Recent research in the United Kingdom has indicated that many students experience high levels of fear of crime and victimisation on university campuses. Furthermore, research has recognised that positive feelings of safety can be engendered through changes to the physical environment of the campus. However, existing campus safety research focuses predominantly on student vulnerability and relies typically on quantitative methodologies.

The rates of fatalities, injuries and diseases from work, has been a longstanding challenge for centuries. The challenge is validated by the fact that there is not a paper, or publication, that appears to have been written worldwide, without discussion regarding the extent of the problem in the construction industry. Despite there being prescriptive statutory requirements applicable to the sector, all attempts to reduce the reduce the accident rates in South Africa appear to have been largely unsuccessful. The review of literature indicates that most research has focused on design, designers, roles of stakeholders, inter alia that relate to construction health and safety. Given the situation noted, the research investigated design, various aspects of the construction process and stakeholders, and the inclusion of procurement as a major component of the construction process. A triangulated, or mixed methods research methodology was utilised for the thesis. The qualitative methodology utilised in Action Research (AR) and a total of three FGs’ sought to develop a theoretical model that would identify multi-stakeholder policies, practice and education requirements. An extensive international, African and South African literature review was conducted as part of the secondary research and the grounding for the mixed methodology of research. The information sought to contextualise the South African paradigm and practices. Two quantitative, multi-stakeholders’ studies were conducted during the development of the research. The quantitative aspect considers the perceptions of those practicing or involved in H&S, the interface regarding the stakeholders and ‘issues’ experienced in the challenges relating to daily work. Themes were developed, inter alia: a general; workers; management (including supervision, responsibilities and pricing); a stakeholders’ theme (including project managers; design and designers, and client), and the construction H&S theme (including the CHSA, construction H&S Manager (CHSM), construction H&S Officer (CHSO)). A total of 22 hypotheses were tested. The hypotheses considered all the stakeholders, within the framework of the research. Only 1 hypothesis was not supported, and hypothesis was partially supported. Three AR FGs’ were held in the Sarah Baartman District (a building focus) and at the Bhisho offices (a civil engineering focus) of the ECDRPW. The research considered the procurement processes that underpins a project, with some elements relative to the interface of H&S, design, the stages of work, and the current legislative framework. A validated theoretical model, the ‘Deacon Procurement, Design and Health and Safety Model’ emerged from the qualitative aspect of the research. The salient findings indicate a tendency in the industry to operate in silos, adhere to minimum levels of compliance, and not determining other aspects that could possibly reduce project and financial risk. Therefore, stakeholders need to work together, across the stages of work. Level of confidence is low among clients and built environment groups regarding H&S across the project life cycle, resulting in the non-compliance, and increased project risk. Clients such as the National Treasury do not identify H&S risks during project planning, resulting in the lack of adequate resources for projects, with supply chain management and procurement not ensuring compliance and technical expertise. Due to lack of knowledge CHSAs’, CHSMs’, and CHSOs,’ are not appointed timeously, resulting in noncompliance, and increased project risk. The construction H&S practitioners level of confidence is affected by lack of experience, not knowledge, in contrast to the lack of H&S knowledge of built environment professionals. A range of recommendations are provided that include, inter alia: development of policy, guidelines and practice notes regarding H&S, supply chain management and procurement; education and training, continuing professional development, training and workshops, and further research.

