O Sill de Limeira possui variação composicional ampla e aparentemente contínua, no intervalo entre basalto nas bordas de resfriamento e quartzo monzodiorito grosso na parte mais central exposta até agora nas pedreiras onde é explorado. Abaixo da borda basáltica do topo encontra-se uma camada bastante rica em amígdalas, preenchidas por minerais de origem hidrotermal, seguida pela ocorrência de ocelos de composição quartzo monzonítica. Por toda extensão do sill ocorrem veios riolíticos (em menor proporção, quartzo monzoníticos), de direção preferencial perpendicular às bordas de resfriamento. As rochas são compostas essencialmente por plagioclásio, clinopiroxênio (augita ± pigeonita) e/ou anfibólio, Ti-magnetita, illmenita, além de quartzo e feldspato alcalino (nos termos mais diferenciados). Os minerais acessórios são apatita, filossilicatos, zircão, badeleíta, esfalerita, pirita e allanita; minerais de alteração hidrotermal são zeólitas, calcita, apofilita. Augita tem composição variada entre Fs~20, nas rochas mais primitivas e Fs40 nas mais diferenciadas (quartzo monzodiorito até riolito). O plagioclásio varia desde labradorita até oligoclásio, com predomínio de andesina An50-30 nas rochas mais abundantes. A química de rocha total revela um trend de diferenciação contínuo de composições entre o basalto de borda (~48% SiO2) e o quartzo monzodiorito (~61% SiO2); um hiato entre quartzo monzodiorito e riolito é identificado no intervalo 61-69% SiO2, no entanto quartzo monzonitos com 63-64% SiO2 aparecem como corpos de pequeno volume (veios e ocelos). O teor de Ca, Mg, Ti e Fe mostra tendência contínua de queda com a diferenciação, enquanto K tem aumento contínuo e Na e Al mantêm-se quase constantes, alcançando seu valor máximo no quartzo monzonito. Ba, Rb e Zr mostram comportamento incompatível, enquanto Co, Cr e Sr são tipicamente compatíveis. Os padrões de ETR são fracionados (LaN/YbN~12), e mostram enriquecimento até o quartzo monzodiorito; em rochas mais diferenciadas passa a haver algum empobrecimento, principalmente dos ETR médios, refletindo a extração de clinopiroxênio.. A diferenciação do Sill de Limeira parece refletir processos de cristalização fracionada, que fornece resultados consistentes em balanços de massa, tanto nos estágios iniciais, como na geração dos líquidos residuais diferenciados (quartzo monzonito e riolito), onde deve ter ocorrido por filter pressing. Em um modelo em que a cristalização ocorre a partir das bordas do corpo, com líquidos residuais sendo gerados nas frentes de solidificação, os ocelos foram possivelmente originados pela migração desses líquidos. Em um estágio posterior de evolução da câmara, os líquidos residuais expulsos dessas frentes teriam percolado fraturas em porções já solidificadas, formando os veios riolíticos. / The Limeira Sill exhibits a wide and continuous compositional variation, between basalt at the chilled margins and coarse-grained quartz monzodiorite in the innermost part currently exposed in the quarried where it is exploited. Below the top basalt border there is a layer rich in amygdales filled by hydrothermal minerals, followed downwards by the appearance of quartz monzonitic occelli. Throughout the sill occur rhyolitic (less often quartz monzonitic) veins oriented preferentially normal to the chilled margins. The rocks are composed mostly of plagioclase, clinopyroxene (augite ± pigeonite) and/or amphibole, Ti-magnetite, ilmenite, plus quartz and alkali feldspar (in the more differentiated rocks). Accessory minerals include apatite, filossilicates, zircon, baddeleyite, sphalerite, pyrite and allanite; hydrothermal minerals are zeolites, calcite and apophylite. Augite compositions vary from Fs~20 in the more primitive rocks to Fs40 in the more differentiated (quartz monzodiorite to rhyolite). Plagioclase varies from labradorite to oligoclase, with predominance of andesine An50-30 in the more abundant rocks. The whole rock chemistry reveals a continuous differentiation trend with compositions between the border basalt (~48 wt% SiO2) and the quartz monzodiorite (~61 wt% SiO2); a gap between quartz monzodiorite and rhyolite is identified in the 61-69 wt% SiO2 interval, but quartz monzonites with 63-64 wt% SiO2 appear as small-volume veins and occelli. The Ca, Mg, Ti and Fe contents show a trend of continuous decrease with differentiation, while K shows a continuous increase, and Na and Al are nearly constant, reaching maximum value in the quartz monzonites. Ba, Rb and Zr show incompatible behavior, while Co, Cr and Sr are typically compatible. The REE patterns are fractionated (LaN/YbN~12), and show enrichment up to the quartz monzodiorite; in more differentiated rocks they begin to decrease, especially the medium REE, reflecting extraction of clinopyroxene. The differentiation of the Limeira Sill appears to be a reflection of crystal fractionation, as suggested by consistent results in mass balance calculations, both for the initial stage (basalt to quartz monzodiorite) and for the generation of residual liquids (quartz monzonite and rhyolite), the latter probably involving some sort of filter pressing. In a model of magma chamber where crystallization occurs at the margins and residual liquids are generated in the solidification fronts, the occelli appear to be products of upward migration of these liquids. Later in the evolution of the chamber, the residual liquids extracted from these fronts would have percolated fractures in portions already solidified, forming the rhyolitic veins.

