In this thesis the author undertook a poverty and policy analysis. It is argued that it is important to understand the nature, magnitude and context of poverty before one can undertake an informed policy prescription. Existing theories of poverty, welfare regimes and social policies offer a lot of useful lessons for policy, but have limitations in offering a single model for Rwanda. The thesis demonstrated that, not only is Rwandan poverty multifaceted and deep, but it is characterized by a poverty conflict trap that can be traced back to the entire post colonial period. The author argued however that the current policy is not only inefficient in targeting poverty, but it may be unable to meet the challenges of growth, redistribution and conflict mitigation. The thesis, after further analyzing policy options, puts forward a package that is needed to reduce poverty in Rwanda in the long term and to break the poverty conflict trap. The prescribed package is put forward as a comprehensive and institutionalized social policy, which Rwanda so far does not have.

Texte remanié de: Thèse--Droit--Anvers, 1983. / Bibliogr. p. 529-553. Index.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / Tourism is regarded as the fastest growing industry in the world. Africa was identified at the World Investment Conference in Geneva (WAIPA, 2005) as one of the continents with a significant potential for developing tourism. Located in sub-Saharan Africa, Rwanda is a low income, landlocked and densely populated country in Africa. Tourism provides the best alternative for economic development to Rwanda which does not have mineral resources unlike most African countries. The development of tourism can contribute a lot to this country through reduction of the level of poverty, creation of job opportunities as well as contributing to the national income. However, the tourism industry in Rwanda is still in its early stages due to the 1994 war. Most of the parks re-opened in 1998/1999, and still concentrate on low volume of tourists. Until now Rwanda is not recognised among the known tourist destinations in Africa; it is believed to be a less developed place for tourists. This study presents barriers to tourism development in Rwanda as perceived by domestic and international tourists as well as workers in the tourism sector of Rwanda. The study was conducted in the four provinces of Rwanda and the capital city, Kigali. A quantitative design using two cross-sectional questionnaires was utilised to establish the opinions of the participants. A sample of 426 participants, including 68 international tourists, 182 domestic tourists as well as 176 workers in the tourism sector was selected to participate in the study.

This study investigated the capacity building for developmental local government with reference to the Kicukiro District of Rwanda. Its aim was to examine the contribution of capacity-building interventions towards a developmental local government and at the same time investigate factors that hinder their implementation in Kicukiro district. The study provides an extensive historical background on local government in Rwa-nda with a particular focus on its policy, legal and institutional framework, whereby the developmental local government environment has been analysed. Furthermore, this study explores the theoretical framework of capacity building in general, and in this regard particular emphasis was given to capacity building in relation to developmental local government. The study also argued that without appropriate capacity it would be difficult for the district to fulfil its developmental mandate. This research followed both qualitative and quantitative approaches of study. It involved a survey in which a structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used as data gathering instruments. Through data analysis, findings of the study have shed light on the fact that capacity building constitutes an indispensable mechanism for local government to achieve its developmental mandate, despite challenges associated with the process of capacity building. The study found that the Kicukiro district has made a significant progress towards the implementation of capacity-building interventions despite the fact that these interventions are still fragmented, uncoordinated and still supply-driven. Furthermore, the study revealed that the capacities already built generated considerable impetus that contributed to socio-economic development within the Kicukiro district. The study also found that despite the progress made in both capacity building and development in Kicukiro district, there are capacity gaps and factors which are undermining further progress in this regard. Therefore, the study recommends, among others, an effective co-ordination of capacity-building interventions in order to avoid duplication and fragmentation of capacity-building efforts.

