Orientador: Jacques Wainer / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:39:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bezerra_FabiodeLima_D.pdf: 910682 bytes, checksum: 03039d80da140539552895720627ea23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Atualmente há uma variedade de sistemas que apóiam processos de negócio (ex. WfMS, CRM, ERP, SCM, etc). Muitos desses sistemas possuem uma forte característica de coordenação das atividades dos processos de negócios, garantindo que essas atividades sejam executadas como especificadas no modelo de processo. Entretanto, há domínios com maior necessidade de flexibilidade na execução desses processos, por exemplo, em atendimento hospitalar, cuja conduta pode variar para cada paciente. Essa característica desses domínios demanda o desenvolvimento de sistemas orientados a processos fracamente definidos, ou com execução mais flexível. Nesses domínios, a execução de algumas atividades comuns pode ser violada, ou a execução de uma atividade "incomum" pode ser necessária, ou seja, tais processos são suscetíveis a execuções excepcionais ou mesmo fraudulentas. Assim, o provimento de flexibilidade não pode ser considerado sem melhorar as questões relacionadas a segurança, pois flexibilidade e segurança são requisitos claramente conflitantes. Portanto, é necessário desenvolver mecanismos ou métodos que permitam a conjugação desses dois requisitos em um mesmo sistema, promovendo um balanço entre flexibilidade e segurança. Esta tese tem por objetivo projetar, implementar e avaliar métodos de detecção de anomalias em logs de sistemas de apoio a processos de negócios, ou seja, o desenvolvimento de métodos utilizados para descobrir quais instâncias de processos podem ser uma excução anômala. Desta forma, através da integração de um método de detecção de anomalias com um sistema de apoio à processos de negócio, tais sistemas poderão oferecer um ambiente de execução flexível, mas capaz de identificar execuções anômalas que podem indicar desde uma execução excepcional, até uma tentativa de fraude. Assim, o estudo de métodos de detecção de eventos anômalos vem preencher um espaço pouco explorado pela comunidade de process mining, que tem demonstrado maior interesse em entender o comportamento comum em processos de negócios. Entretanto, apesar desta tese não discutir o significado das instâncias anômalas, os métodos de detecção apresentados aqui são importantes porque permitem selecionar essas instâncias / Abstract: Nowadays, many business processes are supported by information systems (e.g. WfMS, CRM, ERP, SCM, etc.). Many of these systems have a strong characteristic of coordination of activities defined in the business processes, mainly for ensuring that these activities are performed as specified in the process model. However, there are domains that demand more flexible systems, for example, hospital and health domains, whose behavior can vary for each patient. Such domains of applications require an information system in which the business processes are weakly defined, supporting more flexible and dynamic executions. For example, the execution of some common activities may be violated, or some unusual activity may be enforced for execution. Therefore, in domains of applications in which the systems support a high level of flexibility the business processes are susceptible to exceptional or even fraudulent executions. Thus, the provision of flexibility can not be considered without improving the security issues, since there is clearly a trade-off between flexibility and security requirements. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mechanism to allow the combination of these two requirements in a system, that is, a mechanism that promotes a balance between flexibility and security. This thesis aims to design, implement and evaluate methods for detecting anomalies in logs of process-aware information systems, that is, the development of methods to find out which process instances may be an anomalous execution. Thus, when incorporating a method for detecting anomalies in such systems, it would be possible to offer a flexible and safer execution environment, since the system is also able to identify anomalous executions, which could be a simple exception or a harmful fraud attempt. Thus, the study of methods for detecting anomalous events will fill an area largely unexplored by the community of process mining, which has been mainly interested in understanding the common behavior in business processes. Furthermore, although this thesis does not discuss the meaning of an anomalous instance, the methods and algorithms presented here are important because they allow us to identify those instances / Doutorado / Ciência da Computação / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The level of knowledge and the attitude of dentists regarding radiation safety will have a direct impact on patient exposure to radiation. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of dentists regarding radiation safety in government dental clinics in Khartoum, Sudan. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study using an administered structured questionnaire was carried out. The questionnaire consisted of 13 questions that included the demographic data of dentists, basic knowledge regarding radiation safety, knowledge of methods of dose reduction and the attitude of dentists regarding radiation safety. One hundred and sixty seven dental practitioners participated in the study. Results: The response rate was 90%. The majority were female, 59%, in the age group younger than 29 years with clinical experience less than 10 years. Only fifteen of the respondents identified themselves as specialist. Half of the respondents did not know that the thyroid gland is the most radiosensitive organ in the head and neck region. Forty four percent believed that the dose for panoramic radiography was higher than that for full mouth periapical radiographs. Forty percent had no idea that a relationship exists between the length of the x-ray cone and the amount of the dose and 44% who knew that the relationship existed, failed to explain that the long cone is more effective for reducing the patient dose. Forty seven percent of the respondents had no idea that there is a relationship between the speed of the film and the amount of dose and 44% who knew that the relationship existed, failed to explain that the fast film is more effective for reducing the patient dose. Sixty six percent had no idea that a relationship exists between collimation of the x-ray tube and patient dose. Forty six percent who knew the relationship existed, failed to explain that rectangular collimation is more effective for dose reduction. Seventy two percent of the dentists did not know what a safe distance from the radiation source was. Forty seven percent did not use film holders when taking periapical radiographs. Conclusions: This study clearly illustrates that there is a lack of knowledge regarding radiation safety in dentists in the government dental clinics in Khartoum, Sudan. Therefore there is a need to increase their knowledge regarding methods of radiation dose reduction (to patient) as well as improving their attitude regarding the radiation safety.

