No description available.

Bacteria have small, streamlined genomes and evolve rapidly. Their large population sizes allow selection to be the main driver of evolution. With advances in sequencing technologies and precise methods for genetic engineering, many bacteria are excellent models for studying elementary questions in evolutionary biology. The work in this thesis has broadly been devoted to adaptive evolution and fitness effects of different types of mutations. In Paper I we experimentally tested the fitness constrains of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which could be used to predict how the fixation of HGT events are affected by selection and fitness effects. We found that the majority of the examined HGT inserts were indistinguishable from neutral, implying that extra DNA transferred by HGT, even though it does not confer an immediate selective advantage, could be maintained at transfer-selection balance and serve as a reservoir for the evolution of novel beneficial functions. Paper II examined why four synonymous mutations in rpsT (encoding ribosomal protein S20) reduced fitness, and how this cost could be genetically compensated. We found that the cause for the fitness reduction was low S20 levels and that this lead to a defective subpopulation of 30S subunits lacking S20. In an adaptive evolution experiment, these impairments were compensated by up-regulation of S20 though various types of mutations. In Paper III we continued the studies of how the deleterious rpsT mutations could be compensated. The mutations either down-regulated the global regulator Fis or altered a subunit of the RNA polymerase (rpoA). We found that the decreased S20 levels in the cells causes an assembly defect of the 30S particles and that the fis and rpoA mutations restored the skewed S20:ribosome ratio by both increasing S20 levels and decreasing other ribosomal components. Paper IV examined adaptation of two bacterial species to different growth media. A total of 142 different adaptive mutations were identified and 112 mutants were characterized in terms of fitness. We found that the experimental variation in fitness measurements could be reduced 10-fold by introducing some adaptive mutations prior to the experiment, allowing measurements of fitness differences as small as 0.04%.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:30:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCL.pdf: 2267994 bytes, checksum: bc3af3b504a70de9ca0ca28a2f79beaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:30:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCL.pdf: 2267994 bytes, checksum: bc3af3b504a70de9ca0ca28a2f79beaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-10T13:30:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCL.pdf: 2267994 bytes, checksum: bc3af3b504a70de9ca0ca28a2f79beaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-10T13:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTCL.pdf: 2267994 bytes, checksum: bc3af3b504a70de9ca0ca28a2f79beaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-05 / Não recebi financiamento / The main objective of this study was to highlight and analyze the factors present in the work environment that influence the satisfaction of the technical-administrative employees of the Federal University of São Carlos, who work in Academic Departments. The theoretical framework adopted was Locke's Theory of Work Satisfaction, along with the interaction of other psychosocial aspects related to work, such as Motivation; Sense, Health and Ability to Work; Personal Identity; Organizational Identity; And the question of Leadership. Through the application of questionnaires, among them, the Satisfaction Questionnaire at Work S20 / 23 - adapted to the Brazilian reality, a descriptive and exploratory research was carried out. An analytical survey and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The survey had a very significant sample, covering 124 individuals out of a total of 147 possible, considerably increasing the reliability of the data obtained, mainly in relation to the data found in Questionnaire S20 / 23, with significantly higher Cronbach's alpha indices. Once verified the degree of satisfaction of the researched agents, it was possible to evidence some factors that may be affecting the organizational behavior of the subjects studied in a way that leads them to the dissatisfaction and that can not be neglected by the organization. In this sense, this work contributed to a better analysis and understanding of job satisfaction within the public organizational context, pointing to ways of creating and consolidating in the individual a sense of belonging that does not come substantially through extrinsic rewards, but mainly through Rewards, where leadership has a primordial role that, together with the institutional mission, are fundamental for the good progress of the organizational flows of the University and of organizations in general. / O objetivo principal deste estudo foi evidenciar e analisar quais os fatores presentes no ambiente de trabalho que influenciam a satisfação dos servidores técnico-administrativos da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, que atuam em Secretarias Acadêmicas. O referencial teórico adotado foi a Teoria da Satisfação no Trabalho de Locke, juntamente com a interação de outros aspectos psicossociais relacionados ao trabalho, como Motivação; Sentido, Saúde e Capacidade para o Trabalho; Identidade Pessoal; Identidade Organizacional; e a questão da Liderança. Por meio da aplicação de questionários, dentre eles, o Questionário de Satisfação no Trabalho S20/23 - adaptado à realidade brasileira, foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada uma survey analítica e regressão logística. A pesquisa contou com uma amostra bastante significativa, abrangendo 124 indivíduos de um total de 147 possíveis, aumentando consideravelmente a confiabilidade dos dados obtidos, principalmente em relação aos dados encontrados pelo Questionário S20/23, com índices de Alfa de Cronbach significativamente elevados. Uma vez verificado o grau de satisfação dos agentes pesquisados, conseguiu-se evidenciar alguns fatores que podem estar afetando o comportamento organizacional dos sujeitos pesquisados de forma que os levam para a insatisfação e que não podem ser negligenciados pela organização. Nesse sentido, este trabalho contribuiu para uma melhor análise e compreensão da satisfação no trabalho dentro do contexto organizacional público, apontando formas de criar e consolidar no indivíduo, um sentimento de pertencimento que não seja oriundo substancialmente por meio de recompensas extrínsecas, mas principalmente, pelas recompensas intrínsecas, onde a liderança possui papel primordial que, juntamente com a missão institucional, são fundamentais para o bom andamento dos fluxos organizacionais da Universidade e das organizações em geral.

The thesis is focused on the exploration of income inequality among citizens of the Czech Republic and Great Britain. It is a comparison that evaluates the state income redistribution through state social support benefits. It provides information, in which country exists greater income inequality in income distribution among households and whether the income inequality among the citizens decreased due to the payment of these benefits or not. The theoretical parts of the work are devoted to explanation of basic terms (such as income redistribution, instruments of redistribution, relationship between social policy and redistribution) and tools for measuring income inequality (Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Robin Hood index, Interquintile share ratio S80/S20). The text also describes the various state social support benefits of both countries. The main research section contains calculations and graphical representations of all the above mentioned indicators. The final values are compared and the results are summarized.

Opluštilová, M. How the measurement of tax progressivity is determined by input data. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2018. The diploma thesis deals with the influence of input data on the final values of the measurement of tax progressivity. For the calculation of the Gini coefficient and other selected indicators for 2015 are used data from Household Budget Survey and the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), which are published by the Czech Statistical Office. It was also examined the impact of equivalence scales on the Gini coefficient before taxation and after taxation, as well as the impact of the change in the quantile distribution of income from deciles to quintiles, which occurred in 2016 in Household Budget Survey. The results of the thesis show the significant impact of the chosen survey and the quantile distribution of income. On the other hand, it shows the negligible impact of equivalence scales.