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OBJECTIF : Les systèmes de surveillance de la tuberculose montrent que chez les adultes, cette maladie est beaucoup plus fréquente chez les hommes que chez les femmes mais on ne sait pas si ceci est un bon reflet de l'épidémiologie. Si ces résultats sont dus à une meilleure détection chez les hommes, on devrait observer des différences dans la sévérité selon les sexes. Notre étude compare la sévérité de cas de tuberculose-maladie chez les femmes et chez les hommes adultes du Rwanda. MÉTHODOLOGIE : Nous avons analysé la cohorte de patients tuberculeux de 15 ans et plus diagnostiqués en 2006 dans le district de Huye et la capitale Kigali. Une TB était considérée comme sévère si elle menait au décès ou si c'était une forme extrapulmonaire ou disséminée. L'association entre sévérité et genre a été évaluée par régression logistique en ajustant pour les principaux facteurs de risque (âge, VIH et type de TB). Les probabilités de survie des deux sexes à 6 mois ont été calculées par la méthode de Kaplan-Meier et le test de Wilcoxon. Les rapports de taux d'incidences de mortalité (RT) entre les deux sexes ont été estimés par le modèle de Cox. RÉSULTATS : 1673 personnes ont été inclues dans notre étude dont 40% étaient des femmes et 60% des hommes. Le risque de sévérité est comparable entre les deux genres [RC=1,04; IC 95% :0,74-l, 48 pour le décès et 0,96; IC 95% :0,68-l, 35 pour tout critère de sévérité]. Par rapport aux hommes, les femmes étaient plus souvent âgées de <35 ans [65% vs 54%; p<0,001], plus souvent porteuses du VIH [59% vs 42%; p<0,001)] et atteintes d'une TB extrapulmonaire [32% vs 25%; p<0,001)]. Les probabilités de survie des femmes sont comparables à celles des hommes (x² Wilcoxon=0,02; p=0,90 pour les VIH+; x² Wilcoxon=2,32; p=0,13 pour les VIH-). Les taux de mortalité sont également comparables entre les deux genres [RT=0,96; IC 95% :0,70-l, 31] mais pour les deux genres, la létalité est plus élevée durant les deux premiers mois du traitement. CONCLUSION : même si la maladie déclarée est plus fréquente chez les hommes que chez les femmes, la sévérité est comparable entre les deux genres. Ceci suggère que la différence est d'ordre épidémiologique dans la transmission de la maladie, mais les éléments contextuels locaux (tel que l'infection VIH plus prévalente chez les femmes) laissent penser aussi que les modèles de détection de cas de tuberculose sont peut-être moins sensibles pour les femmes que pour les hommes.

The 'never again' slogan to genocide, expressed by the United Nations Organization in 1948, after the Armenian and Jewish genocides has not been a barrier to other genocides whose Holocausts are a product. In 1994 in Rwanda, genocide occurred and the Kigali Memorial Center of Genocide is one of the Memorials (Holocaust) which stands as a reminder of the horror, in order to inform the community to keep watching. This raised the curiosity of the researcher, to analyze how these new symbols can contribute to restore and revitalize social and cultural values in the context of Rwanda. The inside of the house offers on opportunity to visit the displayed history in which the genocide is rooted, including the period of genocide through survivors' experiences represented in short movies and by the material used in the killings. There is a room reserved for displays of the others' genocides in the world. Outside the house, mass graves surrounded by a garden, announce the burial place and a documentary place. The first chapter is the general introduction of the study and outlines the framework of the study. The second chapter offers the syntheses of the literature review that it presents the social and political context in which the genocide took root. The third chapter offers the theoretical framework which deals with the nature of culture and its influence in the understanding of the Kigali Memorial Center of Genocide. The fourth chapter focuses on the fieldwork methodology. This study makes use of the qualitative approach. The primary data was collected through in-depth interviews of twenty one individuals and discussions with four focus groups with ten respondents in each group. Respondents were randomly chosen. The secondary data was used to complete the primary data. The fifth chapter is the presentation of the research findings. The findings reveal that after completing the construction of the Kigali Memorial Center of Genocide in 2004, spontaneous and organized visits to the Kigali Memorial Center of Genocide have taken place. This 'window' of what happened, inspires visitors and communities that there is a need to understand the past which can help in building a hopeful future together, for sustainable peace. The sixth chapter is the conclusion of the study which makes with recommendations and suggests further research. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Abstract available in the print copy. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

