This study compares a face-to-face format of teaching with closed circuit interactive television courses offered to off campus students at California State University, San Bernardino. The study provides comparisons of student satisfaction and student performance between the two mediums.

The purpose of this study is to find evidence that will show whether or not there is a need for a school housing program in the small rural school districts in San Joaquin County, California. The study is justified by a comparison of the present conditions of the schools to a set of standards for good schoolhouse construction which have been established by noted authorities and educators in the field.

Consultants in elementary education use a variety of techniques in their work with teachers to improve instruction in schools. The problem with which this study will be concerned may be stated as follows: What supervisory techniques are employed by San Joaquin County consultants in elementary education in their efforts to improve instruction in schools that receive direct instructional supervision? The specific purposes of this study are: (1) To define the role of the elementary consultants in San Joaquin County.; (2) To identify the supervisory techniques that the consultants employ in their work with teachers.; (3) To survey the use of supervisory techniques with respect to frequency, number and length of supervisory visits, subject matter, categories of instructional responsibilities, experienced and inexperienced teachers, and judged success.; (4) To compare the scope of the supervisory techniques employed by the consultants with that contained in the literature, and with local practice.; (5) To make recommendations for improvements or changes that the study may show to be desirable.

This study deals with the tenure of teachers of the fifty-nine rural schools of San Joaquin County that have from one to twenty teachers each. The problem is to find and record the factors that influence teachers to continue teaching over a period of years in certain rural schools of San Joaquin County, rather than moving about.

During the period from April of 1940 to April of 1944, the population of the City of San Leandro increased from 14,601 to 22,903, or approximately 56.8%. Farmland and other undeveloped properties, to the extent of 215 acres, mostly far removed from the former residential sections, have been turned into closely built residence areas. Some 1500 houses have been built in one such section, alone, and the total, to January 1, 1945, included 2,504 residences and 171 multiple unit dwellings.2 War activities, within the city and the neighboring communities, have attracted large numbers of defense workers and these have been augmented by the families of men or women in the various armed services. Several thousand of the San Leandro residents have been employed in the military and naval establishments, shipyards, and the machine, food, and other industries of Alameda, Oakland, Richmond, San Francisco and other nearby cities, in addition to the four to five thousand who are manning the war industries within San Leandro.1 The great number of working mothers, with dependent children, has created the need for child care centers and nursery schools. The twenty-four hour operation of industry has upset the normal schedule of family life, and led toward serious problems in the direction of child delinquency. War conditions have placed new and greater burdens upon the schools. The normal problems of securing an adequate and effective personnel have been intensified by the scarcity of trained teachers and the difficulty of securing uncertificated help. Problems of providing housing and equipment have been increased greatly. Including these various problems in the field of this investigation, it is planned to analyze each, so far as may be found practicable, indicate the method used and the progress made toward the solution of each, and make suggestions for future action, as indicated by the anticipated needs of the district during the fifteen year period to 1960.

This diploma thesis examines the influence of sport activity on human drug addiction, as well as the influence of coaching on the quality and benefits of sport exercises in the group and community. Sport is currently not being used as a part of the drug addiction treatment, although it has been a topic in many researches and studies. For a purpose of application of the acquired findings the case study is used to examine options of inclusion of guided sport activities in a drug addiction treatment program. In order of the application, a development project is created to enhance efficiency of drug addiction treatment in Takiwasi centre, Peru, which uses traditional Amazonian medicine to treat drug addiction. In view of the faint use of sport activities in Takiwasi centre, this thesis presents development project proposal to increase the effectiveness of drug treatment in the community of the centre, located in San Martín region.

Bibliography: p. 206-228. / Understanding a widespread motif in San rock art - a human figure depicted in frontal perspective with distinctive bodily characteristics - is the aim of this study. A concentration of these figures in north eastern Zimbabwe was first described by researchers in the 1930s and subsequently, when one researcher, Elizabeth Goodall, described them as 'mythic women'. Markedly similar figures in the South African art have received little attention. On the basis of fieldwork in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg, the south western Cape (South Africa) and Zimbabwe, and an extensive literature survey, a spectrum of these figures is described. In order to further understanding of the motif, existing interpretive methods and the traditions which inform them are examined, with a view to outlining a number of areas in need of attention. It is argued that analysis of rock art remains dependent on a range of dualistic notions which may be linked to retained structuralist ideas. It is suggested that the dominant model in rock art research, in which the rock art is seen as essentially shamanistic, perpetuates distinctions between mind and body, myth and ritual, and sacred and profane, while in its search for general truths concerning the rock art, and its central focus on iconography, the model retains traces of linguistic structuralism. It is proposed that the 'mythic woman' motif, with its gendered and sexual characteristics, is not well accounted for by reference to southern San ritual and religious practice alone. Drawing on contemporary theories concerning temporality and embodiment, it is argued that the motif is better understood in relation to recurrent themes of death and regeneration in San mythology and oral narratives, with shamanistic practice enacting related themes. The motif may be seen as representing San history in terms of culturally specific temporal schemes arising from San experience of the world. The 'ethnographic method', by means of which San accounts are used to illuminate features of the art, is reassessed and extended. Hermeneutic theories are drawn upon in order to address questions regarding the way in which ethnographies and art may be mutually illuminating, and to account for the inevitability of multiple interpretations arising from the situated process of reading or viewing. Prominent themes, images and devices in San myth and oral narrative are discussed in an attempt to move beyond a narrowly iconography-centred approach and in order to account for devices and stylistic features of San arts which are evident in both verbal and visual media. Implications of the research for investigating an archaeology of gender, and the writing of San history, are discussed.