O Sill de Limeira possui variação composicional ampla e aparentemente contínua, no intervalo entre basalto nas bordas de resfriamento e quartzo monzodiorito grosso na parte mais central exposta até agora nas pedreiras onde é explorado. Abaixo da borda basáltica do topo encontra-se uma camada bastante rica em amígdalas, preenchidas por minerais de origem hidrotermal, seguida pela ocorrência de ocelos de composição quartzo monzonítica. Por toda extensão do sill ocorrem veios riolíticos (em menor proporção, quartzo monzoníticos), de direção preferencial perpendicular às bordas de resfriamento. As rochas são compostas essencialmente por plagioclásio, clinopiroxênio (augita ± pigeonita) e/ou anfibólio, Ti-magnetita, illmenita, além de quartzo e feldspato alcalino (nos termos mais diferenciados). Os minerais acessórios são apatita, filossilicatos, zircão, badeleíta, esfalerita, pirita e allanita; minerais de alteração hidrotermal são zeólitas, calcita, apofilita. Augita tem composição variada entre Fs~20, nas rochas mais primitivas e Fs40 nas mais diferenciadas (quartzo monzodiorito até riolito). O plagioclásio varia desde labradorita até oligoclásio, com predomínio de andesina An50-30 nas rochas mais abundantes. A química de rocha total revela um trend de diferenciação contínuo de composições entre o basalto de borda (~48% SiO2) e o quartzo monzodiorito (~61% SiO2); um hiato entre quartzo monzodiorito e riolito é identificado no intervalo 61-69% SiO2, no entanto quartzo monzonitos com 63-64% SiO2 aparecem como corpos de pequeno volume (veios e ocelos). O teor de Ca, Mg, Ti e Fe mostra tendência contínua de queda com a diferenciação, enquanto K tem aumento contínuo e Na e Al mantêm-se quase constantes, alcançando seu valor máximo no quartzo monzonito. Ba, Rb e Zr mostram comportamento incompatível, enquanto Co, Cr e Sr são tipicamente compatíveis. Os padrões de ETR são fracionados (LaN/YbN~12), e mostram enriquecimento até o quartzo monzodiorito; em rochas mais diferenciadas passa a haver algum empobrecimento, principalmente dos ETR médios, refletindo a extração de clinopiroxênio.. A diferenciação do Sill de Limeira parece refletir processos de cristalização fracionada, que fornece resultados consistentes em balanços de massa, tanto nos estágios iniciais, como na geração dos líquidos residuais diferenciados (quartzo monzonito e riolito), onde deve ter ocorrido por filter pressing. Em um modelo em que a cristalização ocorre a partir das bordas do corpo, com líquidos residuais sendo gerados nas frentes de solidificação, os ocelos foram possivelmente originados pela migração desses líquidos. Em um estágio posterior de evolução da câmara, os líquidos residuais expulsos dessas frentes teriam percolado fraturas em porções já solidificadas, formando os veios riolíticos. / The Limeira Sill exhibits a wide and continuous compositional variation, between basalt at the chilled margins and coarse-grained quartz monzodiorite in the innermost part currently exposed in the quarried where it is exploited. Below the top basalt border there is a layer rich in amygdales filled by hydrothermal minerals, followed downwards by the appearance of quartz monzonitic occelli. Throughout the sill occur rhyolitic (less often quartz monzonitic) veins oriented preferentially normal to the chilled margins. The rocks are composed mostly of plagioclase, clinopyroxene (augite ± pigeonite) and/or amphibole, Ti-magnetite, ilmenite, plus quartz and alkali feldspar (in the more differentiated rocks). Accessory minerals include apatite, filossilicates, zircon, baddeleyite, sphalerite, pyrite and allanite; hydrothermal minerals are zeolites, calcite and apophylite. Augite compositions vary from Fs~20 in the more primitive rocks to Fs40 in the more differentiated (quartz monzodiorite to rhyolite). Plagioclase varies from labradorite to oligoclase, with predominance of andesine An50-30 in the more abundant rocks. The whole rock chemistry reveals a continuous differentiation trend with compositions between the border basalt (~48 wt% SiO2) and the quartz monzodiorite (~61 wt% SiO2); a gap between quartz monzodiorite and rhyolite is identified in the 61-69 wt% SiO2 interval, but quartz monzonites with 63-64 wt% SiO2 appear as small-volume veins and occelli. The Ca, Mg, Ti and Fe contents show a trend of continuous decrease with differentiation, while K shows a continuous increase, and Na and Al are nearly constant, reaching maximum value in the quartz monzonites. Ba, Rb and Zr show incompatible behavior, while Co, Cr and Sr are typically compatible. The REE patterns are fractionated (LaN/YbN~12), and show enrichment up to the quartz monzodiorite; in more differentiated rocks they begin to decrease, especially the medium REE, reflecting extraction of clinopyroxene. The differentiation of the Limeira Sill appears to be a reflection of crystal fractionation, as suggested by consistent results in mass balance calculations, both for the initial stage (basalt to quartz monzodiorite) and for the generation of residual liquids (quartz monzonite and rhyolite), the latter probably involving some sort of filter pressing. In a model of magma chamber where crystallization occurs at the margins and residual liquids are generated in the solidification fronts, the occelli appear to be products of upward migration of these liquids. Later in the evolution of the chamber, the residual liquids extracted from these fronts would have percolated fractures in portions already solidified, forming the rhyolitic veins.