A Thesis submitted to the Wits School of Education, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2016 / This research investigates the citizenship and values education notions at work in the Itorero training scheme for high school leavers (HSLs) in post-genocide Rwanda. It establishes the attitudes of HSLs and trainers towards this scheme. The thesis contributes to the existing literature on citizenship and values education in post-genocide countries, on the use of indigenous programs of citizenship education, and on the contextual framework of citizenship and values education. The methodology guiding this thesis is a mixed-method design; it is both quantitative and qualitative. In terms of conceptual framework, citizenship and values education models are applied to the analysis of the scheme in order to establish a model deemed preferable to competing models. In relation to citizenship education, the thesis engages with the civic republican, liberal, communitarian, cosmopolitan and radical democratic notions, with the main aim of determining the extent to which these notions inspire the Itorero training scheme. With regard to values education, the study engages with character education, care ethics, cognitive moral development approach and values clarification, and attempts to establish the extent to which these values education notions inform the Itorero training for HSLs. The thesis reveals that the Itorero training is committed robustly to the civic republican and communitarian notions of citizenship. While there is nothing inherently wrong with the civic virtues emphasized by these concepts (e.g. self-sacrifice, courage, patriotism, connectedness, and common good concern), I argue that the civic republican/communitarian paradigm, as practiced in post-genocide Rwanda, runs the risk of reducing „good citizenship‟ to blind patriotism, unqualified loyalty and uncritical obedience to the ruling party. It is suggested that the civic republican and communitarian notions be replaced by the „critical-democratic-cosmopolitan‟ notion of citizenship. Concerning values education, the thesis shows that the Itorero training relies heavily on character education. Though this approach allows HSLs to be conversant with values and taboos of the Rwandan culture, I argue that the overreliance on character education raises serious concerns. This is the case, particularly because some studies (e.g. Arthur, 2008; Boyd, 2010; Kohn, 1997; Liu, 2014) have found character education deficient mainly in two ways: first, it is perceived as „indoctrination‟; second, it is not deemed sustainable. It is not clear from the present study how the Itorero training scheme addresses these limitations pertaining to character education. Therefore, there are strong reasons to believe that the Itorero training for HSLs runs the risk of simply being a „bag of virtues approach‟ or a „fix-the-kid approach‟. The thesis recommends engaging with other approaches such as care ethics, cognitive-developmental approach and values clarification. It is also suggested that the distinction between citizenship and character education should be maintained, or rather reintroduced. In short, the thesis suggests a new model for citizenship and values education in post-genocide Rwanda. The thesis demonstrates that, according to HSLs, the quality of trainers, the content, and the training environement constitute best predictors of the success of the Itorero training scheme for HSLs. The thesis indicates, however, that HSLs seem displeased with the quality of trainers, chiefly because of the presence of sexual abuse and harsh forms of corporal punishment on some training sites. Hence, the thesis shows that it is important to recruit experienced, mature and morally blameless trainers. The findings of this study show that, according to trainers, HSLs‟ motivation and prerequisites constitute best predictors of the success of the Itorero training scheme. Yet the thesis demonstrates that there are serious problems affecting both the motivation and prerequisites of HSLs. The motivation is negatively affected by the lack of enforcement mechanisms to make the attendance to Itorero training compulsory. In reference to prerequisites, the study notes that while HSLs have the requisite epistemological tools to grasp Itorero teaching, their parents indoctrinate them with ethnocentric and xenophobic ideas, which affects the assimilation process of the Itorero teaching, particularly with regard to the unity of Rwandans. In order to increase the motivation of HSLs, the study recommends that the certificate issued at the end of Itorero training be part of required documents for HSLs to enroll either in public or private institutions of higher learning in Rwanda. As to HSLs‟ prerequisites, the present study suggests that organizing and reinforcing Itorero for parents at the village level [Umudugudu] be considered as a matter of immediate urgency. / MT2017

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