Orientador: Dione Lucchesi de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T09:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AdrianaFrancodeCamargo_M.pdf: 2218678 bytes, checksum: 9e8a4e46aaa8a307228184f1b2f07ce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar o engajamento intelectual de alunos em aulas de matemática. Foram desenvolvidas atividades para instigar os alunos a relacionar o conhecimento matemático trazido do contexto rural com o conhecimento matemático mobilizado no contexto escolar. Essas atividades foram organizadas de modo a privilegiar a dimensão ideológica do letramento. O trabalho de campo desta pesquisa foi realizado nas aulas de matemática da própria pesquisadora em três classes de Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola rural. O material de análise foi constituído pelo diário de campo da pesquisadora, pelas videogravações das aulas e pelo material escrito produzido pelos alunos durante as atividades. Os eixos de análise foram: o engajamento intelectual dos alunos; as relações entre o conhecimento matemático trazido do contexto rural e o conhecimento matemático mobilizado no contexto escolar; o letramento. Este estudo mostrou que os alunos, ao realizarem as atividades propostas em aula, relacionaram as medidas utilizadas na agricultura com aquelas utilizadas nas aulas de matemática. Consideramos que essas aulas privilegiaram a dimensão ideológica do letramento, pois, além de os estudantes desenvolverem a atividade escolarizada de medir, relacionaram-na com a atividade de medir utilizada no contexto rural. Demonstraram também reconhecer a importância das duas atividades de medida e identificar os momentos em que cada uma deve ser utilizada. Gestos, posturas, nível de envolvimento, de participação e de argumentação; discussões em grupo e produções escritas revelaram o engajamento intelectual dos alunos durante as aulas referentes à pesquisa. / Abstract: This research had as objective to study the intellectual engagement of students in mathematics classes. Activities were developed to instigate the students to relate the mathematical knowledge brought from the rural context with the mathematical knowledge mobilized in the school context. These activities were organized in order to privilege the ideological dimension of literacy. The field work of this research was carried through in the mathematics classes of the researcher in three classrooms of Basic Education II of a rural school. The analysis material was constituted by the field diary of the researcher, by the video recordings of the classes and written material produced by the students during the activities. The axles of analysis were: the intellectual engagement of the students; the relations between the mathematical knowledge brought from the rural context and the mathematical knowledge mobilized in the school context; the literacy. This study showed that the students, when doing the activities proposed in the class, related the measures used in agriculture with those used in the mathematics classes. We consider that these classes had privileged the ideological dimension of literacy, since the students developed the schoolarized activity of measuring and also related it with the activity of measuring in the agricultural context. They had also demonstrated to recognize the importance of the two activities of measure and to identify the moments where each one must be used. Gestures, positions, level of involvement, participation and argument; group discussions and written productions revealed the intellectual engagement of the students during the classes related to the research. / Mestrado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Mestre em Educação

A presente tese tem por objeto o estudo da proposta de formaÃÃo docente das escolas normais rurais do Cearà em idos de 1930 a 1960. PropÃe responder aos questionamentos acerca da compatibilizaÃÃo entre o ideal preconizado pelos discursos e documentos oficiais e o perfil de professora produzido na prÃtica cotidiana da sala de aula. Os caminhos percorridos a partir da pesquisa, leva a que se entenda a proposta de formaÃÃo docente das escolas normais rurais do CearÃ, analisando a sua inserÃÃo no contexto sociopolÃtico e ideolÃgico do CearÃ/Brasil pÃs-1930 (Era Vargas), alÃm de compreender o significado do projeto escola normal rural na definiÃÃo de um perfil ideal de educadora para o meio rural. Dessa forma, analisam-se as idÃias, experiÃncias, prÃticas, representaÃÃes e o lugar reservado Ãs professoras ruralistas naqueles efervescentes anos das primeiras dÃcadas do sÃculo XX. A escrita ora apresentada à fruto da persistente busca dos vestÃgios deixados e dos relatos expressos pelas personagens que fizeram parte da trama cotidiana de histÃrias que se cruzam, na consecuÃÃo de idÃias e prÃticas vividas no Ãmbito da educaÃÃo escolar daqueles idos. As fontes utilizadas foram de vÃrias naturezas, tais quais: oral, relatÃrios, arquivos escolares e particulares, documentos oficiais, discursos de autoridades polÃticas e intelectuais, diretores, professores e ex-alunas, monografias de conclusÃo de curso, fotografias e fonte hemerogrÃfica. Em tal percurso teÃrico-metodolÃgico, destaquei a oralidade como importante fonte da pesquisa., haja vista a tentativa de efetivar a (re)construÃÃo histÃrica numa perspectiva da âhistÃria vista de baixoâ, dando voz Ãs pessoas que tiveram papel central no projeto escolar encetado pelas escolas normais rurais do CearÃ. Assim, coloca-se no cerne da histÃria educacional cearense de meados do sÃculo XX, a mulher, ou seja, a professora rural, a educadora e missionÃria que assumiria a Ãrdua tarefa de iluminar o sertÃo via luz da instruÃÃo primÃria. / ABSTRACT The present research aims at studying teaching staff formation proposals for Teachersâ Training Rural Schools in Cearà from 1930 to 1960. Our purpose is to observe the discrepancies between government discourse and oficial documents and the everyday teacher-classroom practice. The research has helped us to evaluate teacher formation proposals at Rural Schools belonging to the social political context of post 1930 (President Vargas Era), and understand the role of the project in defining the ideal teacher profile for the rural area. To achieve these goals we have analyzed the ideas, experiences, practices, representations and the place reserved for rural area teachers at he beginning of the 20th century. We based our research on oral and written speeches, reports, public and private files and official documents among others. For us, the individual oral speeches were one of the most important sources for the research carried out since one of our concerns was to (re)construct the history from the point of view of teachers at the time period analyzed. Among the people who had an important part in the Teachers Training Rural Schools program we highlight the role played by women teachers, educators and missionaries who had the hard task of enlightening the country areas by means of primary education.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.Ed. / This study focuses on the problems of language and pedagogy in the teaching of English to second language learners. The aim of the study firstly, was to investigate the problems confronting teachers of English when teaching a heterogeneous classroom population which has both first language and second language learners and secondly, to investigate the problems facing Black pupils who were a minority group in the heterogeneous classroom. An extensive literature review was undertaken to examine core areas of the multicultural education and second language teaching and learning which were pertinent to the problem of this study to ascertain if the problems were peculiar to South African schools. The theory framework constructed from the review concluded with the theoretical premise that the problems confronting teachers and pupils were not peculiar to South African schools. The investigation included data collection from two sources or constituents, namely the teachers of heterogeneous classrooms in a rural independent school and their Black pupils. These data were consolidated, reduced and clustered, culminating in empirical findings which were confirmed using different methods and sources.The main emergent patterns indicated that the second language learners had not mastered reading skills, were not capable of expressing themselves in formal writing and encountered difficulty in translating from their vernacular to English. This confirmed that teachers of English in these heterogeneous classes were enountering enormous difficulty in harnessing the full potential of the second language learners.

