The Cretaceous (Early Aptian) Shu'aiba Formation, Shaybah field, Saudi Arabia, is 60 km long by 12 km wide and 150 m thick, and is a giant carbonate reservoir. It formed on a regional carbonate ramp bordering an intrashelf basin. The succession consists of a composite sequence of seven high frequency sequences. Sequences 1 and 2 formed a deeper open platform of Palorbitolina-Lithocodium wackestone, with maximum flooding marked by planktic foram mudstone. Sequence 2 built relief over northern and southern blocks, separated by an intraplatform depression. They form the composite sequence TST. The remaining sequences developed a platform rimmed by rudist rudstone backed by rudist floatstone back-bank and lagoonal fine skeletal peloidal packstone; slope facies are fine skeletal fragmented packstone. Aggradational sequences 3 to 5 make up the composite sequence early highstand. Progradational sequences 6 and 7 are the composite sequence late highstand marking the deterioration of the Offneria rudist barrier and deposition of widespread lagoonal deposits, where accommodation may have been created by syn-depositional growth faulting that moved the northern block down. Shu'aiba deposition on the platform was terminated by long-term sea-level fall and karsting. The succession is dominated by approximately 400 k.y., 4th order sequences and 100 k.y. parasequences driven by long term eccentricity and short term eccentricity respectively, similar to the Pacific guyots of this age. This suggests that early Cretaceous climate may have been cooler and had small ice sheets and was not an ice-free greenhouse world. / Master of Science

Les rudistes bivalves forment un groupe monophylétique qui s’étend dans le registre fossile de 160 à 66 millions d’années. L’objectif de cette thèse est de porter un nouveau regard sur l’histoire évolutionnaire de ce groupe dans le cadre de la théorie cladistique. Dans une première partie sont posées les bases théoriques, méthodologiques et techniques de l’analyse à trois éléments. Le concept de triplet permet de proposer des arguments sur la pertinence des arbres consensus. La méthode d’analyse à trois éléments est ensuite comparée à la méthode de parcimonie grâce à des arguments théoriques et méthodologiques, ainsi que par des simulations basées sur des modèles d’évolution. Dans une seconde partie, nous appliquons la théorie et la méthode à la reconstruction de l’histoire des rudistes. Le genre Ichthyosarcolites est révisé, et des analyses statistiques permettent de tester la pertinence des hypothèses d’homologie basée sur la forme de la coquille. Les hypothèses d’homologie sont revues et de nouveaux caractères basés sur les myophores et les canaux palléaux sont formalisés pour l’ensemble des Hippuritida. La nouvelle phylogénie qui en découle est cohérente avec l’âge géologique et permet de raffiner l’histoire évolutive des rudistes au Crétacé. L’étude de couches Cénomaniennes du Bassin Sud-Provençal (Var, France) nous permettent de faire un lien entre l’histoire de la diversification des rudistes et leur paléoécologie. / The rudist bivalves form a monophyletic group that extends in the fossil record from 160 to 66 million years. The objective of this thesis is to propose new insights at the evolutionary history of this group within the framework of cladistic theory. In the first part, we lay the theoretical, methodological and technical foundations of the three-item analysis. The concept of triplet allows us to propose arguments on the relevance of consensus trees in cladistics. The three-item analysis method is then compared to the method of parsimony using theoretical and methodological arguments, and simulations based on evolutionary models. In a second part, we apply the theory and method to the reconstruction of the rudist history. The genus Ichthyosarcolites is reviewed, and statistical analyses are used to test the relevance of homology hypotheses based on shell shape. Hypotheses of homology and new characters based on myophores and pallial canals are tested on the Hippuritida. The new, resulting phylogeny is consistent with known geological occurrences of the group and further our understanding of rudist evolutionary history during the Cretaceous. The study of Cenomanian outcrops of the South Provence Basin (Var, France) allows us to make a link between the history of the diversification of rudists and their paleoecology.

