Boron is an element, which is necessary as essential nutrient for living organisms, especially for plants where it is involved in cell wall composition. But boron excess can cause some problems on the development of plants (defoliation, decay and fall unripe fruits), of humans and animals such as nausea, diarrhoea, dermatitis, lethargy. Boron toxicity also changes blood composition, caused disorder in neurological, physical, intellectual development. Nowadays, due to the shortage of fresh water sources, seawater desalination has been becoming an alternative fresh water supply. However, the presence of boron in seawater is quite high (4.5 mg L–1, around 4.5 mM). Moreover, the increasing use of boron in industries and its discharge to the environment has led to the contamination of surface and ground waters. As the result, boron removal, in production of drinking water becomes very important. Therefore, the World health organization has recommended a guideline of 0.5 mg L–1 B in drinking water and a maximum limit of 0.3 mg L–1 B in fresh water used for irrigation. The objective of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of boron surface exchange on different materials versus time and at equilibrium depending on some physicochemical parameters such as pH, initial boron concentration, reaction time in order to find a new exchanger for boron removal. Boron removal was carried out by ion exchange process using 2 types of resins: Amberlite IRA 743, Diaion CRB 03 as boron selective resins with methylglucamine functions, and Ambersep 900-OH and Amberlite IRA 402 Cl as anionic exchange resins with ammonium functions. From batch studies, fast exchange between resin surface and liquid phase was observed with boron removal up to at least 96 % within 30 min for Amberlite IRA 743, Diaion CRB 03 and Ambersep 900- OH. The reaction between resin surface and boron solution reached equilibrium after 2 h for all the resins. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was used to well describe the sorption kinetic process of the resins. At equilibrium, the experimental results showed that the maximum adsorption was observed to be achieved at pH 8 for Ambersep 900- OH, pH 10 for Amberlite IRA 402 Cl and independent on pH range from 6 to 12 for the 2 boron selective resins Amberlite IRA 743 and Diaion CRB 03. At pH 8 and for boron concentrations < 20 mM, the Langmuir-type relationship was used to fit the experimental data for Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900- OH and resin Diaion CRB 03. In the range of studied boron concentration, the boron sorption onto Amberlite IRA 402 Cl followed linear-type behaviour. At pH 8 and for boron concentrations < 20 mM, the sorption capacities are: 1, 0,7, 0,3 et 0,05 mmol g–1 for Diaion CRB 03, Amberlite IRA 743, Ambersep 900- OH and Amberlite IRA 402 Cl, respectively. Column experiments were performed with the anionic resin Ambersep 900-OH and the selective one Amberlite IRA 743 by studying both the influence of boron concentration and the residence time. For the selective resin, if the residence time decreases, the boron breakthrough is fast followed by a long tail. For larger residence time, local equilibrium seems to be assumed. Results are thus consistent with batch experimental data. For the anionic resin, the nonlinear behaviour is also confirmed. Moreover, column experiments showed a strong difference during desorption. To regenerate resins, acid and basic treatments are necessary for the selective resin although a basic solution is enough for the anionic resin. A more detailed study of mechanisms is in progress in order to build a exchange model for predicting boron fate. Finally, characterization of pectins was also performed. Its composition (sugar and boron content) and the viscosity of pectin solutions were quantified. Filtration experiments allowed testing the efficiency of such material to remove boron too

