Winnipeg, Manitoba experiences annual flooding and has a history of major floods that have exceeded its permanent flood protection infrastructure. During these major flood events, sandbag dikes have been used to temporarily protect the community, with little knowledge of how they work. These dikes, like all flood fighting techniques have an inherent risk associated with their use. This thesis provides an understanding of the engineering behaviour of these structures that aims at reducing the risk of their use. Specifically this thesis examines the effects of wave action on dike stability and the effects of building dikes on foundations affected by Manitoba’s environment. The testing program included both full-scale and large-scale testing. The full-scale testing consisted of wave testing of 5 ft (1.524 m) sandbag dikes, built according to the City of Winnipeg standard dike cross section, to examine the effects of wave height on dike stability. The full-scale dikes were built and loaded with waves in a 100 foot (30 m) long hydraulic wave flume. The large-scale testing comprised of large-scale direct shear tests carried out in an environmental chamber to establish the effect of the environmental factors such as moisture, temperature and snow, on the dike-foundation interface strength. The wave results showed that as significant wave heights were increased to the range of 0.41 m to 0.45 m, that the dikes built according to the City of Winnipeg cross section became unstable. The thesis recommends modifications to the dike construction and material for dikes that are to be built in areas prone to waves of similar height. The direct shear tests provided Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters for the dike-foundation interface when exposed to environmental conditions typical to Manitoba. The results show that snow in the interface provided the lowest capacity to resist lateral movements. Recommendations are provided for the use of these parameters and include the removal of snow from the sandbag dike corridors prior to their construction. Overall, the thesis provides an understanding of the behaviour of sandbag dikes exposed to wave action and environmental effects. This knowledge can be used to create policies for reducing the risk of using sandbag dikes during flood events. / May 2009

Winnipeg, Manitoba experiences annual flooding and has a history of major floods that have exceeded its permanent flood protection infrastructure. During these major flood events, sandbag dikes have been used to temporarily protect the community, with little knowledge of how they work. These dikes, like all flood fighting techniques have an inherent risk associated with their use. This thesis provides an understanding of the engineering behaviour of these structures that aims at reducing the risk of their use. Specifically this thesis examines the effects of wave action on dike stability and the effects of building dikes on foundations affected by Manitoba’s environment. The testing program included both full-scale and large-scale testing. The full-scale testing consisted of wave testing of 5 ft (1.524 m) sandbag dikes, built according to the City of Winnipeg standard dike cross section, to examine the effects of wave height on dike stability. The full-scale dikes were built and loaded with waves in a 100 foot (30 m) long hydraulic wave flume. The large-scale testing comprised of large-scale direct shear tests carried out in an environmental chamber to establish the effect of the environmental factors such as moisture, temperature and snow, on the dike-foundation interface strength. The wave results showed that as significant wave heights were increased to the range of 0.41 m to 0.45 m, that the dikes built according to the City of Winnipeg cross section became unstable. The thesis recommends modifications to the dike construction and material for dikes that are to be built in areas prone to waves of similar height. The direct shear tests provided Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters for the dike-foundation interface when exposed to environmental conditions typical to Manitoba. The results show that snow in the interface provided the lowest capacity to resist lateral movements. Recommendations are provided for the use of these parameters and include the removal of snow from the sandbag dike corridors prior to their construction. Overall, the thesis provides an understanding of the behaviour of sandbag dikes exposed to wave action and environmental effects. This knowledge can be used to create policies for reducing the risk of using sandbag dikes during flood events.

