Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective was to determine the effect of longitudinal distance between coulters and furrow openers about the operational performance of these associations working in different forward speeds, with regard to the energy requeriment and the amount of furrow, with the purpose of identifying the integration mechanism/regulation that presents the lowest energy consumption without compromising the quality of the furrow. This was carried out in an agricultural area located in the municipality of Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul), belonging to Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The soil of the experimental area was classified as Ultisol and sandy. The experiment was composed of 24 combinations of treatments, in a factorial scheme of 2x3x4. These were composed by the interaction of the factors groove opening mechanisms (hoe furrow opener and mismatched double discs), longitudinal distance from center to center of coulter and furrowers (0,50,1,0 e 1,50 m) and forward speeds (1,11, 1,67, 2,22 e 2,78 m s-1). The variables responses of the performance of the mechanisms associations were obtained directly or indirectly, through the application of different methods by different tools. After the acquisition of the data, they were submitted to statistical analysis of variance and verified the significance of the factors through the F test. In addition, a mathematical analysis of the instantaneous rate of change, with the use of the differential calculus. The furrow, distance and velocity factors had a statistically significant influence on the primary performance variables resulting from instrumentation, except the distance factor on the slipping of the driving wheels. For the variables of soil mobilization, the furrow factor provided a significant change in all, while the distance factor significantly modified only the raised area and the maximum furrow depth. Already the velocity, interfered significantly in the latter and in the area of mobilized soil. In addition, in the secondary variables, the modification of the furrow and speed factors did not provide significant change only in the variable soil swelling, while the distance did not change the specific fuel consumption. The traction, the hourly consumption and the skating were higher for the configurations that employ the hoe furrow opener, present greater distance and work at higher speeds. The distance did not modify the mobilized area, the width and the depth of the furrow, and the reduction of this reduced the elevated area. The use of lower speeds and distances provides greater efficiency in the use of traction per unit of depth and of soil mobilized for both furrowers. / O objetivo foi determinar o efeito da distância longitudinal entre disco de corte e sulcador de fertilizante sobre o desempenho operacional destas associações trabalhando em diferentes velocidades de deslocamento, no que diz respeito ao requerimento energético e a qualidade de sulco, com o propósito de identificar a integração mecanismo/regulagem que apresente o menor consumo energético sem comprometer a qualidade do sulco. Este foi realizado em área agrícola situada no município de Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul), pertencente à Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O solo da área experimental foi classificado como Argissolo e textura franca. O experimento foi composto por 24 combinações de tratamentos, em um esquema fatorial de 2x3x4. Estes foram compostos pela interação dos fatores mecanismos de abertura de sulco (haste sulcadora e discos duplos desencontrados), distância longitudinal de centro a centro do mecanismo de corte e dos sulcadores (0,50, 1,0 e 1,50 m) e velocidades de deslocamento (1,11, 1,67, 2,22 e 2,78 m s-1). As variáveis respostas do desempenho das associações de mecanismos foram obtidas de forma direta ou indireta, através da aplicação de diferentes métodos por distintas ferramentas. Após a aquisição dos dados, os mesmos foram submetidos à análise estatística de variância e verificado a significância dos fatores através do teste F. Além disso, foi realizada uma análise matemática da taxa de variação instantânea, com o uso do cálculo diferencial. Os fatores sulcador, distância e velocidade apresentaram influência estatisticamente significativa sobre as variáveis de desempenho primárias oriundas da instrumentação, exceto o fator distância sobre o patinamento dos rodados motrizes. Para as variáveis de mobilização do solo, o fator sulcador proporcionou alteração significativa em todas, enquanto que o fator distância modificou significativamente apenas a área elevada e a profundidade máxima do sulco. Já a velocidade, interferiu significativamente nesta última e na área de solo mobilizada. Ademais, nas variáveis secundárias, a modificação dos fatores sulcador e velocidade não proporcionaram alteração significativa apenas na variável empolamento, enquanto que a distância não modificou o consumo específico de combustível. O esforço tratório, o consumo horário e o patinamento, foram mais elevados para as configurações que empregam a haste sulcadora, apresentam maior distância e trabalham em maiores velocidades. A distância não modificou a área mobilizada, a largura e a profundidade do sulco, sendo que a redução desta diminuiu a área elevada. O emprego de velocidades e distâncias menores propiciou maior eficiência no uso da tração por unidade de profundidade e de solo mobilizada para ambos os sulcadores.

