Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Tourism is one of the fastest growing global sectors, with current international tourist arrivals exceeding 935 million, and projected arrivals to exceed 1 billion by 2020. Community-based ecotourism has been suggested as a possible avenue for poverty eradication and local economic development in South Africa's remote rural regions, which are characterised by undeveloped infrastructure, poorly functioning schools and few economic opportunities. This is especially true of the Wild Coast region in the Eastern Cape Province, which is characterised by the contrasting elements of abundant natural resources eminently suitable for tourism development, and abject poverty. The central objective of this qualitative study is to evaluate the developmental impacts of the Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives, in order to assess the extent to which ecotourism can be used as a catalyst for local economic development. This includes the conservation practices employed by the enterprise, as well as its contribution towards conservation knowledge amongst community members. In addition, the study undertook to assess the extent to which the Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives has provided employment, and facilitated local participation in decision making and skills development in order to contribute towards sustainable livelihood outcomes. The findings indicate that Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives contribute positively to the local economy through job creation, skills development and local collaboration. However, Bulungula Lodge is faced with a number of factors which constrain the attainment of development goals, such as an inactive local and provincial government, low human and physical capital stocks and an inability to expand without threatening the sustainability of the natural resource base. In conclusion, the study provides numerous recommendations in order to increase the effectiveness of projects and employment within an environment devoid of government intervention. Among these are strategies for improving an understanding of conservation amongst community members, as well as strategies to improve adult education and the empowerment of women in the decision making process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElineteLL_DISSERT.pdf: 1626543 bytes, checksum: 9dbe60235a67770e17bf875546f3a49b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-09 / This work aims to analyze how the growth in average income and the change in inequality in income distribution have impacted rural poverty in the Northeast in the period 1995 to 2009. Under the approach in Kakwani (1993) e Duclos and Araar (2006), and under the assumption of log-normality of income per capita, exposed in Bourguignon (2002) and Hoffmann (2005), are calculated growth and inequality elasticities of poverty to FGT poverty measures in order to observe the behavior of the sensitivity of poverty to changes in average household income and the change in income distribution / Gini index. Concurrently, decomposes the changes in measures of poverty (proportion of poor) between growth and distribution components (first proposed by Datt and Ravallion, 1992) to assess the effect of weight change and the effect of income inequality change change on poverty. Regarding the estimation of elasticities of poverty and growth and inequality elasticities of the two methodologies used in this work - under the assumption of lognormal distribution of income and FGT measures under the by Kakwani (1993) andDuclos e Araar (2006) - though do not result in identical values, to corroborate same results, ie the long-term decline in rural poverty from 1995 to 2009 the Northeast and the greater sensitivity of the Northeast Rural Poverty, observed in this same period, income growth and change in inequality. The weight of growth and change in inequality in changing the Northeast rural poverty identified that most of the decline in rural poverty is linked to growth in average income. This result coincides with results found by Kraay (2005) for a group of countries / Este trabalho objetiva analisar como o crescimento da renda m?dia e da mudan?a na desigualdade na distribui??o dos rendimentos t?m impactado na pobreza rural do Nordeste, no per?odo de 1995 a 2009. Sob a abordagem de Kakwani (1993) e Duclos e Araar (2006), e, sob a suposi??o de log-normalidade da renda per capita, exposta em Bourguignon (2002) e Hoffmann (2005), s?o calculadas as elasticidades crescimento e desigualdade da pobreza para as medidas de pobreza FGT com o intuito de observar o comportamento da sensibilidade da pobreza ? varia??o na renda m?dia domiciliar e ? varia??o na distribui??o de renda/?ndice de Gini. Em complementaridade, decomp?e-se as varia??es nas medidas de pobreza (propor??es de pobres) entre os componentes crescimento e distribui??o (proposta inicialmente por Datt e Ravallion, 1992) para avaliar o peso do efeito da mudan?a da renda e do efeito da mudan?a da desigualdade sobre a mudan?a da pobreza. No que concerne ? estima??o da pobreza e das elasticidades crescimento e elasticidades desigualdade, pelas duas metodologias aplicadas neste trabalho sob a suposi??o de lognormalidade da distribui??o dos rendimentos e sob as medidas FGT por Kakwani (1993) e Duclos e Araar (2006) apesar de n?o resultarem em valores id?nticos, corroboram para os mesmos resultados, ou seja, o decl?nio no longo prazo da pobreza rural nordestina de 1995 a 2009 e a maior sensibilidade da pobreza rural nordestina, verificada nesse mesmo per?odo, ao crescimento da renda e ? mudan?a na desigualdade. Quanto ao peso do crescimento e da mudan?a da desigualdade na mudan?a da pobreza rural do Nordeste, identificou-se que a maior parte da queda da pobreza rural est? associada ao crescimento da renda m?dia. Esse resultado coincide com os resultados encontrados por Kraay (2005) para um grupo de pa?ses