M.Ed. (Education) / This study focuses on the teaching of linguistic rules and structures in rural informal Settlement Schools. The inquiry was undertaken with the aim of determining what the nature of instruction of grammar, specifically tense, is and what teachers' conceptions of the pedagogy of grammar are. The rationale for the study was that there is virtually no research on the language pedagogy knowledge of practice of unqualified teachers in community schools. Teachers in this type of setting needed to be exposed to contemporary theory of Second Language instruction with the view of improving their pedagogy. This also needed to be researched in order to contribute to the body of knowledge..The rural settlement schools where semi-qualified teachers are still found in increasing numbers, need competent teachers who can teach students to function socially as well as linguistically. For relevant teacher education curricula research is needed to inform policy. Literature review was done and field investigation was conducted to determine teachers' conceptions of grammar and tenses. Data were collected through interviews and observations. These data were consolidated and clustered across five sources of different methods. The categories of data indicated that teachers' knowledge of rules was limited. The research was concluded with suggestions pertaining to the researcher's experience of semi-qualified teachers. It was suggested that teachers should not only concentrate on grammar knowledge but also on the knowledge about pedagogy and linguistics. The involvement of INSET programmes in this respect was strongly recommended.

This study sought to investigate the involvement of parents in the development of their children’s literacy. The study was conducted in a rural school in the Omaheke region of Namibia, a school selected for reasons of representativeness and convenience. The research took the form of an interpretive case study focussing on a study sample of nine parents, their children, and one teacher in the Ngeama community. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then subjected to comprehensive descriptive analysis. The findings of the study indicate that parents in the Ngeama rural community have not been effectively involved in their children’s acquisition of literacy, for a number of reasons. These include the parents’ not feeling appropriately empowered to influence the development of their children’s literacy, the absence of environmental literacy programmes within the community, and the shortage of literacy materials such as newspapers and magazines. Perhaps the most important factor is that there is no public or school library in the Ngeama community. In view of these findings, the study recognizes a need for parental empowerment in terms of knowledge, skills, understanding and resources allocation regarding the education of their children. It recommends that a relationship of trust and understanding be built between the school and the community to ensure the sound development of literacy skills. The study further recommends the establishment of a library in order to enhance the literacy levels of teachers, parents and children alike.