Gastown, Vancouver's birthplace, is a small historic district embedded within the broader community of the Downtown Eastside. Over the past 25 years Gastown has been slowly upgrading; refashioning itself as a loft style residential neighbourhood and central tourist destination. Over the same period the Downtown Eastside's reputation as the city's "skid road" has become firmly entrenched. The pace of this community's upgrading and downgrading has quickened over the past five years and resulted in a current geography where we find loft-style condominiums, cappuccino bars and rising affluence interspersed with needle exchanges, homeless shelters and deepening disadvantage. What we see within the Gastown/Downtown Eastside community is a convergence of the spatial processes of social polarisation and the kinds of conflicts and negotiations that result. Polarisation, most broadly defined, describes a growing socio-economic and spatial divide between the "haves" and "have-nots" of Western societies and cities. While considerable attention has been paid to polarisation's conceptual meaning and empirical definition at the national and intra-urban levels, little focus has centered on how the process can be identified and analysed at the intra-community level. In the same way that polarisation at broader scales of analysis can be viewed as the sociotemporal coincidence of pauperisation and professionalisation, this dissertation defines intracommunity polarisation as the simultaneous occurrence of socio-spatial upgrading and downgrading. Using quantitative data from the census tract level, this dissertation investigates the empirical evidence of social polarisation within Gastown/Downtown Eastside. Using qualitative data the study explores the extent to which both revitalisation and deterioration are competing for the community's future and this polarisation is being experienced and negotiated by the varied residents and stakeholders of this urban community. Ultimately this dissertation sheds light on how the characteristics and causes of community based polarisation differ and parallel those at other scales of inquiry. It also outlines the truly local factors that affect polarisation's development, entrenchment and impact and illuminates the process' inconstant character and the time lag that exists between its qualitative experience and its quantitative identification. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the technical condition of the raw water supply Dnipro-Mykolaiv for water treatment plant Inhulets in Ukraine and the reconstruction proposal of the section of this supply. Specifically, it is a 300 m long section of the steel pipeline DN 1 400 of the first row of the sypply near the Myrné village in Bilozerka Raion (district), Kherson Oblast (province), Ukraine, which is in a state of disrepair. As part of this work is an an evaluation of the current technical condition of the pipeslines of the first and second rows of the suplly. Subsequently, the design of the reconstruction of the section is then carried out using selected remediation technology.

This thesis presents description of Genetic algorithm. The description begins with theory of complexity and following basic theory of genetic algorithm. Next part explains the principle of all three tasks – travelling salesman problem, knapsack problem and evolution of algorithm for five-in-a-row. The main focus was on developing the algorithm for five-in-a-row. The results were tested with other similar algorithms from internet. In case of travelling salesman problem and knapsack problem, the results were compared with gradient optimization methods.

Diploma´s thesis “ A set of row attached low energy houses for living in Vážany nad Litavou ” is elaborated in form of project documentation which includes all requirements of given standards. The object is placed on plat number 1746 in cadastral community Vážany nad Litavou. The character of the object is brick building. The building is covered gabled roof. It is two-floor house with no cellar. There is living room, kitchen, bedroom with it´s own sanitary facility and technical room in the ground floor. There are bedrooms with sanitary facilities in the second floor. The thesis is worked up as a complete implementation building plan.

LLM / Department pf Public Law / Capital punishment has been widely applied by countries since time immemorial. The concept, however, is highly controversial. That is, on the one hand, the anti-abolitionist states argue that it is an effective form of punishment, on the other side; the abolitionist states contend that it is an unjustifiable infringement of people’s fundamental right to life. There have been calls, both regionally and globally, for a moratorium on the death penalty. The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was promulgated as a move towards the abolition of the death penalty in all countries and states in the world. Article 1 (2) of the instrument states that, “Each state party shall take all necessary measures to abolish the death penalty within its jurisdiction”. At regional level, Article 4 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights provides that all human beings are inviolable and entitled to the respect and integrity of their person. As such, no one may be deprived arbitrarily of this right. In addition, Article 1 of the Protocol to the African Charter provides that the death penalty shall not be applied by state parties in their territories or any person within their jurisdiction. Despite the current global and regional trends towards the abolition of the death penalty and its inherent controversy, Zimbabwe remains anti-abolitionist, and entrenched the death penalty in section 48 (2) of its 2013 Constitution. Adopting a doctrinal research methodology, the study critically analyses section 48 (2) (d) of Zimbabwe’s Constitution, and examines how it affects key fundamental rights as well as the way forward in the light of the international human rights standards on the death penalty. / NRF