Första linjechefer inom LSS-bostäder ansvarar enligt arbetsmiljölagen, 1977:1160(AML) för att säkerställa arbetsmiljön för medarbetare, samtidigt som de skasäkerställa att insatser enligt lag 1993:387, om stöd och service för vissafunktionshindrade (LSS) är av god kvalité och möter stödanvändares behov.Detta, tillsammans med förekomst av utmanande beteende hos de boende, antyderatt första linjechefer har en komplex arbetssituation. Syftet med studien var därföratt undersöka hur första linjechefer inom LSS-bostäder, där det förekommerutmanande beteende, upplever relationen mellan arbetsmiljöåtgärder och detpedagogiska arbetet. Studiens fokus var att identifiera faktorer som verkarfrämjande respektive hindrande i arbetsmiljöarbete och pedagogiskt arbete.Empiri för studien samlades in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuförsta linjechefer. Genom tematisk analys har två huvudteman identifierats:upplevelser av yrkesrollen och upplevelsen av relationen mellan arbetsmiljö ochpedagogik. Resultatet har analyserat utifrån Michael Lipsky teori, Street-levelBureaucrats. Resultatet visar att praktiknära ledarskap upplevs centralt för attupprätthålla god kvalité i det pedagogiska arbetet, som i sin tur bidrog till bättrearbetsmiljö. Studien identifierar komplexitet och utmaningar i relationen mellanarbetsmiljöarbetet och det pedagogiska arbetet inom tre kategorier: (1)organisatoriska faktorer; (2) första linjechefens yrkesroll; och (3) bristandekunskap hos personalen. Vidare forskning kan därför behövas om hur praktiknäraledarskap påverkar kunskapsnivån i verksamheten och bemötandet avstödanvändare, samt hur det påverkar både arbetsmiljön och första linjechefersyrkesroll och arbetsuppgifter. / Frontline managers for LSS-housing are responsible according to the WorkEnvironment Act, 1977: 1160 (AML) to ensure adequate the workingenvironment for employees, and at the same time ensure the work provided are ofgood quality and meets the needs of the clients according to Act 1993: 387concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments(LSS). This, together with the presence of challenging behavioramong residents, this is suggested to be complex work situation for frontlinemanagers. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate how frontlinemanagers for LSS-housing, where challenging behavior occur, experience therelation between work environment and the pedagogical work. The focus of thestudy was to identify factors that appear to promote and obstruct the efforts toensure adequate work environment and pedagogical work. The empirical data forthe study were collected using semi-structured interviews with seven frontlinemanagers. Through thematic analysis, two main themes have been identified:experiences of the professional role and the experience of the relation betweenwork environment and pedagogy. The result has been analyzed with MichaelLipsky theory, Street-level Bureaucrats. The result shows that practice leadershipis perceived as being vital to maintain good quality in the pedagogical work,which in turn contributed to a better working environment. The study identifiescomplexity and challenges in the relation of work environment and pedagogicalwork in three categories: (1) organizational factors, (2) frontline managersprofessional role; and (3) lack of knowledge of the staff. Further research istherefore needed on how practice leadership influences the level of knowledge inthe organization and how it affects the support work with the clients, as well as itaffects, the work environment and the frontline managers professional role andduties.