Thesis (MTech (Business Administration)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / Over the years, the history of football has been characterised by several incidents of violence and disasters. According to Helding et al. (2002:4) globally, since 1945, approximately 1,000 people are believed to have lost their lives and about 3,400 people have been injured in nearly 30 serious soccer stadium accidents. In 1989, English soccer witnessed a stampede that left around 96 people dead at Hillsborough stadium in Sheffield during an FA cup semi-final match between Liverpool and Nottingham. Similar incidents in Africa occurred in Ghana in May 2001 when 126 supporters died after a stampede at Accra stadium at the end of a local league game. In South Africa, Ellis Park stadium witnessed a similar disaster on 11 April 2001, which left 43 people dead when soccer giants Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates clashed in a premier league soccer game. South Africa lost the bid to host the 2004 Olympic Games in Cape Town in favour of Athens and the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany as a result of perceived high crime rate. Whether perceived or real, issues of safety and security impact negatively on the image of a host nation. On the other hand, South Africa was selected to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup competition, despite a continued prevalence of high crime rates across the country. More effort from the Government is needed to guarantee adequate safety and security at soccer stadiums, training venues, and other areas used for public gatherings. Stakeholders that deal with safety and security, such as SAPS, Metro Police, Fire Brigade, and emergency medical services, should be deployed in such a way that they can respond quickly to emergency situations. A literature review has shown a close relationship between crime and event tourism. The crime mapping concept, which covers hot spot theory, routine activity, crime pattern approach and rational choice theory, helps in the understanding that some areas may be more affected by crime than others and that criminals' motivations can differ. Some of the most recent mega large-scale events used in the literature review includes: FIFA Soccer World Cup Competitions in Korea/Japan in 2002 and in Germany in 2006. This has provided guidance for South African organisers in terms of dealing with security issues. These examples have also provided a framework of reference on how to garner support and collaboration of national and international security agencies, which are relevant to the staging of the 2010 Soccer World Cup in South Africa. The foundation of this research considers the employees views concerning safety, security and health in Cape Town. It is envisioned that these ideas can strengthen future management decisions with regard to preparing safety, security and emergency services for major events such as the 2010 Soccer World Cup. This should not only involve taking note of security staff ideas, but also incorporating them into the grand national safety and security strategy and ensuring the full implementation of the security strategy at ground-level.

Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Background and objectives The issue of patient doses received during fluoroscopy procedures, raised concerns for the researcher, as there may have been probable past skin injuries or deterministic injuries that may not have been documented. Amongst the radiology staff, there was very little understanding of what the actual dose area product (DAP) value means in real terms of effective dose and entrance skin dose. The aims of the study were to: i) Measure the radiation doses received by the patient and determine a simple means of defining the DAP value to the radiographer in terms of the dose received by the patient. ii) Determine the effective dose, entrance skin dose and the relationship with the DAP value to assist with developing a conversion co-efficient for dose indicators. Method Direct radiation dose measurements can be obtained through DAP meters attached to the diagnostic equipment, but the DAP value is not an direct indication of the effective dose received by the patient. The DAP values captured from the DICOM header information for barium fluoroscopic procedures at a large tertiary was analysed and Diagnostic Reference levels (DRL) were determined for barium swallow, meal and enema procedures. The effective and skin doses were calculated by means of the Monte Carlo program. The results were compared to published values. The relationship between the entrance skin dose and the DAP value was determined and conversion factors were calculated. Results Correlation between the DAP and entrance skin dose and comparative 75th percentile threshold values were determined for barium swallow (BaS), barium meal (BaM) and barium enema (BaE) procedures. Effective to DAP conversation factors for BaS, BaM and BaE are 0.19, 0.26 and 0.60 respectively and 0.15, 0.11 and 0.14 for entrance skin to DAP. Conclusion The the research showed the relationship between the effective dose, entrance skin dose and DAP value and a simple, practical and applicable explanation of the DAP value by means of conversion factors.