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la résolution de très grands problèmes d'optimisation combinatoire stochastique. Les recherches sont appliquées au problème de planification des arrêts pour rechargement des centrales nucléaires. Compte-tenu de la part prépondérante de celles-ci dans le mix-électrique, ce problème structure fortement la chaîne de management d’énergie d'EDF. Une première partie propose une formulation étendue bi-niveau dans laquelle les décisions de premier niveau fixent les plannings d’arrêt et des profils de production des centrales, et celles de second niveau évaluent le coût de satisfaction de la demande associé. Cette formulation permet la résolution à l'optimum d'instances industrielles déterministes par un solveur en PLNE. Dans le cas stochastique, une telle résolution directe du problème n'est plus possible. Nous proposons une formulation permettant d’en résoudre la relaxation linéaire par génération de colonnes et de coupes, correspondant respectivement aux reformulations de Danzig-Wolfe du premier niveau et de Benders du second. Une phase heuristique permet ensuite de déterminer des solutions entières de bonne qualité pour des instances, jusqu'à une cinquantaine de scénarios représentatifs de l’incertitude sur les données. L’apport de l’approche est estimé en utilisant les outils industriels exploités par EDF pour évaluer les plannings. Une seconde partie porte sur l'intégration de méthodes d'optimisation robuste pour la prise en compte d’aléas sur la disponibilité des centrales. Nous nous plaçons dans un cadre où les recours possibles sur les dates d'arrêts ne sont pas exercés. Nous comparons des méthodes bi-objectif et probabiliste permettant de rendre le planning robuste pour les contraintes opérationnelles dont la relaxation est envisageable. Pour les autres, nous proposons une méthode basée sur un budget d’incertitude. Cette méthode permet de renforcer la stabilité du planning en limitant les besoins de réorganisation futurs. La prise en compte d’une loi de probabilité de l’aléa permet d’affiner le contrôle du prix de cette robustesse. / The purpose of this Ph.D. thesis is to study optimization techniques for large-scale stochastic combinatorial problems. We apply those techniques to the problem of scheduling EDF nuclear power plant maintenance outages, which is of significant importance due to the major part of the nuclear energy in the French electricity system. We build on a two-stages extended formulation, the first level of which fixes nuclear outage dates and production profiles for nuclear plants, while the second evaluates the cost to meet the demand. This formulation enables the solving of deterministic industrial instances to optimality, by using a MIP solver. However, the computational time increases significantly with the number of scenarios. Hence, we resort to a procedure combining column generation of a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition with Benders’ cut generation, to account for the linear relaxation of stochastic instances. We then obtain integer solutions of good quality via a heuristic, up to fifty scenarios. We further assume that outage durations are uncertain and that unexpected shutdowns of plants may occur. We investigate robust optimization methods in this context while ignoring possible recourse on power plants outage dates. We report on several approaches, which use bi-objective or probabilistic methods, to ensure the satisfaction of constraints which might be relaxed in the operating process. For other constraints, we apply a budget uncertainty-based approach to limit future re-organizations of the scheduling. Adding probabilistic information leads to better control of the price of the robustness.

The diploma thesis deals with the new construction of a multifunctional building in Uherský Brod. The building is located in row houses development as an end house, in the central part of city Uherský Brod. The building is designed as a three-storey with partial basement. In the basement floor a parking slot and a technical facilities will be situated. The multifunctional building will serve as a fitness equipment store and repair shop it and will contain office premises, an e-shop dispensing, sanitary facilities and other house facilities. The structural system of a bulding is designed as a transversal, a constructural system as wall system in combination with columns. The construction technology is masonry system in combination with monolithic columns and ceilings. The vertical load-bearing structures will be built of ground clay bricks. The horizontal load-bearing structures will be reinforced concrete cast-in-placed. The roofs will be built as warm flated, partly as walkable terraces. The staircase is designed as straight, half-turn stairs with a landing, cast-in-place. There is an elevator designed in the mirror staircase. The foundation structures are designed as flat, cast-in-place concrete strip footings. The purpose and functional use of the multifunctional building are designed with regard to people with reduced mobility or orientation. The building is designed as a building with almost zero energy consumption.

Full-coverage film cooling is investigated both experimentally and numerically. First, surface measurements local of adiabatic film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer augmentation for four different arrays are described. Reported next is a comparison between two very common turbulence models, Realizable k-ε and SST k-ω, and their ability to predict local film cooling effectiveness throughout a full-coverage array. The objective of the experimental study is the quantification of local heat transfer augmentation and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness for four surfaces cooled by large, both in hole count and in non-dimensional spacing, arrays of film cooling holes. The four arrays are of two different hole-to-hole spacings (P/D = X/D = 14.5, 19.8) and two different hole inclination angles (α = 30◦ , 45◦ ), with cylindrical holes compounded relative to the flow (β = 45◦ ) and arranged in a staggered configuration. Arrays of up to 30 rows are tested so that the superposition effect of the coolant film can be studied. In addition, shortened arrays of up to 20 rows of coolant holes are also tested so that the decay of the coolant film following injection can be studied. Levels of laterally averaged effectiveness reach values as high as ¯η = 0.5, and are not yet at the asymptotic limit even after 20 − 30 rows of injection for all cases studied. Levels of heat transfer augmentation asymptotically approach values of h/h0 ≈ 1.35 rather quickly, iii only after 10 rows. It is conjectured that the heat transfer augmentation levels off very quickly due to the boundary layer reaching an equilibrium in which the perturbation from additional film rows has reached a balance with the damping effect resulting from viscosity. The levels of laterally averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness far exceeding ¯η = 0.5 are much higher than expected. The heat transfer augmentation levels off quickly as opposed to the film effectiveness which continues to rise (although asymptotically) at large row numbers. This ensures that an increased row count represents coolant well spent. The numerical predictions are carried out in order to test the ability of the two most common turbulence models to properly predict full coverage film cooling. The two models chosen, Realizable k − ε (RKE) and Shear Stress T ransport k − ω (SSTKW), are both two-equation models coupled with Reynolds Averaged governing equations which make several gross physical assumptions and require several empirical values. Hence, the models are not expected to provide perfect results. However, very good average values are seen to be obtained through these simple models. Using RKE in order to model full-coverage film cooling will yield results with 30% less error than selecting SSTKW.

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