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Production in Canada’s oil sands has been increasing, with a projected rate of 4.5 million barrels per day by 2025. Two production techniques are currently used, mining and in-situ, with the latter projected to constitute ~57% of all production by that time. Although in-situ extraction methods such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) are less invasive than mining, they result in more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per barrel and require large amounts of water that must be treated and recycled with a make-up water requirement of about 10%. CanmetENERGY is developing a steam generation technology called the High Pressure Oxy-fired Direct Contact Steam Generator (HiPrOx/DCSG, or DCSG for short) that will reduce these water requirements and sequester GHGs. This study evaluates the technical feasibility of this technology using process simulations, bench-scale testing, and pilot-scale testing. At first, a method in which to integrate the DCSG into the SAGD process was presented and process modeling of expected system performance was undertaken. The process simulations indicated that DCSG decreased the energy intensity of SAGD by up to 7.6% compared to the base SAGD case without carbon capture and storage (CCS), and up to 12.0% compared to the base SAGD case with CCS. Bench-scale testing was then performed using a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (PTGA) in order to investigate the effects of increased pressure and high moisture environments on a Canadian lignite coal char’s reactivity. It was found that under reaction kinetic-controlled conditions at atmospheric pressure, the increased addition of steam led to a reduction in burning time. The findings may have resulted from the lower heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity of steam compared to CO2. At increased pressures, CO2 inhibited burnout due to its higher heat capacity, lower thermal conductivity, and its effect on C(O) concentrations on the particle surface. When steam was added, the inhibiting effects of CO2 were counteracted, resulting in burnout rates similar to pressurized O2/N2 environments. These preliminary results suggested that the technology was feasible at a bench-scale level. Conflicting literature between bench-scale and pilot-scale studies indicated that pilot-scale testing would be advantageous as a next step. At the pilot-scale, testing was performed using n-butanol, graphite slurry, and n-butanol/graphite slurry mixtures covering lower and upper ends in fuel reactivity. It was found that stable combustion was attainable, with high conversion efficiencies in all cases. With the n-butanol, it was possible to achieve low excess oxygen requirements, which minimizes corrosion issues and reduce energy requirements associated with oxygen generation. With graphite slurry, it was found that it was possible to sustain combustion in these high moisture environments and that high conversion was achieved as indicated by the undetectable levels of carbonaceous materials observed in downstream equipment. Overall, these studies indicate that DCSG is technically feasible from the perspectives of energy and combustion efficiencies as well as from a steam generation point of view. Future work includes the investigation of possible corrosion associated with the product gas, the effect of CO2 on bitumen production, the nature of the mineral melt formed by the deposition of the dissolved and suspended solids from the water in the combustor, and possible scaling issues in the steam generator and piping associated with mineral deposits from the dissolved and suspended solids in the produced water is recommended.

Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been demonstrated as a proven technology to unlock heavy oil and bitumen in Canadian reservoirs. Given the large energy requirements and volumes of emitted greenhouse gases from SAGD processes, there is a strong motivation to develop enhanced oil recovery processes with lower energy and emission intensities. In this study, the addition of solvents to steam has been examined to reduce the energy intensity of the SAGD process. Higher oil recovery, accelerated oil production rate, reduced steam-to-oil ratio, and more favorable economics are expected from the addition of suitable hydrocarbon additives to steam. A systematic approach was used to develop an effective hybrid steam/solvent injection to improve the SAGD process. Initially, an extensive parametric simulation study was carried out to find the suitable hydrocarbon additives and injection strategies. Simulation studies aim to narrow down hybrid steam/solvent processes, design suitable solvent type and concentration, and explain the mechanism of solvent addition to steam. In the experimental phase, the most promising solvents (n-hexane and n-heptane) were used with different injection strategies. Steam and hydrocarbon additives were injected in continuous or alternating schemes. The results of the integrated experimental and simulation study were used to better understand the mechanism of hybrid steam/solvent processes. Experimental and simulation results show that solvent co-injection with steam leads to a process with higher oil production, better oil recovery, and less energy intensity with more favorable economy. Solvent choice for hybrid steam/solvent injection is not solely dependent on the mobility improvement capability of the solvents but also reservoir properties and operational conditions such as operating pressure and injection strategy. Pure heated solvent injection requires significant quantities. A vaporized solvent chamber is not sustainable due to low latent heat of the solvents. Alternating steam and solvent injection provides heat for the solvent cycles and increases oil recovery. Co-injection of small volumes (5-15% by volume) of suitable solvents at the early times of the SAGD operation considerably improves the economics of the SAGD process.