Luminescence is the emission of light by an object. Living organisms including certain bacteria are capable of luminescence. Bacteria are the most abundant luminescent organisms in nature. Bacterial luminescence has been studied most extensively in several marine bacteria. Bacterial luminescence is due to the action of the enzyme called luciferase. The luminescent bacteria exist in nature either as free living bacteria or in symbiotic association ship with certain marine organisms. Research on luminescent bacteria has always been a fascinating one. In the present study, twenty free living luminescent bacteria were isolated from Bay of Bengal, India using soft agar overlay method in sea water complex agar (SWCA). All the 20 strains were characterized for certain biochemical tests and they were tentatively identified that they are all Photobacterium spp. The effect of salinity, pH glycerol concentration and heavy metals on the growth and luminescence of these 20 strains was also studied. In this part of experiment, visual scoring was done to categorize the luminescence. In case of salinity, it has been found that up to 6% of NaCl the intense of luminescence was good and thereafter it declined. Further, in some strains it was completely ceased beyond 9% of salinity. Luminescence was not greatly affected by pH in liquid medium however; the same was affected in solid medium. The intensity of luminescence has increased with increasing concentrations of glycerol ranging from 0.3 to 1.2%. All the 20 luminescent bacteria were characterized for their tolerance to heavy metals and antibiotics. Copper and zinc at 1 mg/ml concentration have inhibited the growth and luminescence of the all strains. Surprisingly, mercury at the same concentration has inhibited only two strains (AMET1913 and AMET1920). However, at 2 mg/ml concentration mercury has inhibited the growth and luminescence of all the 20 strains. Selected six luminescent bacterial strains were also characterized for their antibiotic susceptibility against six different antibiotics. It has been found that most of the strains were sensitive to all the six antibiotics tested. Since, the bioluminescence is regulated by quorum sensing, the effect of culture filtrate extracted with dichloromethane was also tested for its effect on luminescence. These DCM extracts haven‟t influenced the luminescence much.

NACE international East Asia & Pacific Rim Area Conference & Expo 2013 (Kyoto Japan, November 19-21, 2013)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Texas A & M University, 1993. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-208).

The data presented in this thesis highlights how sea water composition and biological activity can affect the morphology, composition, organic volume fraction, and hygroscopicity of individual sea spray aerosols (SSA). A variety of techniques were used to measure seawater and aerosol composition with the emphasis placed on spatial chemical composition obtained through Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy-Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (STXM-NEXAFS). Through NEXAFS data, organic volume fractions were derived from Beer's Law, and spatially resolved chemical composition for individual particles were determined through application of singular value decomposition and principal component analysis. These methods were applied to two specific studies: a 30 day mesocosm study using a wave flume termed Investigation into Marine PArticle Chemistry and Transfer Science (IMPACTS) and a smaller scale collection of SSA generated from a miniature Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (mini-MART) with bacteria enriched sea water. For IMPACTS, two consecutive phytoplankton blooms were observed; however, organic enrichment in sea spray aerosols only occurred during one of the blooms. STXM-NEXAFS measurements revealed four distinct particle types: sea salt-organic particles with a distinct NaCl core and an organic carbon coating, homogenously mixed organic-inorganic particles, calcium-rich needle-like particles, and agglomerations of optically thick organic material with inorganic salts. Organic enrichment was correlated with aliphatic-rich organic species as detected by an intense Cls—•a(C-H)* exciton excitation. This enrichment was unique to particles collected in the aerodynamic size range 0.18-0.32 µm and corresponded with a depression in the hygroscopicity of small particles. This depression can significantly suppress the number of cloud condensation nuclei thus influencing cloud properties. Results of the mini-MART collection revealed that whole bacterial inclusions are ejected into SSA via jet drops. Bacterial inclusions are rich in protein and can be identified through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on image stacks acquired at the carbon K edge. Vesicles were not identified in SSA but could be resolved in standard liquid cell samples in which they exhibited a strong phospholipid spectrum that could also be resolved spatially usually PCA coupled with k-means clustering. Bacterial inclusions in SSA may affect SSA physical properties by serving as ice nuclei.1,2,3

The isotopic composition of meteorite sulphur and sea water sulphates was investigated by means of a simultaneous collection mass spectrometer. It was found that sixteen samples of meteorite sulphur possessed identical isotope abundances within the precision of the instrument. The sulphates from various depths in the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Oceans, were found to be enriched in s34 compared to the meteorite base level. The overall variation in s32/s34 content was 0.39 percent for the sea water samples. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

