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A matriz S em teoria quântica de campos em espaços curvos / The S-Matrix for Quantum Field Theory in Curved Space-timesFelipe Augusto Villaverde-Custódio 13 April 2012 (has links)
O objeto de estudo desta dissertação é o efeito de criação de partículas pela curvatura sob o escopo de uma teoria de espalhamento, discutindo quando que a interpretação a partir de uma matriz S é tangível e obtendo sua expressão nesses casos. O capítulo de introdução aborda superficialmente conceitos de relatividade geral e de teoria quântica de campos em espaços planos e curvos, necessários para a construção da matriz S. O conteúdo deste capítulo segue as apresentações feitas por Wald, Parker e Birrell em geral, tendo como guia as obras de Bar, Wald e Hawking no que se trata especificamente de relatividade geral, e de Penrose e Rindler no que se trata da estrutura espinorial. A construção da matriz S se dá no capítulo 2, tendo como guia o trabalho de Wald. O capítulo 3 apresenta exemplos que permitem a contextualização da criação de partículas em casos específicos de espaços-tempos em expansão. Este estudo nos permite verificar que as condições que precisam ser satisfeitas em um espaço-tempo globalmente hiperbólico e assintoticamente estacionário para que a formulação da matriz S possa ser feita são que as teorias no passado e futuro distantes devem ser unitariamente equivalentes, que a relação entre as regiões se dá através de transformações de Bogolyubov dadas por operadores limitados definidos em toda a parte e que tais operadores satisfaçam a condição de Hilbert-Schmidt. Nestes casos obtemos uma expressão para a matriz $S$ que descreve a criação de partículas pela curvatura do espaço-tempo para o campo de Klein-Gordon e de Dirac, além de outras relações úteis, como número médio de partículas criadas e probabilidade de se encontrar partículas em determinado modo, o que permite uma analogia com a radiação de corpo negro, passo fundamental para se entender fenômenos de grande interesse na física, como a radiação de Hawking e a criação de partículas no período inflacionário. / This master\'s thesis deals with the effect of particle creation by the curvature of space-time according to the point of view of scattering theory, discussing when such interpretation is possible by means of an S-matrix and obtaining its expression in those cases. The first chapter treats, superficially, some concepts of general relativity and quantum field theory in plane and curved space-times that are imperative to understand the construction of the S-matrix. The subject of this chapter is covered in the work of Wald, Parker, and Birrell, and follows closely the work of Bar, Wald and Hawking, when treats concepts specifically from general relativity, and from Penrose and Rindler, when talking about the spinor structure of space-time. The construction of the S-matrix is made in the second chapter, along the lines of the work of Wald. The third chapter presents some examples that bring some light on the creation of particles in specific cases of expanding space-times. This study let us verify that an S-matrix formulation is tenable, on globally hyperbolic asymptotic stationary curved space-times, if both quantum theories in the distant past and distant future are unitary equivalent, the relation of both regions is made by Bogolyubov transformations by means of everywhere defined bounded operators and that those operators satisfy the Hilbert-Schmidt condition. In those cases we derive the expression of the S-matrix for the Klein-Gordon and Dirac fields. Also we obtain the number of particles created and the probability of find particles in a particular mode, with let one make an analogy with the black body radiation, which is a fundamental step in the direction of understanding interesting phenomena in quantum field theory in curved space-times, like the Hawking radiation and particle creation in the early universe.