Production in Canada’s oil sands has been increasing, with a projected rate of 4.5 million barrels per day by 2025. Two production techniques are currently used, mining and in-situ, with the latter projected to constitute ~57% of all production by that time. Although in-situ extraction methods such as Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) are less invasive than mining, they result in more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per barrel and require large amounts of water that must be treated and recycled with a make-up water requirement of about 10%. CanmetENERGY is developing a steam generation technology called the High Pressure Oxy-fired Direct Contact Steam Generator (HiPrOx/DCSG, or DCSG for short) that will reduce these water requirements and sequester GHGs. This study evaluates the technical feasibility of this technology using process simulations, bench-scale testing, and pilot-scale testing. At first, a method in which to integrate the DCSG into the SAGD process was presented and process modeling of expected system performance was undertaken. The process simulations indicated that DCSG decreased the energy intensity of SAGD by up to 7.6% compared to the base SAGD case without carbon capture and storage (CCS), and up to 12.0% compared to the base SAGD case with CCS. Bench-scale testing was then performed using a pressurized thermogravimetric analyzer (PTGA) in order to investigate the effects of increased pressure and high moisture environments on a Canadian lignite coal char’s reactivity. It was found that under reaction kinetic-controlled conditions at atmospheric pressure, the increased addition of steam led to a reduction in burning time. The findings may have resulted from the lower heat capacity and higher thermal conductivity of steam compared to CO2. At increased pressures, CO2 inhibited burnout due to its higher heat capacity, lower thermal conductivity, and its effect on C(O) concentrations on the particle surface. When steam was added, the inhibiting effects of CO2 were counteracted, resulting in burnout rates similar to pressurized O2/N2 environments. These preliminary results suggested that the technology was feasible at a bench-scale level. Conflicting literature between bench-scale and pilot-scale studies indicated that pilot-scale testing would be advantageous as a next step. At the pilot-scale, testing was performed using n-butanol, graphite slurry, and n-butanol/graphite slurry mixtures covering lower and upper ends in fuel reactivity. It was found that stable combustion was attainable, with high conversion efficiencies in all cases. With the n-butanol, it was possible to achieve low excess oxygen requirements, which minimizes corrosion issues and reduce energy requirements associated with oxygen generation. With graphite slurry, it was found that it was possible to sustain combustion in these high moisture environments and that high conversion was achieved as indicated by the undetectable levels of carbonaceous materials observed in downstream equipment. Overall, these studies indicate that DCSG is technically feasible from the perspectives of energy and combustion efficiencies as well as from a steam generation point of view. Future work includes the investigation of possible corrosion associated with the product gas, the effect of CO2 on bitumen production, the nature of the mineral melt formed by the deposition of the dissolved and suspended solids from the water in the combustor, and possible scaling issues in the steam generator and piping associated with mineral deposits from the dissolved and suspended solids in the produced water is recommended.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Glydianne.pdf: 2012971 bytes, checksum: 9ff5c7d76d98c33ed2140632388bede0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-09 / The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process. / As empresas da ?rea de petr?leo em geral est?o ? procura de novas tecnologias que possam elevar o fator de recupera??o do ?leo contido em seus reservat?rios. Esses investimentos t?m como principal objetivo reduzir os custos dos projetos de produ??o de petr?leo, que s?o elevados. A inje??o de vapor representa um desses m?todos especiais de recupera??o, em que vapor ? injetado no reservat?rio com o objetivo de reduzir a viscosidade do ?leo e torn?-lo mais m?vel. O processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD) utiliza a inje??o de vapor em seu mecanismo, assim como dois po?os horizontais paralelos. Neste processo o vapor ? injetado atrav?s do po?o injetor horizontal, em seguida uma c?mara de vapor ? formada no reservat?rio aquecendo o ?leo e, pela a??o das for?as gravitacionais, este ?leo ? drenado para baixo onde se encontra o po?o produtor. