Genocide and politicide are recurrent phenomena in modern history, with forty-one cases occurring since 1955. Without a solution to this problem of genocide, this century looks set to be just as bleak as the last. This thesis is a step toward a better understanding of the preconditions and acceleratory factors that allow a civil war to develop into genocide or politicide. It identifies conditions under which governments or rival authorities choose a strategy of genocide during or following civil war. The approach this thesis adopts is that multiple conditions coming from both within and outside the country influence the likelihood that a civil war will develop into genocide. Each precondition, examined by this thesis, is interpreted in terms of its likely effects on authorities’ choices about whether to resort to mass killing in conflict situations. It applies the model to Rwanda and Sudan. This thesis proposes that states commit genocide when they cannot win at war or succeed in a position of power without the destruction of civilian populations. In order to overcome their position of weakness and extend their position of power a state or non-state power resorts to genocide/politicide. The model identifies the enduring characteristics of regimes and societies that are less time dependent, as well acceleratory factors, which have a more immediate effect on the escalation of the violent conflict/political upheaval into genocide.

The thesis is analyzing the approach of three states - France, USA and Czech republic - towards the conflict in Rwanda, which afterwards became the most horrifying genocide in modern era. Further more the thesis analyzes, how the approaches influenced the negotiations and decisions in the UN Security Council. The conclusion then evaluates the whole analysis and formulates an alternate solution to the conflict.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Montréal--Université du Québec, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 519-530. En appendice, choix de documents.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Technology: Public Management, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Corruption has increasingly become a challenging issue that undermines peacebuilding processes. Anti-corruption efforts therefore constitute one of the ways of building and sustaining positive peace. Attempts to combat corruption generally follow one of three strategies which include: developing legal and punitive frameworks, establishing investigative and preventive mechanisms and promoting ethical values-based approaches. The present study has explored corruption in Rwanda and has highlighted the necessity of developing anti-corruption education as a way of combatting corruption. The first part of the study has used focus group discussions and interviews to collect information on corruption in Rwanda while the second part consists of experimental interventions organized to test an anti-corruption education curriculum. It has been realized that Rwanda, if compared with other African countries, has made remarkable progress in terms of fighting against corruption. However, the country still has a long way to go in order to achieve its ambition of building a corruption-free nation. The educational strategies to ensure the promotion of ethical values-based approaches have been found the weakest aspect of the anti-corruptioan campaign in Rwanda. This study has emphasized the necessity of involving children in the combat against corruption. Inspired by the Ubupfura ethical values, which are embedded in Rwandan culture, the study has proposed an anti-corruption curriculum for Rwandan children under the name of Nibakurane Ubupfura. Through the experimental interventions and preliminary evaluation of the curriculum, it has been demonstrated with evidence that the proposed anti-corruption education, applying an Ubupfura model, could significantly contribute to equipping children with the skills needed to disassociate and distance themselves from corrupt practices. With reference to the short-term impact of the experimental intervention conducted in this study, it leaves no doubt that the continous use of this education curriculum will help children to develop attitudes and behaviors that resist corruption. It is argued in this study that an effective campaign against corruption should consider promoting anti-corruption education with the aim of enabling present and future generations to maintain and live out the Ubupfura ethical values. Considering the link between anti-corruption and peacebuilding efforts, as explained in this study, it is underlined that efforts continuously made to raise such generations could undoubtedly move Rwandan society toward sustainable positive peace. / D