The Mural Limestone, located in the Mule Mountains to the northeast and southeast of Bisbee, Arizona provides an exceptional outcrop analog for time-equivalent productive reservoirs in the Albian Glen Rose patch-reef play of the Maverick Basin. The Mural Limestone is exposed in a number of folds and east-dipping fault blocks in the Grassy Hill and Paul Spur localities in the Mule Mountains and represents a remnant of a south-facing distally-steepened carbonate ramp that prograded into the Chihuahua Trough in Albian time. This study documents the detailed facies architecture and sequence stratigraphic setting of a multicyclic patch-reef and its associated ramp interior facies at the Paul Spur and Grassy Hill localities, respectively. Small mud-dominated coral-algal buildups (~5 m thick) and tabular biostromes (up to 1.5 m thick) consisting of rudist floatstones are common in the bedded ramp interior carbonates at the Grassy Hill locality in the Mule Mountains 10 km landward of the Paul Spur reef. Buildups in this area are flanked by weakly-cyclic and well-bedded skeletal mud- and grain-dominated packstones. At the Paul Spur locality, Mural facies consist of a 10-35 m thick patch-reef with four distinct reef communities: microbial-Microsolena framestone, algal-Actinastrea boundstone, branching coral-skeletal framestone and caprinid-requienid floatstone. Measured reef dimensions show a distinct windward-leeward margin with reef frame facies extending ~70 m from the margin and extensive leeward rudstone debris and grainstone shoal facies extending a distance of 870 m. Reef and backreef shoal facies exhibit low preserved porosity but petrographic analysis of backreef grainstones shows that primary porosity and permeability was present. These extensive reservoir-prone shoals may be a suitable reservoir target similar to flank rudstones and grainstones of the Maverick Basin reefs. Three aggradational to retrogradational cycles of reef growth are evident at the Paul Spur locality. Retrogradational stacking is consistent with that of time-equivalent Lower Glen Rose patch-reefs in the Maverick Basin of Texas, which suggests a eustatic driver for stratigraphic architecture along the Bisbee/Comanche shelf. Backstepping of reef frame facies in Cycle 3 is interpreted to be time-equivalent to patch-reef development at the Grassy Hill locality. / text

Carbonate platforms contain a wealth of information regarding the changing biota, sea level, ocean-chemistry, and climate of the Cretaceous Period. The Comanche platform of the northern Gulf of Mexico represents a vast, long-lived carbonate system that extended from west Texas through the Florida panhandle. In central and south Texas, excellent outcrops and an extensive suite of subsurface data provide an opportunity to document the evolution of this system, from the shoreline to the shelf-margin and slope. This study examines the changing facies, platform morphologies, and shelf-margin architectures of the mixed carbonate-siliciclastic, middle-Hauterivian to lower-Campanian interval. Stratigraphic results are integrated with stable-isotope geochemistry to document the detrimental effects of oceanic anoxic events on the carbonate platform. Seven second-order, transgressive-regressive supersequences of 3-14 Myr duration are defined in south Texas using sequence stratigraphic analysis of shelf-interior facies successions. Second-order supersequences are subdivided into several third-order depositional sequences of 1-3 Myr duration. In these sequences, facies proportions and stratal geometries of the shelf-interior are found to be the result of changing platform morphology and temporal evolution from distally-steepened ramp to rimmed-shelf depositional profiles. Shelf-margin trajectories, stratigraphic architectures, and facies proportions are a function of long-term accommodation trends expressed in second-order supersequences. These characteristics are modified by lateral variability in the underlying structural/tectonic setting and localized syndepositional faulting. The stratigraphic equivalents of oceanic anoxic events 1a, 1b, 1d, 2, and 3 are documented in the Cretaceous section of south Texas. These oceanic anoxic events coincided with maximum flooding zones of supersequences and are linked to carbonate platform drowning events on four separate occasions. The occurrence of oceanic anoxic events is found to be a fundamental driver of carbonate platform morphology, faunal composition, and facies evolution in transgressive-regressive supersequences of the northern Gulf of Mexico. / text