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia da perda de carga e calor ao longo do po?o injetor no processo SAGD. Foram realizadas simula??es num?ricas atrav?s do simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os par?metros estudados foram ? condutividade t?rmica da forma??o, a vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, o di?metro interno da coluna, o t?tulo do vapor e a temperatura. Um planejamento fatorial foi utilizado para verificar a influ?ncia dos par?metros estudados no fator de recupera??o. Foram tamb?m analisadas diferentes vaz?es de inje??o para o modelo com perda de carga e sem perda de carga, assim como diferentes vaz?es m?ximas de produ??o de ?leo. Finalmente, foi realizada uma an?lise econ?mica dos dois modelos com a finalidade de analisar a rentabilidade dos projetos estudados. Os resultados mostraram que as perdas de carga no po?o injetor t?m uma influ?ncia significativa no processo SAGD.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TayllandyaSP_DISSERT.pdf: 2803522 bytes, checksum: 516959be83003bd573c721b4ad05b984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection / Atualmente, a maior parte das reservas de hidrocarbonetos no mundo se encontram na forma de ?leo pesado, ultra-pesado ou betume. Para a extra??o e produ??o desse recurso ? necess?ria a implanta??o de novas tecnologias. Um dos processos promissores para a recupera??o desse ?leo ? a drenagem gravitacional assistida com vapor e solvente (ESSAGD) que utiliza dois po?os horizontais paralelos, onde o injetor ? disposto acima do produtor. A realiza??o do processo se d? mediante a inje??o de um aditivo de hidrocarboneto em baixa concentra??o em conjunto com vapor. O vapor contribui com calor para redu??o da viscosidade do ?leo e o solvente ajuda na miscibilidade, reduzindo a tens?o interfacial entre ?leo/solvente. A principal for?a atuante neste processo ? a gravitacional e a transfer?ncia de calor ocorre por meio da condu??o, convec??o e pelo calor latente do vapor. Neste estudo foi utilizado o modelo discretizado, onde o po?o ? discretizado da mesma forma que o reservat?rio, sendo cada se??o do po?o tratada como um bloco da grade, com conex?o interblocos com o reservat?rio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a influ?ncia da perda de carga e calor ao longo do po?o injetor no processo ES-SAGD. O modelo utilizado para estudo trata-se de um reservat?rio homog?neo, semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro e as simula??es num?ricas foram realizadas atrav?s do simulador t?rmico STARS da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os par?metros operacionais analisados foram: porcentagem de solvente injetado, vaz?o de inje??o de vapor, dist?ncia vertical entre os po?os e qualidade de vapor. Todos eles foram significativos no Fator de Recupera??o de ?leo. Os resultados demonstraram que, para todos os casos analisados, o modelo que considera a perda de carga apresenta produ??o acumulada de ?leo inferior ao seu respectivo modelo que desconsidera tal perda. Essa diferen?a ? mais acentuada quanto menor o valor da vaz?o de inje??o de vapor

Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moreira_RichardDouglasRibeiro_M.pdf: 5216671 bytes, checksum: f2bb159b2f1d91175972a75a6c43e44c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A injeção de vapor auxiliada por drenagem gravitacional em poço único, denominada SWSAGD (Single Well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage), é um processo de recuperação terciária desenvolvido com um único poço horizontal. Foram estudadas diversas estratégias, através de simulação numérica, visando a aplicação desta técnica com dados pertinentes a um campo da bacia do Espírito Santo. As estratégias têm diferentes opções como a injeção cíclica prévia e a colocação de obturadores no poço produtor. O desempenho do processo de recuperação para as diferentes estratégias é comparado sempre com aquele obtido para o processo do Dual Well - SAGD para as mesmas condições. São feitas também comparações com a produção primária por poço horizontal e entre as diversas estratégias geradas. A influência de alguns parâmetros - comprimento e posição entre poços, zona de injeção e produção - são apresentados. Com todas estas estratégias de melhoria para o processo SW-SAGD, alcança-se um processo com recuperação maior que os resultados decorrentes do SAGD tradicional com dois poços. / Abstract: The Single Well Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SW-SAGD) is a tertiary recovery process developed with an single horizontal well. The