Winnipeg, Manitoba experiences annual flooding and has a history of major floods that have exceeded its permanent flood protection infrastructure. During these major flood events, sandbag dikes have been used to temporarily protect the community, with little knowledge of how they work. These dikes, like all flood fighting techniques have an inherent risk associated with their use. This thesis provides an understanding of the engineering behaviour of these structures that aims at reducing the risk of their use. Specifically this thesis examines the effects of wave action on dike stability and the effects of building dikes on foundations affected by Manitoba’s environment. The testing program included both full-scale and large-scale testing. The full-scale testing consisted of wave testing of 5 ft (1.524 m) sandbag dikes, built according to the City of Winnipeg standard dike cross section, to examine the effects of wave height on dike stability. The full-scale dikes were built and loaded with waves in a 100 foot (30 m) long hydraulic wave flume. The large-scale testing comprised of large-scale direct shear tests carried out in an environmental chamber to establish the effect of the environmental factors such as moisture, temperature and snow, on the dike-foundation interface strength. The wave results showed that as significant wave heights were increased to the range of 0.41 m to 0.45 m, that the dikes built according to the City of Winnipeg cross section became unstable. The thesis recommends modifications to the dike construction and material for dikes that are to be built in areas prone to waves of similar height. The direct shear tests provided Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters for the dike-foundation interface when exposed to environmental conditions typical to Manitoba. The results show that snow in the interface provided the lowest capacity to resist lateral movements. Recommendations are provided for the use of these parameters and include the removal of snow from the sandbag dike corridors prior to their construction. Overall, the thesis provides an understanding of the behaviour of sandbag dikes exposed to wave action and environmental effects. This knowledge can be used to create policies for reducing the risk of using sandbag dikes during flood events.

Detta arbete är utfört som ett examensarbete åt Skogsstyrelsen som en uppföljning på samråd för dikesrensning utförda på distrikt Jönköping från hösten 2004 till 2009. Följande saker har studerats: Hur uppfattades samrådet? Hur utfördes rensningen? Är markägaren nöjd med resultatet? Har skogen svarat på rensningen genom ökad tillväxt och i så fall hur snart och hur mycket? Har markfloran förändrats? Syns några andra positiva eller negativa effekter efter rensningen?Arbetet har utförts i två steg dels i form av en markägarintervju på 7 olika fastigheter och sedan som fältinventering med datainsamling. Utifrån det första besöket valdes 10 bestånd ut för inventering på 4 fastigheter, 2 tall och 8 granbestånd med totalt 136 träd, 27 tallar och 109 granar. 122 träd borrades för årsringsanalys 27 tallar och 95 granar. Borrkärnorna analyserades i WinDENDROs tillväxtprogram, sammanfattningar gjordes i Microsoft Excel och variansanalys i SAS statistikprogram.Träd närmast diket visade i genomsnitt en högre radiell tillväxt efter dikesrensningen än träd som stod längre ifrån diket. Alla markägare kunde se en förbättrad tillväxt efter rensningen och 4 av 7 kunde se en klar förbättring. 6 av 10 bestånd hade 4-7 år efter rensning fortfarande 20-50 % björn-och vit mossor i bottenskiktet. Två hade stora problem med kraftig grästillväxt men ingen hade sett några andra negativa effekter på markfloran. / The work was carried out for the Swedish Forest Agency as a follow-up on consultation for cleansing ditches in the district of Jönköping from autumn 2004 to 2009.The following things were studied: How was the consultation and results of cleansing perceived? How was the cleansing carried out? Has the forest responded to the cleansing through increased growth and if so how soon and how much? Has the ground flora changed? Were there any other positive or negative effects after the cleaning? Interviews were carried out with the property owners and the forest inventoried in the field.The work has been carried out in two stages, partly in the form of a market interview of 7 different properties and then as a field inviting with data collection. Based on the first visit, 10 stocks were selected for inventory of 4 properties, 2 pine (Pinus sylvestris) and 8 spruces (Picea abies) stands with a total of 136 trees, 27 pines and 109 spruces were measured. 122 trees were drilled for growth ring analysis 27 pines and 95 spruces. The drill cores were analyzed in WinDENDRO's growth ring program, summaries were made in Microsoft Excel and variance analysis was performed in SAS's statistical program.Trees that were closest to the ditch showed on average a higher radial growth after cleaning than before compared to trees that were farther from the ditch.6 out of 10 stands had after 4-7 years of cleansing still 20-50% bear- and white moss in the bottom layer. All landowners could see an improved profitability after cleaning and four out of seven could noticeably see better growth. Two had problems with troubling grass growth, but no one had seen any other positive or negative effects on the ground flora.

