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This thesis presents an experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study on a rectangular S-bend with straight and diffusing passages with passive effusion cooling. Experimental tests were performed at both cold and hot flow conditions over a range of Reynolds numbers from 2.5e5 to 4.5e5. Hot flow testing was conducted with the primary flow temperature up to 300 °C. Severe backpressure penalties occurred with full-surface passive effusion injection in cold flow tests. Moderate penalties occurred with reduced surface coverage whereby the performance was affected by the S-bend secondary fields with injection at different locations. High surface cooling effectiveness with full-coverage of cooling film was measured; the impacts from the S-bend secondary flow fields were measured to be minimal. The CFD study revealed the importance of using experimental flow boundary conditions for simulations. Using the standard k-ε model with wall functions was confirmed as appropriate for simulating the S-bend flow with effusion cooling. A coarse-grid CFD methodology using a porous wall boundary condition to simulate the effects of effusion cooling was investigated. From a design perspective, this model is preferable for quantifying the injection flow rate since the actual mass flow rate is not known. Comparison to the alternative solution using uniform mass flow boundary conditions showed that both models incorrectly predicted the momentum. The porous wall model, however, is promising for practical design applications of S-duct flow fields with effusion injections. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-12-23 14:20:32.38

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The growth of population, the higher standard of living and all other changes associated with economic growth have been generating pressure on urban land, and consequently on urban land development policies. Under the continuous pressure of urbanization and urban growth, land policies have displayed several weaknesses. As a result urban growth has not been directed in a manner consistant with development goals, as been able to respond to social and cultural needs. The aim of this dissertation is to explain existing land policies, identify the problems of urban land development, the weaknesses of land policies and attempt to find appropriate solutions. This thesis comprises ten chapters. The introductory chapter presents the thesis. The second chapter looks into the phenomenon of urbanization and its impact on urban land. The third chapter defines land policies whilst the fourth discusses and presents the cultural and environmental criteria by which land development and land policies will be evaluated. Chapter five and six examining physical planning policies in Saudi Arabia. Chapter seven evaluate land development and deffine existing urban land problems,it contains three case studies for the purpose of evaluation. Evaluation of land policies against the generated problems of land development are discussed in chapter eight. The ninth chapter presents the thesis recommendations and the final chapter concludes the work and presents some final remarks. In brief, the study concludes that existing land policies are Inadequate to meet the pressure of market forces and to facilitate land improvement. Nevertheless, existing policies have failed to produce an urban pattern compatable with cultural and environmental conditions. These weaknesses include: The failure to provide land for development and urbanisation; The inadequacy of land use controls; Deficient administrative system for development control. In order to overcome the above existing policies weaknesses, the thesis recommended several changes: - To the administration system at the local and regional levels; - To legal and administrative procedure of development controls; and - To the system for providing land for development and urbanization.

In the last decades, evaluation has become an essential tool for policymakers, because it provides unbiased estimates of a policy effect. The purpose of an evaluation is to explore the causal relationship between the implementation of a policy and its effects – the “impact”. In the programming period 2007-2013, the European Commission – and the member States of the EU – have focused their attention on the development of innovation policies within Regional Innovation Systems: for this reason, the innovation policies have been particularly involved in evaluation processes. Six Italian regions have created the Poli di innovazione (Innovation poles), networks of universities, services centres, incubators, public and private laboratories, and enterprises, whose goals are to foster the creation of networks and to stimulate firms’ economic performance through the support in R&D activities. Due to the novelty of the policy, this research is a first attempt to evaluate the Poles, using the Tuscan context as case study. Tuscany Region have supported the creation of twelve poles, facilitating the access to a call for tender for the purchase of R&D qualified services. Using matching and difference-in-differences methods, it has been estimated the Average Treatment on the Treated – in terms of Total Factor Productivity and Labor Productivity – for three possible cases: subsidized SME, SME members of the Poles, subsidized SME members of the Poles. In addition, it has been implemented a model that include network centrality measures to assess the effect of the Poles on the performance of the firms. It emerges that the subsidized firms which belong to the poles experience on average a productivity gain towards the end of the period of subsidization, and the centrality of their pole have a positive effect, which is particularly relevant for the top enterprises – in terms of productivity.

This thesis will concern itself with the development of the religious thought of Eliot as it is expressed in his poetry and plays.

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Le français est la troisième langue enseignée au Yémen après l'arabe et l'anglais. Cette vitalité du français nécessite la création de supports didactiques, afin d'aider à son apprentissage. L'objet de la thèse est de mettre en évidence les zones du français, qui sont sources de difficultés pour les étudiants tant sur le plan de la morphologie que sur celui de la syntaxe, de les classer et de les décrire. L'étude des erreurs s'appuiera sur deux corpus de travaux écrits effectués, l'un par trente étudiants de quatrième année de licence du département de français de l'université de Dhamar, l'autre par quinze enseignants de lycée diplômés du même département. Cette étude a pour finalité d'initier une réflexion, au sein des départements de français des universités yéménites, sur les stratégies et les objectifs de l'enseignement du français en tant que langue, dans un milieu plurilingue non francophone. Elle vise également à offrir des ressources didactiques en matière d'étude de la langue aux enseignants, en tentant de mettant en évidence des priorités. / French is the third language taught in Yemen after Arabic and English. This vitality of French requires the creation of didactic supports, in order to help in its learning. The purpose of the thesis is to highlight the areas of French, which are sources of difficulty for students, in terms of morphology and syntax, to classify and to describe them. The study of errors is based on two corpus of written work, one which has been done by thirty students in the fourth year of the license of the French Department of Thamar University, the other one by fifteen high school teachers, graduated in the same department. This study aims to introduce a reflection, in the French departments of the Yemenite universities, about strategies and objectives of the teaching of French as a language, in a non-French-speaking multilingual environment. It also aims to provide didactic resources for the study of the language to the teachers, trying to highlighting the priorities.