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S-matice a homologické perturbační lemma / S-matrix and homological perturbation lemmaPulmann, Ján January 2016 (has links)
Loop homotopy Lie algebras, which appear in closed string field theory, are a generalization of homotopy Lie algebras. For a loop homotopy Lie algebra, we transfer its structure on its homology and prove that the transferred structure is again a loop homotopy algebra. Moreover, we show that the homological perturbation lemma can be regarded as a path integral, integrating out the degrees of freedom which are not in the homology. The transferred action then can be interpreted as an effective action in the Batalin-Vilkovisky formalism. A review of necessary results from Batalin- Vilkovisky formalism and homotopy algebras is included as well. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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On the Construction of Quantum Field Theories with Factorizing S-Matrices / Über die Konstruktion von quantenfeldtheoretischen Modellen mit faktorisierenden S-MatrizenLechner, Gandalf 24 May 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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IMPACTOS AMBIENTAIS NA MICROBACIA DO RIO VACACAÍ-MIRIM EM SANTA MARIA RS.Gracioli, Cibele Rosa 07 July 2005 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The renewable natural resources sustain the balance between the man and the nature. The destruction of one of those resources represents the unbalance and the man's future destruction. Such resources accomplish a social function to the man's service and of the society. Starting from the moment that the man began to use the renewable natural resources in their multiple forms, the environmental impact was felt by the environment. The breaking in the normal patterns of the natural resources is what one can call environmental impact. Then, the environmental impact is the alteration in the middle or in some of their components for certain action or activity. Those alterations need to be quantified, therefore they present relative variations, could be positive or negative, big or small. The objective of studying the environmental impacts is, mainly, evaluating the consequences of some actions, so that it can have the prevention of the ambient certain quality that can suffer the execution of certain projects or actions, or soon after the implementation of the same ones. This evaluation had been consisted in two stages: the first one, with the analysis of the variables environmental factors and actions proposed by Leopold-Rocha's matrix (2002), and the second one, for the grouping analysis for the WARD method, with the statistical package SAS SYSTEM 8.2. THE degree of medium real deterioration obtained by Leopold-Rocha's matrix had been 29%, showing that the referred place is quite deteriorated, once the acceptable environment deterioration tax is 10%. In the grouping analysis for the WARD method it had been possible the separation of the proposed actions in two different groups (A and B). The A group is constituted by: regime modification; land transformation and constructions; and other, with magnitude (11,63%) and importance (17,64%) average, being the actions group that cause more impact in the micro-basin. It was also possible the separation of groups of environmental factors in three different groups (A, B and C). The C factors group (cultural factors: aesthetic and of human interest) it had been presented the highest average in relation to the magnitude (9,91%) and to the importance (13,86%), denoting to be the environmental factors group that more suffered by the human action. In that aspect, the objective of this work had been consisted of evaluating the micro-basin deterioration degree of Vacacaí-Mirim river, that is in the DNOS dam shore (National Department of Works and Sanity) in Santa Maria, RS, and to recommend reliever and compensatory measures for the recovery of the environment of the place. / Os recursos naturais renováveis sustentam o equilíbrio entre o homem e a natureza. A destruição de um desses recursos representa o desequilíbrio e a futura destruição do homem. Tais recursos cumprem uma função social a serviço do homem e da sociedade. A partir do momento que o homem começou a usar os recursos naturais renováveis em suas múltiplas formas, o impacto ambiental foi sentido pela ambiência. O rompimento nos padrões normais dos recursos naturais é o que se pode chamar de impacto ambiental. Então, o impacto ambiental é a alteração no meio ou em algum de seus componentes por determinada ação ou atividade. Essas alterações precisam ser quantificadas, pois apresentam variações relativas, podendo ser positivas ou negativas, grandes ou pequenas. O objetivo de se estudar os impactos ambientais é, principalmente, o de avaliar as conseqüências de algumas ações, para que possa haver a prevenção da qualidade de determinado ambiente que poderá sofrer a execução de certos projetos ou ações, ou logo após a implementação dos mesmos. Esta avaliação consistiu de duas etapas: a primeira, com a análise das variáveis fatores ambientais e ações propostas pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha (2002), e a segunda, pela análise de agrupamento pelo método WARD, com o pacote estatístico SAS SYSTEM 8.2. O grau de deterioração real médio obtido pela matriz de Leopold-Rocha foi de 29%, mostrando que o ambiente encontra-se bastante deteriorado, uma vez que a taxa aceitável de deterioração na ambiência é de 10%. Na análise de agrupamento pelo método WARD foi possível a separação das ações propostas em dois grupos distintos (A e B). Constituem o grupo A: modificação do regime; transformação do território e construções; e outros, com média de magnitude (11,63%) e importância (17,64%), sendo o grupo de ações mais impactante na microbacia. Também foi possível a separação de grupos de fatores ambientais em três grupos distintos (A, B e C). O grupo C de fatores (fatores culturais: estéticos e de interesse humano) foi o que apresentou a média mais alta em relação à magnitude (9,91%) e a importância (13,86%), denotando ser o grupo de fatores ambientais mais impactados pela ação antrópica. Nesse aspecto, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em avaliar o grau de deterioração da microbacia hidrográfica do rio Vacacaí-Mirim que se encontra a montante da barragem do DNOS (Departamento Nacional de Obras e Sanidade) em Santa Maria, RS, e recomendar medidas mitigadoras e compensatórias para a recuperação da ambiência da mesma.