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is an emerging technology that transforms legacy hardware-based network infrastructure into software-based virtualized networks. Instead of using dedicated hardware and network equipment, NFV relies on cloud and virtualization technologies to deliver network services to its users. These virtualized network services are considered better solutions than hardware-based network functions because their resources can be dynamically increased upon the consumer’s request. While their usefulness can’t be denied, they also have some security implications. In complex systems like NFV, the threats can come from a variety of domains due to it containing both the hardware and the virtualize entities in its infrastructure. Also, since it relies on software, the network service in NFV can be manipulated by external entities like third-party providers or consumers. This leads the NFV to have a larger attack surface than the traditional network infrastructure. In addition to its own threats, NFV also inherits security threats from its underlying cloud infrastructure. Therefore, to design a secure NFV system and utilize its full potential, we must have a good understanding of its underlying architecture and its possible security threats. Up until now, only imprecise models of this architecture existed. We try to improve this situation by using architectural modeling to describe and analyze the threats to NFV. Architectural modeling using Patterns and Reference Architectures (RAs) applies abstraction, which helps to reduce the complexity of NFV systems by defining their components at their highest level. The literature lacks attempts to implement this approach to analyze NFV threats. We started by enumerating the possible threats that may jeopardize the NFV system. Then, we performed an analysis of the threats to identify the possible misuses that could be performed from them. These threats are realized in the form of misuse patterns that show how an attack is performed from the point of view of attackers. Some of the most important threats are privilege escalation, virtual machine escape, and distributed denial-of-service. We used a reference architecture of NFV to determine where to add security mechanisms in order to mitigate the identified threats. This produces our ultimate goal, which is building a security reference architecture for NFV. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

There has been an upward trend of construction injuries and fatalities in the recent decade. Regulatory agencies, such as the NYC Department of Buildings, exist to create and modify construction safety laws, review construction projects, and enforce these laws through site inspections, and often make the data they collect available to the public. However, there is a lack of predictive modeling and a lack of research regarding how to make a proactive prediction of potential injuries and fatalities on construction sites. This study uses public data to predict future construction incidents using leading indicators from information gathered from the NYC permits-issued and complaints-received databases. Results indicate that it is possible to predict future construction incidents over multiple forecast windows using a logistic regression and zero-inflated Poisson model. While previous site incidents alone are significant in predicting future incidents, adding permit and complaint related information increased the true positive rate and decreased the false-negative rate.

Disagreements regarding to what degree right-turn lanes improve or worsen the safety of intersections and driveways provided the motivation and the need for this study. The objectives of this study were to: a) carry out an in-depth study to determine the safety impacts of right-turn movements in different contexts, and b) develop safety-based volume warrants for right-turn lanes if safety indeed improves. Lack of adequate study on the applicability of past warrants and guidelines for the specific context of right-turn movements made from major uncontrolled approaches at unsignalized intersections, and particularly driveways, on two-lane roadways provided the scope for this study. Five-year historical data of statewide traffic crashes reported on Minnesota’s twolane trunk highways were analyzed using binary/multinomial logistic regressions. Conflicts due to right turns were analyzed by fitting least squares conflict prediction models based on the data obtained from field surveys and traffic simulations. The safety impacts of rightturn lanes were determined through crash-conflict relationships, crash injury severity, and crash and construction costs. The study found that the probabilities of right-turn movement related crash ranged from 1.6 to 17.2% at intersections and from 7.8 to 38.7% at driveways. Rear-end, samedirection- sideswipe, right-angle and right-turn crash types constituted 96% of right-turn movement related crashes. Rear-end crash probabilities varied from 13.7 to 46.4% at approaches with right-turn lanes and from 37.9 to 76.9% otherwise. The ratios of rearend/ same-direction-sideswipe crashes to conflicts were 0.759 x 10^6 at approaches with right-turn lanes and 1.547 x 10^6 otherwise. Overall, right-turn lanes reduced right-turn movement related crash occurrences and conflicts by 85% and 80%, respectively. Right-turn lanes also reduced crash injury severity, hence, reducing the economic cost by 26%. Safety benefits, in dollars, realized with the use of right-turn lanes at driveways were 29% and 7% higher compared to those at intersections at low and high speed conditions respectively for similar traffic conditions. Depending on roadway conditions, interest rate and construction costs, the safety-based volume thresholds ranged from 3 to 200 right turns per hour during the design hour at intersection approaches, and from 2 to 175 right turns at driveway approaches.