Kvarteret Limkokaren/Oden, Hässleholm, Skåne, skall bebyggas och förtätas. Hässleholms Vatten AB, har ställt kravet att den avrinningsvolym som får komma från området efter byggnation inte får överstiga 1 l/s ha. Hela området är på ca 2 hektar. Genom att bebygga ett område förändras avrinningsvolymen och -hastigheten för dagvattnet. Mer hårgjorda ytor minskar också möjligheten för nederbörden att infiltrera och återgå till grundvattnet. På så sätt förändras den naturliga vattencykeln. Genom att imitera naturen och återskapa naturliga områden i bebyggelse kan ökad nederbördsinfiltrering rekonstrueras och volym- och hastighetsavrinningen reduceras. Ekologisk dagvattenhantering (ED) bygger på att återskapa den naturliga vattencykeln. För området har olika ED komponenter, så som bioretentions- och bevuxna diken, infiltrationsplanteringar och dammar, använts för att framförallt uppnå målet för avrinningsvolymen men även ge en viss rening av dagvattnet samt skapa en omväxlande, behaglig och välkomnande utemiljö. Resultatet utgörs av ett förslag till väl fungerande ED system som klarar de krav som finns och som har byggts upp utifrån situationsplanen för kvarteret och med hänsyn tagna till de naturliga förutsättningar området har. Osäkerheten kring de olika ED komponenternas verkliga kapacitet att reducera stora delar utav ett Q100 regn har ifrågasatts. Det är troligt att den beräknade avrinningen som sker i samband med ett större regn är direkt underskattad. Diskussion om hur ökad avrinningsvolym skall hanteras har framlett till förslag på att ytterligare marköversvämning i parkområden kan vara nödvändigt. Genom att använda ekologisk dagvattenhantering har avrinningsvolymen till kommunalt ledningsnät begränsats samtidigt som området kan användas för rekreation, lek och lärande. Ekologisk dagvattenhantering är ett bra alternativ för kvarteret Limkokaren/Oden men kan även användas i andra områden med andra ändamål än volymreduktion. / The quarter Limkokaren/Oden in the center of Hässleholm, Sweden, is going to be developed and more densely populated. In order to get permission to build on this area there are requirements from the sewage company, Hässleholms Vatten AB. The requirements concern the storm water volume that can be accepted to enter the drainage system. This runoff volume from the area should not exceed 1 l/s and hectare after the construction work has been finished. The whole area is about 2 hectares. The development will result in a change of storm water runoff in both volume and velocity. More paved surfaces will reduce the ability for the storm water to infiltrate and return to the groundwater. In this way the natural water cycle will change. By mimicking nature and build natural runoff and infiltration areas in between the settlements the infiltration of storm water can be increased and in the same time the runoff volume and velocity can be reduced. Ecological storm water management (ED) is based upon the idea to recreate the natural water cycle. In these study bioretention swales, swales, infiltration plantings and dams have been proposed as different ED components that can be used to reach the requirement. Calculations have been made in order to reach the requirements with using the right components for the ED system. These components also give the local environment a pleasant and inviting appearance and at the same time contribute with some cleaning of the storm water. The result should be a good working ED system that manage the requirement for the runoff volume. The system is designed by the situation map and by the natural conditions of the area. But is the ED components ability to reduce the runoff volume in the same order as the calculations? The reduction capacity of the system in case of a smaller rain is probably in the same order as the calculations. For a large rain event the runoff volume will be much larger and in order to handle the bigger volume it is proposed that flooding the green areas in the quarter should be allowed. Ecological storm water management is a good alternative for this area but can also be used in other places with different requirements.