objective of this research is to study, with numerical simulation, the application of the SW-SAGD technique to a field dates located in the Espírito Santo Basin. Several strategies were studied for this process using previous cyclic injection and packers. The strategies improved the horizontal well production and enhanced the oil recovery. Comparisons are made along the study between the performance of oil recovery for the developed strategies and the performance of the DW-SAGD at the same operating and field conditions. Comparisons with the primary recovery using horizontal wells and between the strategies were used to improve and choose the best options. The influence of some parameters - length and position between wells, injection and production zones - are presented. As a result of all the improvement, a new strategy for the SW-SAGD process is reached, providing an oil recovery higher than from the DW-SAGD. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

L'injection de vapeur lors de la production des bruts lourds par SAGD soumet les roches réservoirs (sables bitumineux non consolidés ou faiblement consolidés) à une élévation de température (jusqu'à 280°C). L'apport de fluide chaud augmente la pression de pore, dilate le squelette rocheux et le fluide interstitiel, ce qui modifie le champ de contrainte in situ. Le travail de thèse, à forte connotation expérimentale, vise à contribuer à la caractérisation mécanique et acoustique des réservoirs bitumineux sous différentes conditions de température, de contrainte et de saturation. Les travaux ont été effectués sur des échantillons de sables bitumineux Canadiens, mais également sur un matériau modèle, un sable reconstitué artificiellement cimenté. Plusieurs techniques expérimentales ont été mises en œuvre pour caractériser les matériaux utilisés : tomographie RX, microtomographie RX, cryomicroscopie, RMN, etc. Des essais ont ensuite été effectués dans une cellule oedométrique, une cellule pétroacoustique et également dans une cellule triaxiale dite haute température qui a été développée dans le cadre de cette thèse.Les divers essais de chargement mécanique et thermique dans cette thèse ont permis d'enrichir les connaissances sur le comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique des sables bitumineux ainsi que celui des sables reconstitués. Les paramètres investigués ont été la dilatation thermique, la compressibilité sous chargement oedométrique et triaxial isotrope et la résistance au cisaillement. Les différentes mesures des propriétés acoustiques (vitesses Vp et Vs, atténuations et modules dynamiques) effectués sur les sables naturels et reconstitués ont montré l'importance des propriétés des fluides saturants, principalement de leur viscosité. Le bitume est un fluide viscoélastique avec une viscosité qui varie avec l'élévation de la température. Aux températures in situ, il se comporte comme un solide avec un module de cisaillement. L'approche théorique de Ciz et Shapiro (2007), permet de prendre en compte ce module de cisaillement du fluide visqueux et généralise l'équation de Biot Gassmann. Son utilisation a été validée sur nos essais. La modélisation prend en compte les aspect dispersifs et permet d'extrapoler aux fréquences sismiques des résultats acquis en laboratoire avec des fréquences ultrasonores. Les vitesses Vp et Vs diminuent avec le passage de la chambre de vapeur. Les variations sont faibles mais peuvent être identifiées par la sismique 4D

A laboratory experiment and a numerical simulation of a dual well pair SAGD process with live bitumen were conducted to examine operating strategies on the recovery performance of a multiple well pair SAGD process. The experiment was successfully carried out under such operation strategies as injecting steam into one well pair while producing from both producers after chambers mergence to sweep the oil between the two well pairs. The experimental results showed high oil recovery from the transition region between the two well pairs with these operation strategies. Numerical simulation matched reasonably well experimental results, which indicated that the numerical model captured the key mechanisms of the dual well pairs experiment. The improved SAGD process behaviour and performance was demonstrated in terms of faster oil production, enhanced solution gas production, and accelerated adjacent chambers communication in the experimental and numerical studies. These operation strategies could be applied in the multiple well pairs SAGD and enhance SAGD performance after steam chambers merge between adjacent well pairs. / Petroleum Engineering

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