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Mise en œuvre de formalismes pour la modélisation de grands réseaux périodiques d'antennes / Implementation of formalisms for the modeling of large periodic antenna arraysMaati, Amel 24 January 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse se place dans le contexte général de la modélisation de réseaux d’antennes de grande taille, avec pour objectif d’atteindre un niveau de précision suffisamment élevé pour permettre une optimisation complète des performances et en particulier une amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique. Partant du constat que l’optimisation électromagnétique de grands réseaux représente un verrou si les couplages doivent être modélisés efficacement, cette thèse propose la mise en œuvre d’une méthode permettant la modélisation fine de grands réseaux d'antennes tout en réduisant les temps de calcul et en conservant un haut degré de précision. L'objectif est de montrer qu'une approche dérivée des formalismes périodiques infinis connus de la littérature permet d'obtenir une matrice [S] complète d'un réseau depuis l'étude d'une cellule unitaire. Après avoir présenté un état de l'art sur les réseaux d'antennes et leurs méthodes d'analyse, l'approche de modélisation proposée est détaillée. Des véhicules de test numériques et expérimentaux, permettant de valider cette méthode de modélisation, sont ensuite réalisés. L'approche est enfin utilisée avec succès pour deux types d'application. / This thesis is organized in the general context of modeling a large antenna arrays with the aim of achieving a high level of precision. This modeling allows a complete optimization of the performances and an enhancement of the energy efficiency. Given that the electromagnetic optimization of large arrays still represents a challenge if the mutual coupling is not efficiently modeled. This work offers the implementation of a method allowing the precise modeling of large antenna arrays while reducing the computation time and maintaining a high degree of precision. The aim is to demonstrate that the derived approach from the infinite periodic formalisms makes it possible to obtain a full [S] matrix of an array based on the study of a unit cell. After presenting a state of the art of antenna arrays and their methods of analysis, the proposed modeling approach is explained. Numerical and Experimental demonstrators are then made for the validation. Finally, this method is successfully used for two types of applications.
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Optimalizace projektového plánování vývojových projektů s ohledem na propojení se současně používanými plánovacími a sledovacími nástroji / OPTIMALIZACE PROJEKTOVÉHO PLÁNOVÁNÍ VÝVOJOVÝCH PROJEKTŮ S OHLEDEM NA PROPOJENÍ SE SOUČASNĚ POUŽÍVANÝMI PLÁNOVACÍMI A SLEDOVACÍMI NÁSTROJIŠaršon, Vít January 2008 (has links)
This thesis is focused on project planning and management optimalization in the department of technical evaluation FEM (TKF/1), Škoda Auto, a. s. Its theoretical part specifies the framework of project management, including the methodology of project leadership and software instruments. Afterwards it mentions various types of organisational structure, stressing the matrix structure. The practical part starts with the description of the company, of its organisational structure and of activities explaining processes in TKF/1. Then follows an analyse of the current situation in the project leadership of the observed department, that is summarised in a well-arranged SWOT. Based on these outlines, a new organisational structure is proposed, as well as a new process of the development projects' planning. The thesis contains a proposal of setting of sources out from the corporate fund of sources that facilitates an effective capacity planning of whole department, and it also contains a template of development activity in MS Project.
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