizado em redes tipo datagrama com topologia irregular, descrevendo suas propriedades e características e realizando uma análise e comparação de seus desempenhos em um ambiente de simulação. / Ant Colony Routing is an adaptive method for routing in communication networks, and several algorithms have been proposed in the last years based on this framework. All these algorithms show excellent results, proving their efficiency and efficacy. This work presents the results of the performance of the main algorithms found in the literature, and based on these results, it proposes a novel algorithm that has a similar performance but with a lower computational complexity. The work is focused in datagram like networks with irregular topology, describing its characteristics and properties. The performances in an simulation environment are analysed and compared.

Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζουμε το πρόβλημα της δρομολόγησης σε δίκτυα ad-hoc, όπου οι κόμβοι είναι ακίνητοι και έχουν πεπερασμένα αλλά επαναφορτιζόμενα ενεργειακά αποθέματα. Αρχικά μελετάμε σε θεωρητική βάση τους ενεργειακούς και χωρητικούς περιορισμούς. Ενεργειακοί είναι οι περιορισμοί που οφείλονται στην μικρή ενεργειακή αυτοτέλεια των κόμβων, ενώ οι χωρητικοί περιορισμοί οφείλονται στην περιορισμένη χωρητικότητα του ασύρματου μέσου και στην παρεμβολή. Συγκεκριμένα εξετάζουμε πώς ορισμένα δικτυακά χαρακτηριστικά επηρεάζουν την απόδοση του δικτύου. Τέτοια δικτυακά χαρακτηριστικά είναι η πυκνότητα των κόμβων του δικτύου, η φυσική απόσταση τους, η ακτίνα μετάδοσης τους κ.α. Εξετάζουμε διαφόρων ειδών δίκτυα και σε γενικές γραμμές αποδεικνύουμε ότι η ενέργεια είναι ο κρίσιμος πόρος σε δίκτυα τα οποία είναι αραιά ή οι κόμβοι τους έχουν μικρό ρυθμό επαναφόρτισης της ενέργειας ή μεγάλη ακτίνα μετάδοσης. Στην αντίθετη περίπτωση η απόδοση των δικτύων περιορίζεται από την χωρητικότητα και την παρεμβολή. Επιπλέον προτείνουμε και υλοποιούμε έναν ενεργειακά-αποδοτικό αλγόριθμο δρομολόγησης με πολλαπλά κόστη, όπου ένα διάνυσμα από παραμέτρους, εν’αντιθέσει με μία μόνο παράμετρο, ανατίθεται σε κάθε σύνδεσμο του δικτύου. Σε κάθε ανακαλυπτόμενη διαδρομή ανατίθεται ομοίως ένα διάνυσμα παραμέτρων, που προκύπτει από τα αντίστοιχα διανύσματα των συνδέσμων της διαδρομής. Οι παράμετροι που χρησιμοποιούμε είναι ο αριθμός των συνδέσμων της διαδρομής, η υπολειπόμενη ενέργεια και η ισχύς μετάδοσης. Ο αλγόριθμος αυτός συγκρίνεται με τον αλγόριθμο ελάχιστου-μήκους διαδρομής, για την επίλυση του προβλήματος του άπειρου χρονικού ορίζοντα. Στο πρόβλημα του άπειρου χρονικά ορίζοντα, ενέργεια και νέα πακέτα δεδομένων δημιουργούνται συνεχώς σε κάθε κόμβο του δικτύου. Στα πειράματα που εκτελέσαμε μας ενδιαφέρει να υπολογίσουμε την μέγιστη πιθανότητα δημιουργίας πακέτων δεδομένων pmax στους κόμβους, η οποία επιτρέπει στο δίκτυο μας να παραμένει ευσταθές. Ένα δίκτυο χαρακτηρίζεται ευσταθές όταν η εισερχόμενη κίνηση εξυπηρετείται από το δίκτυο με μικρή μέση καθυστέρηση παράδοσης αλλά και μεγάλο ποσοστό επιτυχούς παράδοσης των πακέτων δεδομένων στους προορισμούς τους. Όταν μία από αυτές τις συνθήκες δεν ισχύει τότε θεωρούμε ότι το δίκτυο είναι ασταθές και δεν μας ενδιαφέρει περαιτέρω η μελέτη του. Ουσιαστικά η μέγιστη πιθανότητα δημιουργίας πακέτων δεδομένων pmax είναι η μέγιστη απόδοση του δικτύου μας. Η μέση καθυστέρηση παράδοσης των πακέτων δεδομένων ορίζεται ως ο μέσος χρόνος μεταξύ της δημιουργίας ενός πακέτου στον κόμβο-πηγή και της λήψης του πακέτου στον κόμβο-προορισμού. Το ποσοστό της επιτυχούς παράδοσης των πακέτων δεδομένων ορίζεται σαν τον λόγο του αριθμού των πακέτων που παρελήφθησαν επιτυχώς από τους κόμβους-προορισμού προς τον αριθμό των πακέτων που δημιουργήθηκαν στους κόμβους-πηγής. Κατά την διάρκεια των πειραμάτων μας δοκιμάζουμε διάφορες πιθανότητες δημιουργίας πακέτων δεδομένων p και διάφορους ρυθμούς επαναφόρτισης των κόμβων X. Από τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων μας παρατηρούμε ότι ο ενεργειακά-αποδοτικός αλγόριθμος δρομολόγησης με πολλαπλά κόστη υπερτερεί του αλγορίθμου ελάχιστου-μήκους διαδρομής, πετυχαίνοντας