Language learning strategies (LLS) have been a popular topic in the SLA literature since their conception by Joan Rubin in 1975. In the beginning, the focus was placed on what constituted an LLS and which learner variables affected strategy use. More recently, the field has moved to the practical application of LLS research: strategy training. Strategy training research has focused on student and teacher beliefs, classroom culture and students’ culture, explicit vs. implicit instruction, and language of instruction and has had largely positive findings. These issues are explored, then made manifest in a review of four popular strategy training models: The CALLA, Oxford, Grenfell and Harris, and SBI. Drawing on the LLS research and these four models, I propose a new model for strategy training: the 6 Steps to Success. As the title indicates, the 6 Steps to Success includes 6 steps: 1) beginning of course assessment/awareness raising; 2) continued assessment of student needs/awareness raising; 3) explicit teaching and modeling; 4) practice; 5) evaluation, 6) end of course evaluation. Five lesson plans are then given to demonstrate the 6 Steps to Success in action. / text

Timber is widely used in the construction industry, because of its availability and good properties. The compressive strength perpendicular to grain (bearing strength) is one property of wood which is important for structural design. The bearing strength is important for the behavior of the structure in all contact points between wooden members. The calculations models for bearing strength have been a subject of discussion for many years and the different building codes in Europe has treated it differently during the years. The aim of this thesis was to compare different calculations models for bearing strength with the results of an experimental study. In this study the bearing strength for a fully supported beam loaded with a point load was studied. Two different loading lengths were studied as well as loading in a point in the middle of the beam, at the edge of the beam and at a distance of 10 mm between the edge and the loading point. The loading was made with a steel stud. Calculations were also performed according to the following standards; Eurocode 5 (EN1995-1-1:2004) before and after amendment, the German Code (DIN 1052:2004), the Italian Code (CNR-DT 206:2006) and two versions of the Swedish Code (BKR). The results showed that the results from the new version of Eurocode 5 agreed best with the experimental results. The tested results, however, were lower than the values calculated using Eurocode (and all the other codes); this might be explained by the hard loading conditions using a steel stud instead of a wood stud.

