Magister Legum - LLM / Many critics have questioned whether the protection of the IPRs would benefit developing countries. It was argued in this paper that developing countires have the interest in protecting IPRs as well. However, it was showed that the benefit of this protection can be realized only if there is a fair rule of the game to all players in the multilateral trading system. The general objective of this research was to examine the current status of IPRs protection and the levels of TRIPS compliance by Rwanda in the area of copyright. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between low back pain and physical activity levels among nurses in Kanombe Military Hospital (KMH), as well as other confounding factors leading to low back pain. A quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive design was used to conduct the study. The study population and sample included all clinical nurses in all the departments/wards at KMH (excluding three nurses doing administrative work only and the four who participated in the pilot study). A total of 133 nurses participated in the study and data was collected using three self administered questionnaires. The first one requested socio-demographic data, followed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which examined the physical activity levels of nurses, and lastly the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder Questionnaire which examined low back pain prevalence. A response rate of 122 (92%) was obtained. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Sport participation can play a vital role in enhancing life of youth with physical disabilities. This is because of the rehabilitative influence sport can have not only on the physical body but also on rehabilitating people with disability into society. A successful sport programme in which the youth with disabilities are involved should possibly respect youth‟s wishes regarding the preference of the sport. The Review of the literature revealed that little has been documented about the status of disability sport in developing countries. Given the psychosocial and physiological benefits of sport in everyone‟s life, including those with physical disabilities, there is a need for a study to document the status of sport of this sub-population in Rwanda. This study, therefore, aimed to identify the factors associated with sport preferences among youth with physical disabilities in Rwanda. A sequential mixed model design was used to collect data, specifically the sequential explanatory strategy. Data was collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire and a total number of 204 participants voluntarily answered the questionnaire. Semi-structured interviews were conducted among four (4) NPC staff to collect data regarding the challenges experienced by youth with physical disabilities with regard to sport preferences. The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 was used for data capturing and data analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize demographic information as means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages. Inferential statistics (chi-square and independent samples t-tests) were used to test the associations between different categorical variables (p<0.05). For the qualitative data, audiotaped interviews were transcribed and translated from Kinyarwanda into English, and the expressed ideas were coded and reduced into subthemes and categories. Thematic analysis was then done under the generated sub-themes. Permission to conduct this study was obtained from the concerned authorities. Ethical issues pertaining to informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality and the right to withdraw from the study were respected in this current study. The results of the current study revealed that the top five sports played by youth with physical disabilities were sit ball, sitting volleyball, volleyball, table tennis and wheelchair basketball. It also showed that youth with physical disabilities were committed to and enjoyed their sport experience. Additionally, they have had strong feelings about their physical abilities. Discouragingly, the results indicated that the youth with physical disabilities have had low perception that their parents were supportive of their participation in sport. The findings further showed that age, gender, use or non-use of mobility aids, and type of impairment influenced the choice of sport. However, there was no statistically significant association between demographic characteristics and some sports codes played in Rwanda. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants reported the challenges experienced by youth with physical disabilities with regard to sport preferences including physical factors (lack of accessible facilities, uneven playgrounds, transport to and from sport fields, resources and limited sporting codes available), social factors (lack of parental support and models) and financial factors (inhibit the implementation of many sport codes, high cost of adaptive equipment) which influence the youth with physical disabilities to choose a sport with sufficient facilities even if they do not like it. Factors that emerged as facilitators for sport preferences include: sport availability, perceived ability to handle a sport, friendship, facilities, improved individual competences, independence in mobility gained, and to take part in international tournaments. Based on the results of this study, and the role of sport in preventing many chronic diseases, it is apparent that there is a need to widen the spectrum of sport opportunities and to create awareness among youth with physical disabilities. Furthermore, there is a need to provide social and a local barrier-free inclusion of various stakeholders in recommending and designing sport programmes for the youth with disabilities. / South Africa

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The present study aimed to examine the demographic, social and health-related factors that are associated with levels of physical activity participation among adults with diabetes mellitus in Kigali, Rwanda.

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La thèse « Motivations d’engagement politique des femmes parlementaires rwandaises » a pour objectif principal d’apporter un éclairage sur le parcours politique des femmes parlementaires au Rwanda, notamment en identifiant leurs motivations à la base de leur engagement. Pour y parvenir, des entrevues de type semi-directif ont été effectuées entre octobre et novembre 2011 auprès de 11 députées et sénatrices. Les résultats de recherche démontrent que les femmes s’engagent en politique selon les trois principes de justice de Nancy Fraser: la reconnaissance, la redistribution et la représentation. Deux autres motivations se rajoutent, soit les mesures institutionnelles et la reconstruction du pays. Plus précisément, les parlementaires désirent pallier les injustices sociales, économiques et politiques liées au genre et à l’ethnie. Cette thèse est une contribution à la capacité de la science politique d’analyser les rôles des femmes au sein des parlements des pays non occidentaux et autoritaires.