O objetivo desta tese é avaliar empiricamente como as famílias pobres tomam decisões em relação à poupança. Mais especificamente, busca-se estudar a vida econômica das famílias pobres de assentamentos rurais, no norte do estado do Tocantins. Para atingir esse propósito, quatro objetivos específicos da pesquisa foram concebidos como eixos de investigação. O primeiro considera a abordagem do desenvolvimento como liberdade e expansão das capacitações dos indivíduos como aspecto fundamental para análise e estudo da pobreza. O segundo objetivo aborda o estudo da vida econômica dos pobres em várias dimensões. O terceiro objetivo considera os principais estudos na área da economia comportamental acerca das influências das barreiras cognitivas, em especial o viés do presente, sobre a tomada de decisão financeira. Por fim, o quarto objetivo analisa o desenvolvimento histórico e o contexto socioeconômico da região onde se realizou a pesquisa de campo. No que tange à estratégia de coleta de dados, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com responsáveis e corresponsáveis pela unidade familiar. As principais evidências da tese são: (a) não predomina nesses assentamentos a figura do agricultor tradicional; (b) as famílias adotam estratégias para obter diferentes fontes de renda; (c) a privação de liberdade dos assentados vincula-se, entre outras coisas, ao não acesso aos serviços públicos essenciais; (d) a conversão de terras públicas em ativos financeiros negociáveis no mercado é uma prática comum entre as famílias; (e) emergências de saúde e necessidades financeiras somam-se aos eventos decorrentes dos conflitos agrários da região; (f) a maioria dos atos financeiros das famílias se processa em mercados imperfeitos com elevados custos de transação; (g) como forma de sobrevivência, as famílias adotam estratégias baseadas nas relações de confiança e reciprocidade para consolidação dos ativos sociais; (h) grande parte das famílias é excluída do sistema financeiro formal e depende de credores informais e de poupança não monetária para atender as necessidades de curto prazo. Conclui-se que a baixa capacidade de aspirar e o viés do presente, potencializados pela condição de pobreza, compromete severamente a capacidade de poupança e tomada de decisão em relação ao futuro dessas famílias. As escolhas que fazem perpetuam sua condição de pobreza. Desse modo, algumas lições e sugestões são extraídas do estudo para o aprofundamento de pesquisas futuras e aprimoramento do desenho de políticas. / The purpose of this thesis is to empirically evaluate how poor households make decisions regarding savings. More specifically, it seeks to study the economic life of the poor families of rural settlements, in the north of the state of Tocantins. To achieve this purpose, four specific research objectives were designed as research axes. The first considers the development approach as freedom and expansion of the capacities of individuals as a fundamental aspect for analysis and study of poverty. The second objective addresses the study of the economic life of the poor in various dimensions. The third objective considers the main studies in the area of behavioral economics on the influences of cognitive barriers, especially the present bias, on financial decision making. Finally, the fourth objective analyzes the historical development and the socioeconomic context of the region where the field research was carried out. With regard to the data collection strategy, a field survey was carried out through semi-structured interviews with those responsible and co-responsible for the family unit. The main evidences of the thesis are: (a) the traditional farmer does not predominate in these settlements; (b) families adopt strategies to obtain different sources of income; (c) the deprivation of liberty of the settlers is linked, among other things, to the lack of access to essential public services; (d) the conversion of public lands into marketable financial assets in the market is a common practice among households; (e) health emergencies and financial needs add to the events resulting from the agrarian conflicts in the region; (f) the majority of households\' financial transactions take place in imperfect markets with high transaction costs; (g) as a way of survival, families adopt strategies based on relationships of trust and reciprocity to consolidate social assets; (h) most households are excluded from the formal financial system and rely on informal creditors and non-monetary savings to meet short-term needs. It is concluded that the low capacity to aspire and the bias of the present, potentialized by the poverty condition, severely compromises the capacity of savings and decision making regarding the future of these families. The choices they make perpetuate their poverty condition. Thus, some lessons and suggestions are drawn from the study to deepen future research and improve policy design.