Orientador: Antonio Celso Fonseca de Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T07:26:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hainoski_SandroCarlos_M.pdf: 5270264 bytes, checksum: 2f957f1df243cd0769220970df187013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Foi objetivo deste trabalho, construir equipamentos que permitam a realização de alguns ensaios exigidos pela norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14.400. O conjunto de equipamentos selecionados, projetados e construídos, além de ensaiar alguns itens da norma, permitiu medir a tensão entre as pernas do ocupante de uma cadeirinha em condições dinâmicas de rotação. Tal medição possibilitou realizar pesquisa original e que tem significado nos casos de colisão com capotamento. Os equipamentos projetados e construídos foram: o ciclador, o dispositivo de capotamento e o boneco antropomórfico. Os ensaios realizados evidenciaram o ótimo desempenho dos equipamentos para as finalidades propostas. O trabalho possibilitou avaliar dois fechos e o desempenho ergonômico de três diferentes modelos de cadeirinhas relativo às tensões geradas entre as pernas e as tiras, em casos de capotamento / Abstract: This study aimed, to build equipment that allows the realization of some tests required by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14400. The set of selected equipment, designed and built, In addition to rehearse some of the standard items, allowed measuring the tension between the legs of the occupant of a seat in the dynamic conditions of rotation. This measure is meaningful in cases of collision with rollover. The equipment was designed and built: the cycler, the overturning device and an anthropomorphic dummy. The tests showed the excellent performance of equipment for the purposes proposed. The study allowed evaluating two locks models and ergonomic performance of three different models of car seats on the tensions generated between the legs, the straps in case of rollover / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Paulo Licio de Geus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T04:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruppert_GuilhermeCesarSoares_M.pdf: 908627 bytes, checksum: 2eb5cfc8a9692f72179b7c1cd2596b39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Os sistemas de arquivos distribuídos são um componente importante em praticamente todas as redes coorporativas, acadêmicas e até mesmo domésticas. Neste cenário, o NFS (Network File System) é um dos sistemas de maior importância, não só pela importância histórica em ter sido um dos pioneiros, mas por ser largamente utilizado em todo o mundo. Porém, o NFS foi projetado com recursos insuficientes de segurança. A versão 3 do NFS, que é a versão utilizada atualmente em ambientes de produção, apresenta um nível de segurança praticamente nulo. Mais recentemente, foi elaborada a especificação da versão 4 do protocolo que corrige adequadamente os problemas de segurança. Contudo, o protocolo apresenta um grau de complexidade extremamente elevado e, devido a isso, poucos estão dispostos a enfrentar sua implementação. Atualmente, existem apenas algumas implementações preliminares deste protocolo e as mesmas não se encontram completas e estáveis. Logo, a migração para o NFSv4 a curto prazo é inviável. Neste trabalho foi realizado um amplo estudo dos diversos aspectos envolvidos com a segurança de sistemas de arquivos distribuídos, em especial o NFS. Foram levantadas as deficiências do NFS e foram analisados diversos trabalhos envolvendo segurança no compartilhamento de arquivos. Este trabalho resultou no projeto e implementação do NFS Guard, uma ferramenta para agregar segurança ao NFS versão 3 de forma simples e totalmente compatível com as redes NFS já instaladas. O NFS Guard utiliza clientes e servidores NFS padrão e não requer recompilação de nenhum software já instalado, podendo ser utilizado inclusive em sistemas de código fechado. Para isso foi desenvolvida uma técnica de Kerberização utilizando interceptação de pacotes, que também pode ser utilizada para agregar segurança a outros serviços além do NFS / Abstract: Distributed File Systems are an important component in practicalIy every corporate, academic or even home network. In this scenario, NFS (Network File System) is one of the most important of these systems, not only due to its historical importance for being one of the pioneers, but also for being largely used alI over the world. However, NFS was designed with insufficient security features. NFS version 3, which is the version currently being used in production environments, presents an almost nulI security leveI. More recently, the version 4 of the protocol was designed,among other thigs, to tackle the security issues. Nevertheless, this protocol presents an extremely high leveI of complexity, and consequently, a few want to face its implementation. At the moment, a few preliminary implementations are available, but usualIy incomplete and unstable. Hence, the migration to NFSv4 in a short term is not feasible. In this work we accomplished a wide study of many aspects involved with distributed file system security, specialIy with regards to NFS. NFS's shortcoming were identified e many works involving security in file sharing were analyzed. This work resulted in the design and implementation of NFS Guard, a tool to add security do NFS version 3 in a simple way and totalIy compatible with instalIed NFS networks. NFS Guard uses standard NFS client and server and does not require recompilation of any installed software, so it can be used with closed source systems. To accomplish that, a Kerberization technique was developed using packet interception, which can also be used to add security to other services besides NFS / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