Post independent Namibia adopted a decentralization policy which involved the transfer of decision-making powers and administrative authority from central government to government institutions, including schools, with a view to improving quality. However, despite new educational policies, Namibian educators continue to operate in a non-participatory manner and are unprepared for their role as change agents. This has created tension between the espoused benefits of decentralizing and the reality in schools. In such a turbulent situation schools need to be helped to understand the complexity of change in order to adapt, and OD plays a crucial role in this regard. OD is a consciously thought of and systematically implemented organization-wide improvement effort which aims at increasing organizational effectiveness and health through action research. Rather than a top-down change approach, the OD practice adopts a bottom-up approach to change. This study introduced and investigated an OD intervention in a Namibian rural school in Ohanguena Education Region, with the purpose of exploring participants’ perceptions and experience of the process and of the possible short-term outcome of the intervention. Its findings could be of significance to educators, organizations and future OD esearchers. The study is an action research case study located in the interpretive and critical paradigms. Multiple data collection tools were used during this study, namely observations, structured one-to-one interviews and focus group interviews. Interpretive analysis was used as the data analysis approach. The study found that despite OD being new to participants, it was embraced as a change strategy as it made significant impact on their understanding of organizations and conception of change which is radically different from the common top-down approach to change. The intervention further empowered participants with new skills of initiating change and problem-solving strategies. Apart from that, the intervention yielded a positive short-term outcome which motivated participants to adopt and apply OD in the future without underestimating challenges associated with the process.

Organizations globally are challenged with a very volatile, fast changing environment. It is only those organizations that develop the capacity to change timeously that will survive in this millennium. (Meyer & Botha, 2000, p.23) Organizational development (OD) is a planned change approach aimed at changing behaviour and enhancing organizational effectiveness. Central to such an approach is continuous business process improvement. OD rests on the foundation of values and assumptions about people and organizations, and it is imperative that organizations adopt systematic methodologies in introducing business improvement interventions. The study introduced an OD approach to one of the rural primary schools in the Omusati region of Namibia, with the purpose of examining if it would bring change in the school. My goal was to explore participants' experience and perception of the OD process and to investigate the possible short term outcome of such an intervention. The case study involved 16 staff members made up of a principal, one head of department and 14 teachers. Data was gathered through formal interviews with the principal, head of department and three teachers, through a focus group interview with teachers, and through observation and observation note entries. The study found that OD was a new concept approach to the participants which differs completely from the way that change processes are introduced in the schools. Participants felt that introducing change in an organization using an OD approach can bring effective change, but it can also place huge demands on participants' commitment. This is particularly so if they do not adopt it as an internal process of business improvement. The OD approach is a long-term change process and not a quick fix. Finally, the outcome of the intervention indicated enthusiasm for the school to continue addressing the prevailing challenges despite various obstacles that they do not have control over.

The changing global and local circumstances and shift for democracy posed particular problems for school administration and leadership and made it difficult for principals to fulfil leadership responsibilities in schools alone. Hence principals require the assistance of all stakeholders in the school, and teachers in particular, to work together as a team and share the diverse leadership load for the improvement of schools. Thus, leadership in schools needs to be shared and distributed in a collaborative manner among teachers and principals working as a group to accomplish the primary objective of their schools, which is to improve learners’ achievement. For this idea to be embraced, I suggest it may require an urgent need for advanced knowledge and understanding of teacher leadership in schools, among teachers and principals, if schools are to thrive. This research studied the phenomenon of teacher leadership at a public rural school in the Ohangwena region of Namibia. It explored the teachers’ experiences of their leadership roles, and specifically the challenges inherent within the practice of teacher leadership in a school. A qualitative interpretive case study was conducted, employing document analysis, semi‐structured interviews and observations to produce data with regard to teachers’ experiences of their leadership roles, challenges inherent within its practice and possible strategies to promote teacher leadership. The analysis and the triangulation across the data sets suggested that teacher leadership existed in the case study school where it appeared in four different areas of leadership practice. These areas of leadership practices (Grant, 2008, p. 93) were, for example, in the classroom, outside the classroom in curricular and extra‐curricular activities, in school‐wide leadership development and between other neighbouring schools in the community. The school had a view of teacher leadership which was strongly located within the classroom and outside the classroom in curricular and extra‐curricular activities where teachers worked and interacted with their colleagues and learners. Teacher leadership was severely limited in the area of whole school development and almost non‐existent in the area outside the school between teachers across neighbouring schools, at circuit or district level and in the community. The study suggested that the nature of teacher leadership in the case study school was a restricted form of teacher leadership (Harris and Muijs, 2005) due to a range of factors which impeded its practice. The factors were, for example, a lack of involvement of all teachers in whole school leadership and school‐wide decision‐making. Other factors were limited time for teachers in the school, a lack of leadership development amongst the principal and teachers as well as resistance for teachers to leadership in the case study school.

Historically, South Africa has not had equal education in terms of funding, curriculum or physical resources and structures. These issues are still present in contemporary South Africa and none more so than the issues surrounding “mud schools”. Recently the Department of Basic Education (DBE) implemented a plan to eradicate inappropriate school structures using the Accelerated Schools Infrastructure Delivery Initiative program (ASIDI). Questions around effective placement of schools are now being asked. Using interviews and analysis of literature, this research developed criteria needed to determine how rural school sites are selected. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to determine if current sites are in the most appropriate areas. The results of the research included a unique set of Eastern Cape criteria as well as an analysis of the current site selection methods used by the DBE. It also revealed that most of the schools are being constructed in acceptable areas. The main result that emerged from the research was that schools will be placed in areas where they are needed. Developing site selection criteria is still needed as South Africa seeks to reduce the education gap between rich and poor schools.