Adverse drug reactions are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality that costs billions of dollars for the healthcare system. In children, there is increased risk for adverse drug reactions with potentially lasting adverse effects into adulthood. The current pediatric drug safety landscape, including clinical trials, is limited as it rarely includes children and relies on extrapolation from adults. Children are not small adults but go through an evolutionarily conserved and physiologically dynamic process of growth and maturation. We hypothesize that adverse drug reactions manifest from the interaction between drug exposure and dynamic biological processes during child growth and development. While pediatric pharmacologists have studied and recognized this interaction, the evidence from these studies have focused on a few, well-known drug toxicities largely within animal models that have limited translation to children and their clinical care. Moreover, preclinical studies during drug development do not consider growth and maturation of children, which severely limits our knowledge of drug safety in this population. Post-marketing pediatric drug safety studies, on the other hand, leverage large amounts of observations to identify and characterize adverse drug events in the pediatric population after drugs enter the market. However, these observational studies have been limited to event surveillance and have not focused on evaluating why adverse drug events may manifest in children. We hypothesize that by developing statistical methodologies with prior knowledge of dynamic, shared information during development, we can improve the detection of adverse drug events in children. We further hypothesize that detecting adverse drug events in this way also improves the evaluation of dynamic biological and physiological processes during child growth and development. In chapter 1, we described the pediatric drug safety landscape, dynamic processes from pediatric developmental biology, and motivation for a large-scale and data-driven approach to study the interaction between drug treatment and child development. In chapter 2, using drug event reports collected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), we evaluated statistical models for identifying temporal trends of adverse effects across childhood. We found the generalized additive model (GAM), as compared to a popular disproportionality method, show improved detection performance especially of rare pediatric adverse drug events. In chapter 3, we applied covariate-adjusted drug-event GAMs in a systematic way to develop a resource of nearly half a million adverse drug event (ADE) risk estimates across child development stages. We showed that not only do significant ADEs through childhood recapitulate dynamic organ and system maturation, but we also provide granular, development-specific risk for known pediatric drug effects that were previously unknown. Importantly, this approach facilitated the evaluation of dynamic biological processes, such as drug-metabolizer gene expression levels across childhood, that we observed coincided with dynamic risk of adverse drug effects. In chapter 4, we performed several case studies showing population-level evidence for well-known pediatric adverse drug reactions using our generated resource. In addition, we developed an accessible web portal, the Pediatric Drug Safety portal (PDSportal), to retrieve from our resource the population-level evidence of user-specified adverse drug events in the pediatric population across child development stages. In conclusion, we summarize three key research directions in data-driven pediatric drug safety research: quantifying child vs. adult drug safety profiles, predicting pre-clinical drug toxicity across childhood, and detecting genetic susceptibility of pediatric adverse drug events. Our results demonstrate that developing pediatric drug safety methods directly for children using data-driven approaches improves both identification and evaluation of adverse drug events during the period of child growth and development.

The world's growing need for safe, reliable, and long-term energy sources has intensified the research being conducted in the development of nuclear power. The operation of power reactors is contingent upon the continued availability of the fissile material required to maintain a critic a l reactor. The only naturally occuring fissile material is an isotope of uranium, U-235, which only accounts for 0.76 percent of the uranium that is mined. Due to the relative scarcity of this important fissile material it is estimated the United States' sources of economically recoverable fissile material will be delinquished with in about twenty-five years.^1

<p>Unsafe lane changes have been identified as a common factor in motor vehicle accidents. It would be helpful, particularly for automated vehicles, to know if there are behaviors of vehicles, beyond a directional signal, or characteristics of the traffic environment that correlated with a higher probability of an unsafe lane change (lane changes without a directional signal). This work investigates what the observable cues are that drivers use to determine the relative safety when overtaking front vehicles, and if drivers make more lane changes under certain conditions on highways. This study utilizes interviews, surveys, 3D animation software, and highway driving public footage for data collection and experiments. It is found that a side-to-side motion of the front vehicle or a factor that might trigger a side-to-side motion of the front vehicle in the environment is the key marker that indicates a possible unsafe lane change, and it is also found that traffic speed, time of day, traffic flow, and a combination of traffic density & number of lanes & vehicle count all have effects on drive’s decision on making lane changes on different levels.</p>

After an unfortunate series of accidents in the mid 1930’s the Air Transport Association (ATA) lobbied Congress for regulation of the industry. The ATA claimed that unfair competition was endangering the public safety. The Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and gave the CAB the authority to regulate the industry. During the regulation era airline ridership increased and safety improved. During the regulation period, opportunity for comparing the safety record of the regulated industry with the record of the unregulated portions of the industry was limited. The few attempts made rendered inconclusive results. During a period of high inflation and high interest rates in the 1970’s interest in deregulating the airlines arose. With passage of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, interest in the effects of regulation on airline safety was renewed. More than a decade has passed since deregulation. The industry has continued to improve its safety record during the deregulation period. The question remains: "How has deregulation affected airline safety?" In this study records of airline accidents and incidents investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board are examined. The occurrences are divided into those with causes that are under the airlines control and those that are not under their control. Those under the airlines control are regressed against time and a dummy variable for deregulation. The possible effects of airline profitability on the results are also explored. The results indicate that deregulation had an adverse effect on airline safety. The effects of alternative formulations are also examined. The effect though statistically significant is small. It does not suggest the need to return to a regulated airline industry. But, it does suggest the need for additional research into the connection between airline safety and competition.