Banco do Nordeste do Brasil / This dissertation develops a perspective of the microcredit as combat instrument of the rural poverty, tends in view the experience of the Program PRONAF B as effective instrument of social inclusion of the most lacking population, through employment generation and income, necessary to the eradication of the poverty in Brazil. Such it conjectures it is based, above all, in the effectiveness of the Program PRONAF B, considered a form of fast credit, without bureaucracy and solemnity-maintainable. It is discussed the concept and dimension of the poverty in Brazil, with special prominence the Northeast area; the rural society; agricultural politics and family agriculture. It is criticized to the causes and the origin of the poverty, to the point of review as a group compound of social facts that demands a new avaliation of the State and of the society. For this road, to be reached the eradication of the poverty in the future, it is necessary, to create opportunities so that the poor population is integrated the consumption society through microcredit programs, that provide the correction of the facts social that causes of the poverty. / A presente dissertaÃÃo desenvolve a perspectiva do microcrÃdito como instrumento de combate à pobreza rural, tendo como referÃncia o Programa PRONAF B como mecanismo de inclusÃo social da populaÃÃo mais carente, atravÃs de geraÃÃo de renda. Os objetivos deste trabalho sÃo as identificaÃÃes do perfil sÃcio-econÃmico dos beneficiÃrios do PRONAF B, residentes em Caucaia, e das possÃveis alteraÃÃes nas variÃveis econÃmicas da populaÃÃo local. Para a utilizaÃÃo da pesquisa foram utilizados dados primÃrios e secundÃrios, obtidos, respectivamente, atravÃs de entrevistas e levantamento nos arquivos locais dos bancos de desenvolvimento e federaÃÃes de agricultores locais. Discute-se, assim, o conceito e dimensÃo da pobreza no Brasil, com especial destaque a regiÃo Nordeste; a sociedade rural; polÃtica agrÃcola e agricultura familiar. Critica-se a origem da pobreza, a ponto de reclassificÃ-la como um conjunto complexo de fatos sociais que exigem uma reavaliaÃÃo do Estado e da sociedade. Por esta via, para se alcanÃar a erradicaÃÃo da pobreza, à necessÃrio que se crie oportunidades para que a populaÃÃo pobre seja integrada à sociedade de consumo, atravÃs de programas de microcrÃdito, que proporcionem a correÃÃo dos fatos sociais desencadeadores da pobreza. Tudo isso induz à conclusÃo de que discutir simplesmente a pobreza como um problema de renda nÃo constituirà em soluÃÃo para o problema.