M.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / “Surfing Safely” was an educational initiative created by the researcher aimed at equipping Grades 7, 8 and 9 learners and their parents with sufficient knowledge to understand and appreciate the benefits and risks of electronic media, particularly the Internet, smart-phones, iPods, iPads and other Internet-based devices. It aimed to educate learners collaboratively with the teacher on how to use the Internet safely, adjust security settings, and how to deal with involuntary exposure to objectionable materials. This was directed at empowering children to take control of their use of the Internet, learning how to cope with unwholesome exposures online, and knowing how to report such incidents to appropriate authorities. The focus of the researcher was on vulnerable learners in particular. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the programme was effective overall as an educational initiative in changing the way learners perceive and use technology. It had five aims by which change was measured: self-mastery; rewards and risks of technology; addiction to the Internet or cellular telephones and time wastage; online interpersonal relationships; and Internet safety. The educational value of the programme is also studied. This research was conducted within a theoretical framework informed by critical theory, with a focus on empowerment (Mouton, 2004) and bio-ecological systems theory within the ambit of an holistic community approach. Developmental stages were thus applied according to the African context, as will be elucidated in the study (Nsamenang, 2009; Turkle 2007). Throughout this research, the role of the researcher was to take a proactive stand in research and social policies within the community in which s/he was involved (Perkins, 1995, in Seedat, Duncan & Lazarus, 2003). A quantitative research approach with a quasi-experimental design was implemented. A one group pre-and post-test only design was selected to collect data, in the form of a Likert scale questionnaire. It asked the respondents to rate their change of awareness and behaviour from before as well as after the implementation of the programme. All 142 male and female learners who were purposefully selected were in Grades 7, 8 or 9 at a private Jewish day school and attended all six sessions of the programme...

Driver distraction remains a matter of concern throughout the world as the number of car accidents caused by distracted driving is still unacceptably high. Industry and academia are working intensively to design new techniques that will address all types of driver distraction including visual, manual, auditory and cognitive distraction. This research focuses on an existing technology, namely in-car communication systems (ICCS). ICCS allow drivers to interact with their mobile phones without touching or looking at them. Previous research suggests that ICCS have reduced visual and manual distraction. Two problems were identified in this research: existing ICCS are still expensive and only available in limited models of car. As a result of that, only a small number of drivers can obtain a car equipped with an ICCS, especially in developing countries. The second problem is that existing ICCS are not aware of the driving context, which plays a role in distracting drivers. This research project was based on the following thesis statement: A mobile, context-aware model can be designed to reduce driver distraction caused by the use of ICCS. A mobile ICCS is portable and can be used in any car, addressing the first problem. Context-awareness will be used to detect possible situations that contribute to distracting drivers and the interaction with the mobile ICCS will be adapted so as to avert calls and text messages. This will address the second problem. As the driving context is dynamic, drivers may have to deal with critical safety-related tasks while they are using an existing ICCS. The following steps were taken in order to validate the thesis statement. An investigation was conducted into the causes and consequences of driver distraction. A review of literature was conducted on context-aware techniques that could potentially be used. The design of a model was proposed, called the Multimodal Interface for Mobile Info-communication with Context (MIMIC) and a preliminary usability evaluation was conducted in order to assess the feasibility of a speech-based, mobile ICCS. Despite some problems with the speech recognition, the results were satisfying and showed that the proposed model for mobile ICCS was feasible. Experiments were conducted in order to collect data to perform supervised learning to determine the driving context. The aim was to select the most effective machine learning techniques to determine the driving context. Decision tree and instance-based algorithms were found to be the best performing algorithms. Variables such as speed, acceleration and linear acceleration were found to be the most important variables according to an analysis of the decision tree. The initial MIMIC model was updated to include several adaptation effects and the resulting model was implemented as a prototype mobile application, called MIMIC-Prototype.