όταν το δίκτυο είναι ενεργειακά περιορισμένο, μέγιστη πιθανότητα δημιουργίας πακέτων δεδομένων pmax σχεδόν διπλάσια από αυτή που πετυχαίνει ο ελάχιστου-μήκους διαδρομής αλγόριθμος. Ακόμα παρατηρούμε ότι η μέση καθυστέρηση καθώς και το ποσοστό επιτυχούς παράδοσης των πακέτων δεδομένων παρουσιάζουν καλύτερα αποτελέσματα με την χρήση του ενεργειακά-αποδοτικού αλγορίθμου. Επιπλέον παρατηρούμε ότι η μέση καθυστέρηση αυξάνει πολύ απότομα σε σχέση με την πιθανότητα δημιουργίας πακέτων δεδομένων p, όταν το δίκτυο γίνεται ασταθές λόγο των ενεργειακών περιορισμών. Αντίθετα η αύξηση αυτή είναι πολύ πιο ομαλή, όταν το δίκτυο γίνεται ασταθές λόγο των χωρητικών περιορισμών. / In our thesis we examine the problem of routing in ad-hoc networks, where the nodes are stationary and have limited but rechargeable energy reserves. Initially we study theoretically, the energy and the capacity constraints. The energy constraints are the result of the limited energy reserves of the nodes, while the capacity constraints are the result of the limited capacity and of the interference in the wireless medium. In our theoretically study we examine how the various network characteristics, influence the network performance. Such network characteristics are the nodes density, their distance, the transmission radius etc. We examine various network topologies and in every case we prove that energy is a vital resource in networks which are sparsely or where the nodes have small recharge rate or big transmission radius. In every other case the performance of a network is constrained by the capacity and the interference. Furthermore we propose and implement an energy-aware multicost routing algorithm, where a vector of parameters, instead of just one parameter, is assigned to each link of the network. In the same way in every discovered path, a vector of parameters is assigned. This vector is calculated using the vectors of the links from which the path consists of. The parameters used are the hops number, the residual energy and the transmission power. The proposed algorithm is compared with the minimum-hop algorithm, under the infinite time horizon problem. In this problem energy and data packets are constantly created in every node of the network. In our experiments we are interested in finding the maximum packet generation probability pmax in the nodes, under which the network remains stable. A network is characterized as stable when the incoming traffic is served by the network with small average delivery delay and big successful delivery ratio, of the packets in their destinations. When one of these conditions doesn’t hold, then we assume that the network is unstable and we do not study it anymore. The maximum packet generation probability pmax is in fact the maximum throughput of the network. The average delivery delay is defined as the average time between the creation of a data packet in the source-node and the reception of the packet in the destination-node. The successful delivery ratio is defined as the ratio of the number of packets successfully received by their destinations by the number of packets created in the source-nodes. During our experiments we tried various packet generation probabilities p and recharge rates at the nodes X. From the results of ours experiments we observe that the energy-aware multicost routing algorithm outperforms the minimum-hop algorithm. Specifically when the network is energy constrained, the maximum packet generation probability pmax is almost double as the one achieved by the minimum-hop algorithm. Furthermore the average delivery delay and the successful delivery ratio present better results using the energy-aware algorithm. Also we generally observe that the average delivery delay increases suddenly as the packet generation probability p increases, when the network becomes unstable because of the energy constraints. On the other hand the increase in the average delivery delay is much more normal, when the network becomes unstable because of the capacity constraints.