O crescimento econÃmico de longo prazo à condiÃÃo sine qua non para uma populaÃÃo garantir seu bem-estar e o de suas geraÃÃes futuras. Muitas vezes o fluxo de renda em uma economia especÃfica à insuficiente para proporcionar a todos uma vida digna de modo que todos estejam inclusos na sociedade do consumo. Outras vezes hà renda suficiente para que toda sociedade se beneficie dos frutos gerados por esta, como à o caso do Brasil. Entretanto, a renda gerada se concentra em camadas mais ricas da sociedade de modo que impossibilita, direta e muitas vezes indiretamente, Ãs camadas mais pobres as condiÃÃes mÃnimas de sobrevivÃncia. Portanto, sÃo sempre vÃlidos os estudos que busquem entender, identificar e propor soluÃÃes viÃveis para o problema da pobreza. Este trabalho busca diagnosticar os fatores de crescimento atravÃs da decomposiÃÃo dos Ãndices de pobreza (proporÃÃo de pobres, hiato de pobreza e hiato quadrÃtico), de modo a identificar os fatores de influÃncia do crescimento econÃmico e da desigualdade de renda nos Ãndices de pobreza, alÃm de acompanhar sua evoluÃÃo entre 1995 e 2005 com base nos dados disponibilizados pela Pesquisa Nacional de DomicÃlios (PNAD) em valores constantes corrigidos pelo Ãndice Nacional de PreÃo ao Consumidor de 2005. Por meio dessa evoluÃÃo à possÃvel identificar se o crescimento econÃmico à pro pobre ou nÃo. O modelo de decomposiÃÃo consegue separar os efeitos do crescimento econÃmico e da distribuiÃÃo de renda nos Ãndices de pobreza, sendo necessÃrios os dados sobre a renda familiar per capita da zona rural e a curva de Lorenz, que à o parÃmetro de desigualdade. O modelo foi utilizado para a anÃlise em Ãmbito nacional, regional e estadual, abrangendo vinte estados e excluindo o Distrito Federal e os estados da regiÃo Norte, exceto Tocantins. Os resultados sinalizam na grande maioria dos estados, a ocorrÃncia de crescimento prà pobre na zona rural brasileira e indicam ainda o Nordeste como a regiÃo mais atingida com o fenÃmeno da pobreza rural. Juntamente com o Norte, à a que menos reduziu a sua proporÃÃo de pobres, sugerindo a formaÃÃo de clubes de convergÃncia. Em se tratando da anÃlise por estado, devem-se assinalar os estados das regiÃes Sul e Centro-Oeste que lideram o ranking de reduÃÃo de pobreza rural para todos os Ãndices observados. Os resultados deste estudo podem ainda fundamentar estratÃgias de polÃticas pÃblicas regionais que visem aumentar a atividade econÃmica, e as polÃticas de distribuiÃÃo de renda. / Long-term economic growth is a sine qua non condition for ensuring the well being of a population and of their future generations. Most of the time the level of income of a given economy is insufficient to provide a decent life for the population in such a way to enable that everyone is included in the society of consumption. Though, as in Brazilâs case, the income generated is more than enough to provide those benefits for the population, its distribution in fact, doesnât favor this desired outcome. Thus studies that attempts to analyses the relation of income distribution and poverty are relevant. This paper analyses the factors of growth through the decomposition of poverty rates (proportion of poor, the poverty gap and quadratic gap poverty), in order to identify the possible influence of economic growth and inequality of income distribution in the poverty indices. Additionally it analyses the evolution of the poverty indices as well its evolution in the period of 1995 and 2005 based on data provided by the National Survey of Household (PNAD) at constant values corrected by the National Index of Consumer Price to 2005. Through this evolution it is possible to identify if economic growth is in favor or not of the poor. This model of decomposition allows for the separation of effects of economic growth and income distribution on the poverty indices. To achieve this result data on household per capita income of rural area and on the Lorenz curve are necessary. This two set of information give a measure of inequality. The analysis was made at the national, regional and state levels, and involved twenty states. The Federal District and the states of the north region, except Tocantins were excluded. The results indicate the occurrence of positive effects in relation to the poor for the Brazilian rural area in the majority of states. It also indicates that the Northeast region was the most affected with the phenomenon of rural poverty. The Northeast and the Northern regions are the ones where the proportions of poor were less reduced suggesting the formation of clubs of convergence. At the state level it is important to note that the states of the South and Center-West regions are the leaders in reducing the rural poverty for all observed indices. These results can give a basis for implementation of strategies for public policies aimed at increasing regional economic activity, as well as policies for the distribution of income.