L’étendue hivernale de la banquise en mer de Barents n’a cessé de diminuer, et un certain nombre d’études suggèrent que cette diminution pourrait coïncider avec des hivers très froids en Europe et Asie. L’eau Atlantique (AW) transportée vers la mer de Barents, se réchauffe. En mer de Barents, l’AW se transforme en Barents Sea Water (BSW), plus froide et moins salée. Etudier cette dernière nous permet d’en savoir plus sur l’influence de la saisonnalité de la banquise Arctique sur la stratification et la circulation de l’océan.Tout d’abord, nous utilisons des observations satellites pour localiser le Front Polaire (PF) qui matérialise la limite entre la BSW et l’eau Arctique. Nous établissons que l’étendue de la banquise était indépendante du PF jusqu’au milieu des années 2000, jusqu’à ce que le réchauffement de l’AW commence à limiter l’extension de la banquise hivernale au sud du front. Ensuite, en combinant données satellites et in situ, nous montrons que l’on peut surveiller ‘à distance’ les propriétés de la BSW : les variations de la température de surface de l’océan sont ainsi corrélées à celles du contenu en chaleur de la mer de Barents qui, associées à celles de la hauteur stérique, permettent également d’estimer son contenu en eau douce.Pour finir, nous utilisons un modèle à haute résolution pour calculer les bilans de volume, transport et flux des masses d’eau. Le volume de la BSW atteint un minimum en 1990 et 2004 : l’étendue de glace de mer hivernale ayant fondue l’été suivant était alors conséquente, résultant notamment d’une masse d’AW plus froide. L’événement de 2004 a permis une entrée massive d’AW, de plus en plus chaude, dans la mer de Barents. / Winter sea ice has declined in the Barents Sea and there is growing evidence that the low sea ice here coincides with cold, winter surface air temperature in Europe and Asia. Atlantic Water (AW) transported into the Barents Sea is warming and its temperature variability is correlated with variability in sea ice extent. As AW extends into the Barents Sea it is modified into a cooler, fresher water mass called BarentsSea Water (BSW). There are limited observations of BSW despite its importance in the Arctic Ocean system, leading to the question, how does the seasonal sea ice impact ocean stratification and mean flow?First, satellite observations are used to find the Polar Front, a water mass boundary between BSW and fresher Arctic Water to the north. The sea ice extent was found to be independent of the Polar Front until the mid-2000s when warming AW prevented the extension of winter sea ice south of the front.Second, by combining satellite and in situ data, it is shown that sea surface temperature can approximate heat content in the Barents Sea. Using heat content with satellite steric height, freshwater content can also be estimated, showing the potential for remote monitoring of BSW properties.Third, a high-resolution model is used to calculate the volume, transport and flux budgets within the AW and BSW domain south of the Polar Front. The model shows BSW volume minimum years in 1990 and2004. Both events were preceded by extensive winter sea ice and substantial summer sea ice melt, a result of preceding, cool AW. The event in 2004 was more extreme and allowed warming AW a greater volume in the Barents Sea.

As regiões costeiras estão sendo ameaçadas por apresentarem uma exploração desordenada e predatória de seus recursos naturais alterando a biodiversidade. Leveduras fazem parte do ecossistema marinho, entretanto algumas espécies estão associadas à micoses superficial, subcutânea e/ou sistêmicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar leveduras, isolar e caracterizar Trichosporon spp., em amostras água de mar e areia em três regiões costeiras do estado de São Paulo: Baixada Santista, Canal de São Sebastião e Ubatuba. Foram coletadas 126 amostras de água de mar e areia. As áreas foram caracterizadas usando parâmetros microbiológicos. A contagem de leveduras variou de <1 a 1.300UFC/100mL em água de mar e <1 a 3.200UFC/g em areia. As leveduras isoladas foram identificadas usando a metodologia tradicional e testes genotípicos. De um total de 102, 30,5% foi confirmado pelo API ID 32C, 40,2% pelo auxanograma e 63,7% pelo PCR. Os isolados identificados pelo PCR foram seqüenciados e 41,5% foram Trichosporon spp. / Coastal regions are being threatened because they have a predatory and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources by changing biodiversity. Yeasts are part of the marine ecosystem, though some species are associated with superficial mycoses, subcutaneous and / or systemic. The objective of this study was to quantify yeast, isolation and Trichosporon spp. In samples of sea water and sand in three regions of the state of São Paulo: Santos, Canal de São Sebastião and Ubatuba. We collected 126 samples of sea water and sand. The areas were characterized by microbiological parameters. Yeast counts ranged from <1 to 1.300UFC/100mL in sea water and <1 to 3.200UFC / g in sand. The yeasts were identified using the traditional methods and genotypic tests. From a total of 102, 30.5% was confirmed by API ID 32C, by 40.2% and 63.7% auxanograma PCR. The isolates identified by PCR were sequenced and 41.5% were Trichosporon spp.