Roteamento por colônia de formigas é um método de roteamento em redes de comunicação, e diversos algoritmos foram propostos nos últimos anos baseado nessa estrutura. Todos esses algoritmos produzem excelentes resultados, provando a sua eficiência e eficácia. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de desempenho dos principais algoritmos encontrados na literatura, e com base nesses resultados, propõe um novo algoritmo com desempenho equivalente e com uma complexidade computacional menor. O trabalho é focalizado em redes tipo datagrama com topologia irregular, descrevendo suas propriedades e características e realizando uma análise e comparação de seus desempenhos em um ambiente de simulação. / Ant Colony Routing is an adaptive method for routing in communication networks, and several algorithms have been proposed in the last years based on this framework. All these algorithms show excellent results, proving their efficiency and efficacy. This work presents the results of the performance of the main algorithms found in the literature, and based on these results, it proposes a novel algorithm that has a similar performance but with a lower computational complexity. The work is focused in datagram like networks with irregular topology, describing its characteristics and properties. The performances in an simulation environment are analysed and compared.

I detta arbete har en trådad simulator tagits fram enligt standarden High Level Architecture (HLA). Simulatorn är kapabel att avgöra den kortaste vägen från alla noder till alla andra noder i ett radionätverk med 200 noder på i genomsnitt 263 millisekunder. Tidigare var det endast möjligt att simulera kommunikation mellan två noder i ett nätverk som hade direkt förbindelse med varandra. I och med detta tillägg kan kommunikationssignalen reläas fram genom nätverket om en direkt förbindelse inte är möjlig. Simulatorn, eller federatet som det kallas i HLA, bygger på en centraliserad routingalgoritm och kan konfigureras till att beräkna specifika vägar på begäran alternativt beräkna alla möjliga vägar genom nätverket utan att någon efterfrågan behövs. Simulatorn använder sig av en A*-algoritm som kan använda en av två heuristiker där den ena heuristiken tar fram den kortaste vägen mellan två noder i nätverket och den andra heuristiken tar fram den väg med bäst signalkvalitet mellan två noder. / This paper presents a threaded simulator designed according to the standard High Level Architecture (HLA). The simulator is capable of determining the shortest path from all nodes to all other nodes in a radio network with 200 nodes in 263 milliseconds on average. It was previously only possible to simulate communication between two nodes which had direct connection. As of this addition, the communication can be relayed through other nodes in the network if direct connection is not possible. The simulator, or federate as it is called in HLA, implements a centralised routing algorithm and can be configured to find specific paths on the basis of requests alternatively find all paths through the network without the need for any request. The simulator uses an A* (A-star) algorithm which can use one of two heuristics, one of which returns the shortest path and the other returns the path with the best signal quality.