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management Sciences: Public Management, specialising in Peacebuilding, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / Post-conflict countries have a range of needs of interventions in the reconstruction efforts. These efforts require immediate, medium and long term interventions. DDR process require the immediate restoration of security which requires demobilization in the both the regular army and armed groups. Demobilized combatants need to be economically and socially re-integrated in their local communities. Therefore governments through demobilization commissions or programmes ensure that ex-combatant is re-integrated as matter of governments’ responsibility. In the specific case of this research, former members of armed groups from DRC and former RDF soldiers all members of an Agricultural cooperative based in Jabana (Kigali City) have been participants to this research which is by nature an action research project aiming most importantly on participation outputs oriented to learning. Before this project, economic, political, social and psychological dimensions among the ex-combatants were frustrating. However, after this project, the following were discovered: Economically, the approaches that have been used allowed ex-combatants to learn basic and necessary skills of creative entrepreneurship while working in corporate setting. Socially, this research discovered that the nature of research requires working in group settings in addition to personal and collective participation toward the attainment of the project’s objectives. Working in group settings is the social cohesion that originates from sharing common goals, interests, successes and failures if any. In addition, group members became best friends among themselves and relied on each other in time of need. At psychological level, ex-combatants have gained self-confidence, self-trust, and removal of past negative clichés that they used to hold against each other. Finally, in the implementation of this research, aspects of peace-building, together with unity and reconciliation and peace-building in its broad term has been witnessed from its outset to the concluding phase of the research. Recommendations were devised; some are formulated towards ex-combatants at individual level and others for RDRP. / D

Scholarship on youth in Africa has mostly focused on unemployed young people, portraying them as a lost generation and exploring how states have failed them. Literature on young employed Africans has been conspicuously absent. This research portrays how a group of young professional Rwandans who define themselves as “diaspora” living in post-genocide Kigali, are redefining national belonging in economic terms. Many young professionals have moved from the diaspora to Rwanda because the state offers them a platform where they can find employment or start their own business: an entrepreneurial citizenship. The city of Kigali is experiencing physical and social transformation, and these young professionals are driving such change. The young people in this study see Rwanda as a place where they can belong by being cosmopolitan, and especially by becoming entrepreneurs. They feel that in Rwanda they are able to be global citizens more easily than in the Diaspora. This feeling of global citizenship is, ironically, what inspires in them a sense of national identity. This research explores the youth in the broader sense of economic activity and time and their sense of belonging in everyday life, in the capital city of Kigali.

In this thesis the author undertook a poverty and policy analysis. It is argued that it is important to understand the nature, magnitude and context of poverty before one can undertake an informed policy prescription. Existing theories of poverty, welfare regimes and social policies offer a lot of useful lessons for policy, but have limitations in offering a single model for Rwanda. The thesis demonstrated that, not only is Rwandan poverty multifaceted and deep, but it is characterized by a poverty conflict trap that can be traced back to the entire post colonial period. The author argued however that the current policy is not only inefficient in targeting poverty, but it may be unable to meet the challenges of growth, redistribution and conflict mitigation. The thesis, after further analyzing policy options, puts forward a package that is needed to reduce poverty in Rwanda in the long term and to break the poverty conflict trap. The prescribed package is put forward as a comprehensive and institutionalized social policy, which Rwanda so far does not have.

Thesis (MTech. in Internal Auditing) / This study provides an analysis of the role of internal auditing in the organizational performance of the Rwanda Revenue Authority, and aim to show th importance of internal auditing within the organization.

In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits. / To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded. / The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions. / However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.

This study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge and perceptions of Type Two Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) among people in Rwamagana District. A quantitative descriptive design and a cluster multistage sampling technique were used in this study. Out of a sample of 355 people, 301 voluntary participated in the study and completed the anonymous questionnaires. The response rate was 85%. The questions in the questionnaire were designed to collect socio-demographic information of the participants, their knowledge of diabetes and their perceptions of diabetes. Analysis of findings revealed that the level of knowledge of diabetes was inadequate and low among participants. Very few participants were able to answer properly the questions aimed to explore their knowledge of the meaning, signs/symptoms, causes, risk factors, management and prevention of diabetes. In addition many participants answered that they had no knowledge about any of the aspects of diabetes explored in our questionnaire. The perceptions were also poor and inadequate, especially perceptions of diabetes management at the community level and of diabetes prevention. The perceived risk of developing diabetes was low and many participants felt that behaviour change was of no importance in the prevention of diabetes, since the majority reported that they were not planning any behaviour change in the future. The findings suggest that there is a need for education campaigns in Rwamagana district to raise public knowledge about all aspects of diabetes. There is a need also to train the community health workers of this district to enable them to offer proper advice at the community level about diabetes prevention and management. The findings from this study could be used to assist in the planning of diabetes prevention and management programs in Rwamagana district. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, 2010.