Rwanda is constrained by an export structure that is heavily dependent on one or a few agricultural export products such as coffee, tea , pyrethrum and cinchona. The country did not manage to industrialize or to diversify its export structure significantly during the post-independence period. The situation was worsened by the civil war of 1994, which almost destroyed all sectors of the economy. Traditional export crops, such as coffee, cotton, tea, cocoa, palm oil, and tobacco are all subject to large price fluctuations and declining world market prices. This paper considered the case for diversification into non-traditional agricultural exports as a strategy for improving a developing country's terms of trade. The study put forward a case of Higland Flowers Project / a flowers project located in rural Kigali about 5 kilometers to the Kigali International airport.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Technology: Public Management (Peacebuilding), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / One of the major issues following the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was what to do with the huge number of people (around 100 000) accused of crimes during the genocide. Western legal approaches dealt with a handful of such cases at huge expense but the vast majority of the accused languished in prison. The government decided to employ a modified version of Gacaca - the traditional way of dealing with disputes and lower level crimes at community level. Using a qualitative research methodology and employing focus groups and individual interviews as data collection tools, this research investigate perceptions about the operation of Gacaca in three Rwandan communities, with particular reference to truth, justice, forgiveness and reconciliation. The research suggests that in the three communities, Gacaca was seen as bringing the truth out into the open and to provide a measure of justice, although limitations were noted in both of these respects. Given the enormity of the genocide crimes, however, there seemed to be little progress in the areas of forgiveness and reconciliation. / M

Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, School of Education, 2011

This research was conducted in the particular context of the 2009 new language in education policy in Rwanda. The problem examined within this context, concerns the attitudes and motivation of teachers and students from different language backgrounds (both Anglophone and Francophone) as they have experienced the shift from French and/or English as MoI to the sole use of English as medium of instruction (MoI) in education, all the way from the Primary School stage up to and including tertiary institutes. In this unique context where English was being used as MoI whilst simultaneously learning the language, the aim of this study was to investigate an often overlooked psychological aspect of the language policy shift literature, viz., Teachers’ and Students’ Attitudes and Motivation toward learning English; and toward using it for teaching and learning. Through the lens of Gardner’s (1985) second language (L2) motivation construct as a theoretical framework; this study used quantitative and qualitative methods of enquiry in the context of Mixed Methods approach, to ascertain implementers’ reaction amid challenges of policy change. The study established that, in a quasi monolingual society with Kinyarwanda as the national language, Teacher Training College (TTC) teachers and students form a diverse community of language users; that they converge on knowledge and use of English despite this diversity; that they hold positive attitudes toward learning the language and using it as MoI; and that the main reason for these positive attitudes is that the use of English as MoI offers an opportunity to learn the language. This study thus recommends that all stakeholders in the education enterprise in Rwanda be sensitized on the necessity to distinguish between the tasks of learning English and using it for teaching and learning.

This thesis explores the question of what factors shaped Rwandan ethnicity in the late 1950s and early 1960s; in particular, how and why was ethnicity transformed into ‘political tribalism’ in decolonising Rwanda? The Rwandan genocide in 1994 and the subsequent post-genocide peace-building have drawn our attention to the problems of ethnicity and nationalism. While ethnicity and nationalism in Africa have been a matter of debate amongst the primordialist, instrumentalist and constructivist schools, it has become more or less accepted knowledge that ethnicity in Africa was constructed by dynamic interactions between Europeans and Africans in particular colonial contexts. This constructivist approach may have advanced our understanding of ethnicity in pre-colonial and colonial Rwanda, but our perception of Rwandan ethnicity in the 1950s and 1960s has not benefited from this academic trend. Instead, the literature on this issue, most of which was written several decades ago, tends to take a primordialist approach towards the Rwandan Revolution and the ethnic conflict that emerged at the end of colonial period. By theoretically adhering to a constructivist approach, and relying on John Lonsdale’s ‘political tribalism’ model in particular, the thesis argues that to take a nuanced hybrid-constructivist approach is essential, because primordial ethnic conflict was not the cause of the Revolution and other historical events, but the other way round. Ethnicity in Rwanda was not simply invented by the Europeans during the colonial period, nor was it so primordial that the conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu was inevitable; in fact, several conflicts (and not always along ethnic boundaries) existed, and even some alternatives were suggested for ethnic cooperation. Ethnicity went through a dynamic transformation into ‘political tribalism’ through interactions between Rwandans and non-Rwandans, as well as through relationships amongst different groups of Rwandans. Various domestic factors – including intra-Tutsi leadership rivalry, the alliance among the political parties and the inter-ethnic power struggle – affected the process of the Revolution, and politicised ethnicity. External factors, such as factions within the Belgian administrations as well as the heated debates in the Cold War-era United Nations, also provided opportunities for Rwandan ethnicity to become politicised. Contingency, the mass movement of people, violence and the processes of revolution and decolonisation had a synergistic impact on the spread of ‘political tribalism’ over Rwanda. Primordial perceptions on ethnicity, as well as interpretations of the past, and visions for the future held by each actor, were factors that shaped ethnicity and forced the ethnic split into the foreground. In this sense, Rwandan ethnicity cannot simply be understood through the dichotomised debate of primordialists and constructivists. Rather, it was a more dynamic process of ethnic transformation with unaccomplished alternatives and inter/intra-group relationships, strongly bound by the historical and political contexts of the time. ‘Political tribalism’ and interpretations of the past have influenced and, even today, continue to influence post-colonial Rwandan politics.