The first continous set of observations made over the seasonal cycle of the vertical structure and currents in the Clyde Sea, Scotland's largest fjord, are used to show that the vertical structure is controlled by a balance between mixing and stratifying processes within the basin, and exchange with the North Channel of the Irish Sea. Stratification was observed to change from being entirely saline in the winter to being thermally dominated in the summer. Deep water renewal occurred throughout the winter. The inflow rate peaked in the early spring and also in the summer, resulting in an annual mean flushing time of -3.5 months, in satisfactory agreement with previous estimates. Within the basin, a two layered flow structure was observed throughout the year, and a residual anti-cyclonic surface circulation was seen to be persistent. A 3- dimensional modelling study supports the hypothesis that this flow is driven by currents associated with the density gradients at the basin's mouth. A positive density difference across the sill is a necessary but not sufficient condition for deep water renewal; when the difference was maximum in the winter, the rate of exchange was below average. Renewal was generally episodic, which is suggestive of wind induced exchange. The 3-dimensional model confirmed that changes in the wind direction could substantially increase or diminish exchange by enhancing or blocking the estuarine circulation. Rapid renewals in the spring time of 1993 and 1994 were initiated by storm events. In the summer of 1993, persistently high rates of exchange were observed. 3-dimensional modelling supported the hypothesis that this was due to the presence of saline water over the sill, which results from the summer time retreat of the front at the mouth of the Clyde Sea due to low freshwater inflow. An existing 1- dimensional filling-box model was developed in the light of the new observations. It showed that significant entrainment of Clyde Sea bottom water into this summer inflow was a possible mechanism to explain the deep water properties in the summer. Mixing was found to be predominantly wind driven. A positive correlation was found between the wind and the amplitude of intemal oscillations at sub-tidal frequencies, which dominated the velocity field in winter. A mode 1 internal tide at the M2 frequency was observed, and had a horizontal velocity at the mooring sites of -2 cms-l throughout the year. The mixing associated with the internal tide was -0.01 mWm-2 , which is 2 orders of magnitUde lower than the wind mixing. The residual surface anti-cyclonic circulation prevents surface fresh water from entering the Kilbrannan Sound, which reduces the potential energy anomaly by -60 Jm-) relative to than that of the Arran Deep. Consequently, the wind induces relatively deeper mixing in the Kilbrannan Sound, which in the winter resulted in the reduction of the bottom water temperature without a significant decrease in salinity, and explains how the Clyde Sea bottom water may cool more rapidly than the deeper North Channel.

<p> A gabbroic intrusion within the Wabigoon Greenstone Belt, southeast of Dryden Ontario, was studied and mapped. Petrographic examination of the sill was carried out and geochemical whole rock data was obtained using X.R.F. methods. </p> The Gabbro Lake Sill was injected into a mafic pile and subsequently underwent fractional crystallization and differentiation. The sill exhibits good phase layering resulting in its division into six basic units: Chilled Margin Gabbro Diabasic Gabbro Leucocratic Gabbro Pyroxenitic Gabbro Pegmatitic Gabbro Sheared Gabbro </p> <p> These units are evident in thin section and are distinguishable both modally and textUrally. In most cases, variations in the chemistry and norms reflect the units mapped in the field. </p> <p> Many features of the sill are analogous to other intrusions, and comparisons have been drawn and theories incorporated to explain these features in the Gabbro Lake Sill. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

"Inlärningsstrategier vid andraspråksinlärning" är en kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie som belyser tre elevers strategier vid språkinlärning. Studien bygger på tidigare forskning, semistrukturerad intervjuer och enkäter. Informanterna representerar olika språk, länder, och kulturer och kommer från Asien, Afrika och Europa. Informanterna är elever vid en gymnasieskola.     Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera och belysa de olika inlärningsstrategier som elever använder sig av vid andrasrpåksinlärning. Inlärningsstrategier vid andraspråksinlärning är olika strategier som inläraren medvetet eller omedvetet använder sig av vid språkinlärning. Strategierna delas i denna studie in i direkta och indirekta strategier. Vid intervjuerna och i enkäten beskriver informanterna olika inlärningsstrategier. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att de strategier som beskrivs i tidigare forskning även används av eleverna i denna studie. De socila strategierna är de mest framsträdande strategierna i denna studie av inlärningsstrategier vid andraspråksinlärning.