The exponential growth of Internet applications has created new challenges for the control and administration of large-scale networks, which consist of heterogeneous elements under dynamically changing traffic conditions. These emerging applications need guaranteed service levels, beyond those supported by best-effort networks, to deliver the intended services to the end user. Several models have been proposed for a Quality of Service (QoS) framework that can provide the means to transport these services. It is desirable to find efficient routing strategies that can meet the strict routing requirements of these applications. QoS routing is considered as one of the major components of the QoS framework in communication networks. In QoS routing, paths are selected based upon the knowledge of resource availability at network nodes and the QoS requirements of traffic. Several QoS routing schemes have been proposed that differ in the way they gather information about the network state and the way they select paths based on this information. The biggest downside of current QoS routing schemes is the frequent maintenance and distribution of global state information across the network, which imposes huge communication and processing overheads. Consequently, scalability is a major issue in designing efficient QoS routing algorithms, due to the high costs of the associated overheads. Moreover, inaccuracy and staleness of global state information is another problem that is caused by relatively long update intervals, which can significantly deteriorate routing performance. Localized QoS routing, where source nodes take routing decisions based solely on statistics collected locally, was proposed relatively recently as a viable alternative to global QoS routing. It has shown promising results in achieving good routing performance, while at the same time eliminating many scalability related problems. In localized QoS routing each source¿destination pair needs to determine a set of candidate paths from which a path will be selected to route incoming flows. The goal of this thesis is to enhance the scalability of QoS routing by investigating and developing new models and algorithms based on the localized QoS routing approach. For this thesis, we have extensively studied the localized QoS routing approach and demonstrated that it can achieve a higher routing performance with lower overheads than global QoS routing schemes. Existing localized routing algorithms, Proportional Sticky Routing (PSR) and Credit-Based Routing (CBR), use the blocking probability of candidate paths as the criterion for selecting routing paths based on either flow proportions or a crediting mechanism, respectively. Routing based on the blocking probability of candidate paths may not always reflect the most accurate state of the network. This has motivated the search for alternative localized routing algorithms and to this end we have made the following contributions. First, three localized bandwidth-constrained QoS routing algorithms have been proposed, two are based on a source routing strategy and the third is based on a distributed routing strategy. All algorithms utilize the quality of links rather than the quality of paths in order to make routing decisions. Second, a dynamic precautionary mechanism was used with the proposed algorithms to prevent candidate paths from reaching critical quality levels. Third, a localized delay-constrained QoS routing algorithm was proposed to provide routing with an end-to-end delay guarantee. We compared the performance of the proposed localized QoS routing algorithms with other localized and global QoS routing algorithms under different network topologies and different traffic conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform the other algorithms in terms of routing performance, resource balancing and have superior computational complexity and scalability features. / Umm AlQura University, Saudi Arabia

The growing demand on the variety of internet applications requires management of large scale networks by efficient Quality of Service (QoS) routing, which considerably contributes to the QoS architecture. The biggest contemporary drawback in the maintenance and distribution of the global state is the increase in communication overheads. Unbalancing in the network, due to the frequent use of the links assigned to the shortest path retaining most of the network loads is regarded as a major problem for best effort service. Localised QoS routing, where the source nodes use statistics collected locally, is already described in contemporary sources as more advantageous. Scalability, however, is still one of the main concerns of existing localised QoS routing algorithms. The main aim of this thesis is to present and validate new localised algorithms in order to develop the scalability of QoS routing. Existing localised routing, Credit Based Routing (CBR) and Proportional Sticky Routing (PSR), use the blocking probability as a factor in selecting the routing paths and work with either credit or flow proportion respectively, which makes impossible having up-to-date information. Therefore our proposed Highest Minimum Bandwidth (HMB) and Highest Average Bottleneck Bandwidth History (HABBH) algorithms utilise bandwidth as the direct QoS criterion to select routing paths. We introduce an Integrated Delay Based Routing and Admission Control mechanism. Using this technique Minimum Total Delay (MTD), Low Fraction Failure (LFF) and Low Path Failure (LPF) were compared against the global QoS routing scheme, Dijkstra, and localised High Path Credit (HPC) scheme and showed superior performance. The simulation with the non-uniformly distributed traffic reduced blocking probability of the proposed algorithms. Therefore, we advocate the algorithms presented in the thesis, as a scalable approach to control large networks. We strongly suggest that bandwidth and mean delay are feasible QoS constraints to select optimal paths by locally collected information. We have demonstrated that a few good candidate paths can be selected to balance the load in the network and minimise communication overhead by applying the disjoint paths method, recalculation of candidate paths set and dynamic paths selection method. Thus, localised QoS routing can be used as a load balancing tool in order to improve the network resource utilization. A delay and bandwidth combination is one of the future prospects of our work, and the positive results presented in the thesis suggest that further development of a distributed approach in candidate paths selection may enhance the proposed localised algorithms. / Umm AlQura University in Mecca