Texte remanié de: Proefschrift--Leuven--Katholieke Universiteit, 2003.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tennessee Technological University, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Feb. 3, 2010). Bibliography: leaves 153-157.

After the genocide of 1994, Rwanda was left in a state of chaos. With reconciliation as a national priority, Christian faith-based organizations have risen to the challenge of providing religious reconciliation training. Prison Fellowship Rwanda and Youth With A Mission Rwanda are two local organizations that have been active in Kigali since 1994 and will form the basis of this case study. Bryant Myers’ (1999, 2011) Transformational Development framework will be explored and considered as a possible theoretical framework from which to investigate Christian study populations.

AIM: The purpose of the study was to explore the reasons that influence Rwandan nurses to change employment status. METHODOLOGY: The study used quantitative, exploratory, and descriptive design. A convenient sample size of eighty-eight (88) nurses, purposively selected using snowballing method, participated in the study from CAMERWA and RAMA organizations. Data was collected by use of a self -administered questionnaire, which had closed and open ended questions. Data were analyzed by SPSS 13.0 for Windows. FINDINGS: Low salary payments (53.8%),lack of policies and procedures( 42.5%), poor staffing in health care facilities (54.8%)and some respondents said they never choose to be nurses (31 %), and therefore they did not want to remain in nursing(23 .9%.) Reasons included lack of autonomy (65.9%), lack of promotion criteria (52.3%) Lack of career advancement and training were among the major reasons for change of employment status. Nurses however recommended that if the salary is increased, and opportunities for training and further education are improved then retention can be improved, CONCLUSION: Intrinsic and extrinsic factors were both identified as factors that influenced the nurses to change employment status, it is the government and the relevant healthcare facilities to pay attention to what motivates nurses, since they are the major role players in the health sector. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2006.

It has been reported for over the last decade that the quality of nursing care provided towards patients has decreased tremendously. The literature shows the impact of poor quality nursing to patients and assumes the influence of nurses’ perceptions of quality nursing care on its delivery. However, studies about such perceptions are still few in Rwanda. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of quality nursing care among nurses working in two district hospitals in Rwanda. Methodology: A non-experimental exploratory descriptive design which was quantitative in nature was used. A self-report questionnaire comprised items related to socio-demographic characteristics of participants, perceptions of quality nursing care, nurses’ role in continuous quality improvement and factors affecting the delivery of quality nursing care. The sample was obtained through a purposive non-probability sampling of the nurses (n=150) who were available during data collection from 16 to 28 October 2011, with a return rate of 110 (73%) of completed questionnaires. Results: The findings from demographic data indicated that many of nurses were young, with 48.2% falling into the 20 to 30 year old bracket and the majority of the participants (83.3%) were enrolled nurses. Many of the participants were new to the nursing profession, with 47.2% falling into the 6 months-5 years working experience bracket. This study suggests that nurses had an appropriate perception of quality nursing care, as evidenced by the mean score of 4.183 (SD: .5741), related to nurses’ understanding of quality nursing care with mean score of 4.137 (SD: .5763) for the perceptions of the delivery of quality nursing care. The role played by nurses in continuous quality improvement was evident, but it was constrained by the factors related their nursing practice environment, including: shortage of nurses, lack of time, heavier workloads, and few opportunities for advancement. Conclusion: In summary, this study provided insights into nurses’ perceptions of quality nursing care, and their current ongoing endeavours to provide quality improvement in spite of challenges in their workforce environment. This study has described the challenges which interfere with the delivery of quality nursing care that need to be addressed so that patients may benefit from evidence-based care. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.