M.Comm. / This dissertation examines the role of land reforms in the alleviation of rural poverty. A three-pronged approach is adopted in the background study process. This includes a review of the South African land reform programme, a review of international experiences in land reforms, and finally, a focused study of the Uitkyk community of the North West Province. Chapter 1 lays the framework for the study and ends up with the fundamentals of the South African land reform programme. Chapter 2 examines experiences in land reforms in three other countries namely, Brazil, China and Zimbabwe. Based on the comparability of these countries to South Africa in various respects, lessons are drawn from their experiences for South Africa. Chapter 3 traces the origin and evolution of the land question among the Uitkyk community and their subsequent quest for restitution. Chapter four presents empirical evidence from a field survey, with subsequent analysis thereof. Finally, Chapter 5 summarises the lessons drawn from the Uitkyk and South African experience and the international experience. It also offers some tentative recommendations for the South African land reform programme. Two fundamental approaches to land reforms are recognised in this dissertation. These include the government-assisted approach and the market based approach. It is difficult to find any pure form of either approaches anywhere on a national scale. However, at different time periods, countries may tend to prefer one approach over the other. After the 2005 National Land Summit, there is growing , momentum for South Africa to switch from a predominantly market-based· approach to a more government-assisted programme. For a land reform programme to be effective, it must go beyond changes in access to resources to actual economic development. Such development is indicated by changes in income, employment, nutrition and education. The evidence from this dissertation suggests that within the Uitkyk community, land reforms may so far have resulted in change in access to land, but not so much in economic development. To advance the goals of land reform, South Africa will have to carefully consider the tradeoffs between two seemingly conflicting goals of land reform, namely, efficiency and equity, Both community and individual beneficiaries of land grants must also take greater responsibility in translating the change in land access to more wealth and better living conditions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research discusses about a descriptive-analytical study of two expressions on poverty: the out and in. The out expression represents the set of views seen by people who looks to poverty from outside, it means, they don t belong to that reality. The in expression represents the sum of perceptions of those who are took as poor, living poverty reality. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of the mentality of the rural poor. At same time seeks to enhancing their perceptions about poverty and yearning for a developed society. The study is based on the notions that cover critical issues of poverty and development. It emphasizes the rural context which is traditionally appointed as the major focus of poverty. The methodology was based on qualitative research, using techniques such as field observation, semi-structured interviews and discourse analysis. As a result, this study identified that outsider s thinks poverty as the lack of material goods and it is not related only to insufficient income. While the insider s thinks poverty as lack of ability to get a job, but do not believe that poverty is present in their environment. Among the findings of this study is reported that the meaning of poverty in the countryside has changed since when issues of agrarian history began to take other directions with greater freedom and rural workers organization. Poverty no longer expresses the real needs of people. Rural communities development has been conceived in fulfill of people's needs. These needs are satisfied in human relations preserved within their spaces, on attitudes of solidarity, cooperation and reciprocity. The in perceptions have not felt in the expression of poverty from the out perceptions and, therefore, the term did not acquire the exact meaning associated with the real word. In other words, the study didn t find a concept in itself of poverty that could be applied to the reality that was studied. This implies the necessity of rethink the uses of the poverty term. Not only emerge a new opportunity to enhance the understanding of poverty in the view of poor people, but also work as a tool to update the ideas that match this mentality. / Esta dissertação aborda um estudo descritivo-analítico entre duas expressões sobre a pobreza: a out e a in. A primeira out é o conjunto das concepções visto por pessoas que vêem a pobreza de fora, não pertencendo a essa realidade; e a segunda expressão in se constitui na soma das percepções daqueles que são considerados os pobres. O objetivo dessa investigação é contribuir para o entendimento da mentalidade dos pobres rurais, valorizando as suas percepções sobre a pobreza e seus anseios em relação a uma sociedade desenvolvida. Para fundamentar a discussão, o trabalho expõe algumas noções críticas sobre questões de pobreza e desenvolvimento, enfatizando o contexto rural apontado tradicionalmente como o