Laboratory work were conducted to investigate the behaviors of an internal solitary wave (ISW) in a two-layer free surface fluid system in a wave flume (12m¡Ñ0.5m¡Ñ0.7m) at the National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. A series of fundamental experiments on wave generation, propagation and interaction with uniform slopes and topographic features were carried out in the flume with stratified two-layer fresh/brine water. Factors governing the experiments included the thickness ratio of the upper and lower layers H1/H2, interface difference

Two basins separated by a strait often have different densities due to environmental factors, resulting in a situation in the strait where fluids of different densities are essentially side-by-side, causing an exchange flow due to gravitational forces. Dense fluid is pulled below light fluid and the light fluid is pushed above the dense, creating an opposing flow in the two layers. This exchange is often “controlled” at the point in the strait where cross-sectional area is minimized due to a constriction, either horizontal or vertical. Exchange in the strait can control the dynamics, and in turn energy, nutrient, pollutant and biological transport between the basins. Since strait dynamics are often not resolved in regional or global models, it is useful to parameterize the exchange based on external variables such as the density difference in the basins, the level of the dense water in the dense basin, and the tidal forcing. Exchange flow can be “maximal” or “sub-maximal”. The flow is “maximal” if raising the interface in the dense basin (presumably by modifying light water to be dense) does not further increase the exchange flow through the strait. While many ocean straits are usually “maximal”, there are also many that are “sub-maximal,” and thus require separate theoretical treatment. Time-dependent external barotropic forcing (i.e. the tide) modifies the time-averaged exchange flow in a strait. The relationship between tidal forcing and the average exchange flow in a channel has been examined for maximal exchange (Helfrich, 1995). In the present study, that effort is extended to include tidal forcing on a sub-maximal exchange flow. A strait with a sill is simulated numerically, using a two layer hydrostatic approximation. Time-averaged exchange flow increases with tidal amplitude depending on three factors: the physical dimensions of the problem, the tidal amplitude, and the relative strength of flow of the density layers. Results show that all exchange flows increase at a similar rate with tidal forcing, after being normalized by a parameter relating physical dimensions of the strait to the interfacial wave speed. This result quantifies the exchange increase due to tidal forcing for all degrees of “maximality” in this simple sill-only geometry. This relates time-dependent sub-maximal flows to the maximal case that has already been studied in depth. / Graduate / 0415 / ryanpc@uvic.ca

Evidence of hydrothermal and tectonic activity is found throughout our solar system. Here I investigated hydrothermal and fracturing processes on three planetary bodies: Earth, Mars and Europa. For the first project, we set up a dike-driven hydrothermal system and calculated heat and water flow using boundary layer theory. Water flow rates and volumes were then compared to the requirements for surface feature formation. Results found that the water volumes produced were adequate to form Athabasca Valles, except the flow rates were low. Episodic flood releases could enable the higher flow rates if water was first collected in aquifers, possibly stored beneath ice. On the icy moon Europa, I modeled a proposed sill emplacement mechanism using a finite element code and found that water could flow up through an approximately 10 km thick ice shell without freezing. The analysis also found that shallow cracks in the ice combined with deep cracks cause a stress direction change that helps the fracture turn and propagate more horizontally. However, the sill lifetime is less than the time a study by Dombard et al. [2013] calculated to be necessary for the formation of flexure fractures along margins of double ridges. Replenishment processes will be explored in future work to help extend sill lifetime. The last investigation calculated dike induced permeability changes in the crust on Earth and Mars and related the changes to water and heat flow rates and water volumes. Comparisons were made to event plume heat and elevated fluid temperatures observed at mid-ocean ridges. Heat values determined by the models agreed well with the 10^14 to 10^17 J expected. For the Martian model, water flow rates and volumes were compared to formation requirements for the valley system Athabasca Valles. Results found that flow rates would be adequate in the high permeability damage zone adjacent to the dike. However, the lowered permeability outside the damage zone would restrict replenishment flow and could cause the need for water storage and periodic release between flood events as the volume within the damage zone is not adequate for the valley formation. / Ph. D.