No description available.

In this thesis I describe a toxic protein, diamphotoxin, that is present in the pupae of the beetle Diamphidia nigro-ornata. This insect is used as an arrow poison by the !Kung Bushmen inhabiting the savannah of eastern Namibia and western Botswana. Preliminary investigations showed that the pupae contained a 3,7 S cationic protein which caused haemolysis and, after intramuscular injection, local paralysis followed by death. By intravenous lethality assay, one 200 mg pupa contained 20 000 mouse lethal doses. Assays for the toxin were developed based upon haemolysis in vitro and lethality in vivo. These assays were used to monitor purification of the toxin. Diamphotoxin was purified by acid extraction in 0,1M glycine-HCl pH 3,0 followed by ammonium sulphate fractionation, chromatography on hydroxyl apatite, phosphocellulose and, finally, on DEAE cellulose. A consistent increase in activity after the hydroxyl apatite chromatography pointed to the removal of an inhibitor during this step. A subsequent severe loss of activity after chromatography on phosphocellulose could neither be explained nor overcome. The phosphocellulose chromatography step yielded three peaks of toxic activity. Immunological studies revealed cross-reactivity but not identity between these three toxin species. The toxin in the first peak to elute from the phosphocellulose column was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Attempts to purify the toxin in the other two phosphocellulose peaks were not successful. The isolated molecule was confirmed to be the toxin by haemolysis in a blood-agarose underlay after SDS-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight estimate for the toxin by SDS-gel electrophoresis was 60 700 daltons and by analytical ultracentrifugation 62 100 daltons. The molecule appeared to exist as a single polypeptide chain. The amino acid composition showed a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acids. Isoelectric focussing showed an isoelectric point of pH 9,45. Toxin mediated haemolysis was studied in detail. The haemolytic event could be broken down into two stages. In the first stage toxin bound irreversibly to the cell but, provided no divalent cations were present, no damage to the cell could be detected. The second stage required the presence of free calcium (or certain other divalent cations), with an optimum concentration at 1 mM. The interaction of calcium with the cell-bound toxin resulted in the cell membrane becoming highly permeable to Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. Experiments designed to detect phospholipase or protease activity in toxin solutions gave negative results. Erythrocytes incubated with ¹²⁵I-labelled pure toxin in calcium-free medium retained a quantity of bound toxin which could not be removed by repeated washing. Incubation of erythrocytes with calcium-free toxin resulted in depletion of the activity of the toxin solution. The kinetics of the haemolytic action of the toxin were shown to be stoichiometric rather than catalytic. It was estimated that haemolysis by the toxin required a minimum of approximately 100 molecules per cell. Studies using circular dichroism measurements and the fluorescent probe 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid (ANS) indicated that a conformational change occurred in the toxin upon exposure to calcium. The ANS studies indicated that upon the addition of calcium the toxin molecule became more hydrophobic. It was concluded that the toxin functions as a calcium regulated Na⁺ and K⁺ ionophore in that it binds to the cell membrane and, in the presence of calcium or certain other divalent cations, assumes a conformation which mediates the free passage of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. The resultant disruption of normal transmembranous ionic concentration gradients leads to cell lysis by loss of osmoregulation and, in the case of excitable membranes, disruption of electrophysiological activity.

El agua es un recurso natural que se agota en el tiempo. Agua San Jorge nace como una necesidad de satisfacer la demanda creciente de agua de mesa con un alto grado de purificación en los hogares, y las empresas. La Motivación para poder ejecutar la idea de negocio es que hay un mercado insatisfecho que crece año a año, lo cual es una excelente oportunidad para llevar adelante el proyecto. A eso se suma la desconfianza de la población frente a los sistemas de redes de distribución de agua que no tienen un mantenimiento permanente de tal manera que el agua que se dice ser potable realmente llega a los hogares con una calidad inadecuada para ser directamente bebida; el ama de casa típicamente hierve el agua para su consumo teniendo que eliminar las bacterias y reduciendo en algo la dureza del agua; sin embargo no la elimina completamente esta dureza y el contenido metálico del agua no se elimina por calentamiento, produciéndose durante el consumo la acumulación de metales en el organismo que a la larga producen enfermedades.[1]. La Contribución económica y social de tomar agua purificada produce un ahorro en la economía del hogar, puesto que el ama de casa dejara de hervir el agua para poder servirse un desayuno, almuerzo, cena o al prepararse un refresco; también mejora grandemente la salud de la población. Además desde hace algunos años hay una clara tendencia de los consumidores hacia productos funcionales (que tienen propiedades positivas para la salud). Ello ha impulsado a un mejor desempeño de productos como agua embotellada, té bebible y energizantes, frente a las bebidas gaseosas azucaradas. / Tesis