Seawater and wastewater all around the world contain toxins and pollutants, not the least drug residues, including hormoneswhich disturb the ecosystems and antibiotics with growing multi-drug resistance of bacteria as a result. The effects onecosystems and mankind can be severe and with this general fact the need for proper analysis devices increases. This haspromoted further studies to establish devices for detection of analytes with high selectivity and high sensitivity. In this thesis Ipresent a unique device exploiting capture of antigen on antibody conjugated actin filaments and subsequent transportationof the antigen in Baltic Sea water using heavy meromyosin (HMM) motor fragments from muscle myosin. The model-antibody,anti-rIgG, used in the study, was covalently attached to the actin filaments, capturing a model-analyte, rIgG that was dissolvedin the Sea water. Furthermore, the effect of Baltic Sea water on HMM propelled actin filament transportation in the in vitromotility assay was studied. An effect was observed with Baltic Sea water, supplemented with standard adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) and oxygen scavenger systems, reducing the sliding velocity by approximately 80%. However the effect wasreversible which is of great advantage in relation to the development of a future biosensor device incorporating actomyosindriven transports. Additionally, evidence was found that the substance A slightly enhanced the function of the proteins whenstored on a motility assay surface at 4-8 °C for up to ten days, of value for practical applications of a potential biosensordevice. The results demonstrate the potential that antigen from sea water could be captured and transported by actomyosinto certain detector areas and eventually become concentrated which would increase the sensitivity of the device.

Peng-Hu county is shortage of daily water frequently., Every time the major fire starts, fire fighting department audits the whole situation and rescue process and analysis the factor for improvement. We realized the shortage of water supply is often the main deficiency. Winter is even worse, gale, storm and strong north-east season wind makes fire become larger. During the primary period, if we do not supply enough water to extinguish the fire, it would extend and it is the main reason for major property lost. Due to water supply shortage, misses the critical time hence unable to extinguish the fire efficient. This study views the rescue project to enable planners, rescue personnel and residents accept and apply it all over the county. To reduce the damage of crisis, and ensure the life and property safety of all citizen in this county. This study views emphasis are: 1. To questionnaire citizen who from the region that sea water fire hydrant available, to examine this project effort by understanding of the efficiency, safety and satisfaction of their aspects. 2. To questionnaire fire fighters and volunteers who use the sea water fire hydrant, to examine this project effort by its¡¦ efficiency and willing to apply it, if agree to generalize to the rest of county. 3. To questionnaire fire fighters and volunteers who use the sea water fire hydrant, to examine this project effort by its¡¦ efficiency and willing to apply it, if agree to generalize to the rest of county. 4. To questionnaire chiefs of county government, township office, councilor, township environmental engineers, power supply and construction department, involved with the sea water fire hydrant, to examine their aspects to this project effort. This study views national and international related document and field analysis analogous case, through question construction, policy development, hold agenda and changing systems etc., moreover to co-operate with 3I (Ideas, Interests, Instutionalization) decision module to evaluate the process of public policy system. Contemporaneously analysis the above mentioned first and third parties and surveys; This study focus on multi-value aspect of the system efficiency, find the solution, moreover work out the further policy improvement and suggestion of execution.