Dans les années 2000, pour assurer son développement, le Rwanda revoit sa stratégie agricole en prenant un virage coopératif majeur. Parallèlement, les critiques internationales des pratiques « néocoloniales » de développement rural provoquent un changement vers des approches plus participatives. Ces deux bouleversements entraînent des changements considérables dans les communautés rurales rwandaises, où naissaient des centaines de coopératives agricoles. Le mouvement grassroots (développement par le bas) et la méthode ÉRP (évaluation rurale participative) favorisent le renforcement des capacités de la société civile et sa participation aux projets, comme l’ont voulu les organisations partenaires au projet Développement agricole coopératif au Rwanda. La littérature et l’expérience coopérative sur le terrain nous enseignent comment s’articule la participation locale, du point de vue des partenaires CCA (Association des coopératives du Canada) et UGAMA-CSC (Centre de service aux coopératives du Rwanda). Mais, qu’en est-il du point de vue de la population bénéficiaire? C’est en menant 27 entrevues semi-dirigées, individuelles et anonymes, auprès de membres réguliers ainsi que les chefs de zone et les professionnels impliqués dans les coopératives, que l’étudiante-chercheure a voulu répondre à la question de recherche suivante : dans le Rwanda agricole, où œuvrent différents acteurs de développement sur un même projet, comment s’articule le processus de participation locale aux yeux de la population bénéficiaire ? La recherche offre un regard rétrospectif sur la participation de la population ciblée par le projet, ainsi que le pouvoir qu’elle a exercé à travers les différentes étapes du dit projet. Son objectif secondaire est d’améliorer ce processus pour des projets futurs en tirant des apprentissages. La participation qui est présentée dans la théorie n’est pas toujours calquée intégralement dans la pratique et les processus de prises de décisions ne revêtent pas toujours le caractère démocratique prétendu. Dans un contexte culturel unique, la signification de la participation peut être interprétée de façon bien différente, dépendamment de la position que l’on occupe dans la hiérarchie locale. L’analyse des réponses permet de dégager des recommandations issues de ces acteurs qui sont souvent cloîtrés dans le bas de l’échelle, où la prise de parole n’est pas la plus facile d’accès.

The majority of empirical literature on refugee identity and homeland attachment focuses on single exile trajectories: one migratory movement out of the homeland and possibly repatriation. It largely neglects more complex experiences of exile and their implications. Double-exile, a second fleeing of one’s homeland after repatriation, adds complexity to our conventional understanding of refugee perceptions of home and identity. This study explores double-exile experiences of the Rwandan Hutu refugee population of Dzaleka refugee camp to examine its impacts on notions of home and identity construction. This ethnographic study found that the Rwandan Hutu refugees have a unique relationship to home and identity. Double-exile ended their sense of belonging to Rwandan society. Thus causing a break in the conventional longing for home and deterritorializing their identity. These impacts are apparent through the juxtaposition of study participants’ notions of home and their experiences of return and double-exile, a lack of connection or desire to return to Rwanda, and an absence of pride in their Rwandan identity and cultural practices. These findings suggest that more importance must be placed on the role of pre-flight experience of refugees as an integral element to their construction of notions of home. It also indicates that, contrary to more conventional exile trajectories where refugee identity is derived from a historical consciousness, double-exile refugees construct identity through a present-focus.

This paper analyzes the socio-legal challenges relating to the return and reintegration of refugees. Using Rwanda as a case-study, it focuses on the conditions or factors necessary for a sustainable return and reintegration and the positive impact of the implementation of Rwanda’s post-conflict socio-legal framework. Also suggests practical solutions to addressing the challenges so as to achieve a durable return and re-integration of Rwandan refugees. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Kwadwo Appiagye-Atua, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Svenska Dagbladet have reported on the genocide in Rwanda which is a country in Africa and the genocide in Srebrenica, which is a city located in Europe. In both cases, there are elements that affect how much and in what way newspapers chose to report on what was happening. This essay is about two similar events, which took place in two different geographical locations. One of the genocides took place in Europe and the other in Africa. The purpose is to investigate how the differences between the two cases appear in the newspapers. The United Nations (UN) was involved and has been criticized in both events, which makes it an actor that is frequently mentioned on the two newspapers’ editorial pages. The aim of this essay has been on examining how the newspapers have reported the same or different on how the UN was acting in the two genocides. The material that forms the basis for the research is newspaper articles on the two newspapers’ editorial pages, that were published during the current events. The articles have been analysed with the help of a theory on how the image of Africa tends to be portrayed in comparison to the rest of the world in our society. The result of the study shows a difference in the two newspapers' reporting of the genocide in Rwanda and the genocide in Srebrenica. The genocide in Rwanda is not written about to the same extent as the genocide in Srebrenica and The UN's involvement in Rwanda is not as criticized as its involvement in Srebrenica. While the articles about Srebrenica describe how it is the UN's biggest setback, the articles about Rwanda criticize and justify the UNs' actions at the same time. According to the results of the study, there is a clear difference in how the newspapers in question describe the events that took place on two different continents.