foco maior de pobreza. A metodologia utilizada se baseia no método qualitativo de Howard S. Becker e técnicas de pesquisa como a observação a campo, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a análise de discurso. Este estudo identificou que os de fora pensam a pobreza como sendo a falta de materialidades e não se relaciona tão somente com a insuficiência de renda. Enquanto os pobres limitam a pobreza à falta de capacidade em conseguir um emprego, mas não acreditam que a pobreza está presente no seu meio. Há indícios de que o sentido da pobreza no campo foi modificado desde quando a história agrária começou a tomar outras direções, com características de maior liberdade e organização do trabalhador rural. O desenvolvimento das comunidades rurais vem se concebendo na realização das necessidades das pessoas, por sua vez satisfeitas nas relações humanas que preservam dentro dos seus espaços, diante atitudes de solidariedade, cooperação e reciprocidade. As percepções in não sentiram a expressão da pobreza a partir das percepções out e, portanto, a expressão não adquiriu o significado associado à palavra, o que significa que o estudo não encontrou um conceito em si para a pobreza que pudesse ser aplicado à realidade estudada. Isso implica na necessidade de se repensar o uso do termo e, também, é uma nova oportunidade de reforçar o entendimento sobre a pobreza a partir dos pobres (rurais), assim como servir de instrumento para atualizar as ideias que condizem à sua mentalidade.

No description available.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / The management of projects has gained an increasing impetus amongst researchers throughout the world in the last decade. Most of the research projects have focused on which extent can lack of resources affect the implementation of projects in developing countries. Little has been said about the relationship between lack of corporate governance and the management of projects for small scale sugar cane farmers. In this study, the researcher focused on the effects of project management on poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods. The study used a mixed method research design which equally employed case study and descriptive approaches. From the quantitative perspective, structured questionnaires were administered, while in the qualitative approach semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Results indicated that the success of projects aimed at poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods is dependent on the successful implementation of project management skills. The research amongst others recommend that training and financial support be prioritised for the community projects to achieve their intended objectives.

This study evaluates, by means of face to face interviews and a postal survey, aspects of the Market Towns Initiative (MTI), the Beacon Towns Programme (BTP), and related programmes of community-led work, the majority of which arose from the British Government’s Rural White Paper of 2000. Particular emphasis is placed on: participants’ experiences, achievements and opinions about the programmes; their understanding of rural poverty; the extent to which they thought that the programmes should have had poverty alleviation as an aim, and to which they believed that the programmes had helped to identify and address rural poverty. A review of the literature relating to rural policy reveals that political interest (and, therefore, policymakers’ interest) in the functions of England’s country – “market” - towns, and their place in the settlement hierarchy, has waxed and waned since the Second World War. During this period the nature of government, in particular the balance between the various tiers, has tilted in favour of central government. Consequently, the powers available to County and District/Borough Councils, if not Town/Parish Councils, have reduced. Central government has increasingly looked to partnerships formed from public, voluntary, and private sector organizations to implement policy. It is governance, therefore, rather than government, that has grown in importance in recent years. The MTI/BT programmes were both designed for implementation by broad-based partnerships of professionals and volunteers. The literature also reveals that the post-war period has seen research into poverty become increasingly nuanced and sophisticated, with definitions moving away from the relatively simple to understand (eg lack of money) to more complicated notions of disadvantage, deprivation, and social exclusion. The factors that affect rural poverty have, since the 1970s, been remarkably constant (eg access to services, affordable housing, low income self-employment). The problems of rural poverty have not been solved. It is argued, based on the results of the data acquired from this research, that community-led development programmes such as the MTI/BTP, have the potential to inform the development of policy and practice relating to community-led development and poverty alleviation, to add to the body of knowledge about rural poverty, and to improve the overall understanding of the functions of England’s small towns. Despite the potential of partnerships to effect change, the important role of local authorities as democratically accountable organizations, and contributors to partnerships’ success and effectiveness, is noted.