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an integral part of almost every individual’s life. Although ICT, particularly the Internet, might offer numerous opportunities, individuals should also be aware of the associated risks. Especially with the younger generations who can be seen as being the most vulnerable to online dangers as they are becoming more involved in online activities. Children are utilizing new technologies from an early age and should know how to keep themselves and others safe whilst accessing the Internet. However, most of them do not have the required knowledge and expertise to protect themselves. This is because, under most circumstances, the parents do not understand their children’s online behaviours and activities and are, therefore, unable to teach their children how to utilize it safe and responsibly. A school can be seen as the perfect place to teach children safe online behaviours. However, there is currently a definite lack of e-Safety in South African schools, because no e-Safety policies are in place and there is little or nothing in curricula with regards to e-Safety. This can lead to additional concerns. The primary objective of this research study is, therefore, to develop, motivate and verify a framework that might contribute towards the development of an e-Safety culture. This e-Safety culture should allow individuals to adapt their behavior towards the secure utilization of ICT. However, for the purpose of this research study, the focus will primarily be on learners from primary and secondary schools.

The construction industry remains a pillar in the South African economy, generating employment and wealth. Nonetheless, the industry is reportedly bedevilled by a high rate of accidents and serious injuries that often lead to permanent deformation and fatalities among workers and the general public. These accidents and injuries manifest due to poor construction health and safety (H&S) performance that is often related to poor H&S leadership of the key project leaders involved in the construction business. Shortcomings pertain to client leadership in terms of involvement and commitment to H&S and project H&S related decisions of professionals (designers, project managers, quantity surveyors and engineers). They also pertain to contractor related aspects such as H&S management systems and leadership at all levels of management. In addition, contractors’ inadequacies of H&S management relative to workplace planning and materials related issues have continued to marginalise H&S performance in construction. The H&S leadership of key project leaders is very important in creating a culture of H&S in the workplace. This study examined the H&S management practices and leadership of the key project leaders that contribute to at-risk work practices or unsafe behaviour of workers. Presently, there is limited or no research in South African construction on how the H&S leadership of the key project leaders contributes to at-risk work practices or unsafe behaviour of workers. The methodology employed in the study included an extensive review of relevant literature, which enabled the field work to proceed unhindered. The quantitative survey and qualitative inquiry was conducted with the key construction participants in South African construction. Focus group discussions and interviews were used in a complementary manner. Accordingly, the sampling technique for the study comprised simple random and purposive sampling. The study revealed apparent poor leadership and lack of involvement and commitment to workers’ H&S by the key project leaders. Notably, there is statistical evidence of poor H&S management practices among contractors in terms of top management commitment to and involvement in project H&S. This statistical evidence includes poor H&S education and training of workers and lack of workers’ involvement and participation in H&S matters, which is the tenet of behaviour-based H&S anagement. The model of leadership influence on worker H&S behaviour developed in this research constitutes an innovative contribution to construction H&S performance improvement through a leadership-focused approach. The study has established a basic level of awareness and understanding among key project leaders in that their upstream decisions during the project planning and construction phases have significant influence on workers’ safe or unsafe behaviour or at-risk work practices. The study strongly advocates transparent leadership, ethical behaviour among clients in public and private sectors, designers’ critical H&S decisions, project managers’ and quantity surveyors’ commitment towards project H&S and contractors’ adoption and implementation of behaviour-based H&S management systems. The developed leadership influence model of worker H&S behaviour in the study provides a useful guide for the key project leaders to realise the desired H&S performance improvement in the South African construction industry.