Geothermal energy potential depends on locating highly porous and permeable zones that support fluid flow to extract heat. Hot springs in the playa of Surprise Valley, CA are distributed along gaps and bends in magnetic anomalies interpreted as sub-cropping mafic dikes (Glen et al., 2013). In addition to these dikes in the Valley Playa, dikes outcrop in the Hays Canyon Range (HCR) that defines the eastern margin of the valley. Dikes in the HCR have two distinct attitudes (1) N-S striking dikes (~180) that dip 60oW, and (2) NNW-SSE striking dikes (~330) that dip 85oE. Both attitudes are spatially associated with locally high fracture density and minor hydrothermal alteration that may have formed from dike emplacement. This study tests whether the distribution of hot springs can be explained by elastic distortions around an array of opening dikes that promotes localized dilation to support a network of open secondary structures focusing fluid flow to supply the hot springs. This is done through two mechanical model experiments which use boundary elements in an elastic half-space. The first model is a sensitivity study investigating the role of dike dimensions and position in the density stratigraphy on their opening. Field analysis constrains the strike-length, thickness, and the upper tip position of dikes, although height is unknown. The model reproduced the mapped dike-length (4000 m) and thickness (2.0 m) with a dike-height of 60000m and a magma density of 2500 kg/m3 which is consistent with mafic dikes. The second model applies the dike dimensions and calculates the resulting stress state and fracture potential around an array of dikes conforming to both attitudes of the dike array mapped magnetic anomalies and informed by from field results of dike orientation in the Hays Canyon Range. Simulations of the N-S trend predict regions of enhanced Coulomb stress and tension that promote fracture formation and opening near dike tips where segments are isolated and where two closely spaced dike segments underlap. Conversely, compression is enhanced along the dike walls and where the segments closely overlap. The NNW-SSE trending array of dikes predict increased Coulomb stress and tension at similar locations in the array, but with more extreme values. Thus, the NNW-SSE dike array geometry better matches areas of enhanced fracturing with locations with active hot springs (as well as regions of enhanced compression with their absence) than the geometry of the N-S dike array. / Geology / Accompanied by 3 *.M files: 1)Sawyer_temple_0225M_171/WORKFLOW_p3dResults_Sensitivity_positionbc_interrogation_3d_NCD.m 2)Sawyer_temple_0225M_171/WORKFLOW_p3dResults_Sensitivity_positionbc_figures.m 3)Sawyer_temple_0225M_171/WORKFLOW_p3d_SV_toy_dikes_Sensitivity_positionbc.m

Tectonic windows are faulted escarpments that expose extensive sections of <em>in situ</em> oceanic crust, providing valuable opportunities to examine upper crustal architecture from a perspective unmatched by other approaches. Recent investigations of tectonic windows by submersible (<em>Alvin, Nautile</em>) and remotely-operated vehicle (<em>Jason II</em>) have recovered an unprecedented suite of dikes and lavas. We focus on compositions of dikes and lavas from intermediate- and super-fast rate crust exposed, respectively, in the Western Blanco Transform (BT) fault and the Pito Deep Rift (PD), to better understand accretionary processes at mid-ocean ridges. In the BT, the upper lavas are generally more primitive than the lower lavas, supporting geophysical and geological studies that suggest off-axis volcanism plays an important role in constructing the upper crust at intermediate-rate spreading centers. The wide range in lava compositions exposed along the BT scarp also lends caution to studies that rely on surface lavas to determine the evolution of sub-axial magmatic conditions.The PD suite allows us to examine accretionary processes over an impressive temporal range, including long-term (millions of years) changes in mantle composition and medium-rate (100s of ka) changes in magmatic regime. Compositions of adjacent dikes reveal that the ocean crust is heterogeneous on short time (<10>ka) and spatial (meters) scales, reflecting along-axis transport of magma from chemically heterogeneous portions of the melt lens. High compositional variability was also observed in adjacent dikes from Hess Deep (HD), a tectonic window into fast-rate crust, suggesting that lateral dike intrusion occurs at all mid-ocean ridges. PD lavas are offset to lower density compositions compared to dikes, an observation previously made in HD, but made here for the first time in other dike-lava populations, suggesting that buoyancy plays a major role in partitioning magma between dikes and lavas. A model for intrusion of a single dike shows that crustal density, magma pressure, and tectonic stress affect the intensity of density-based magma partitioning in a systematic way that can be related to compositions of dike-lava populations. / Dissertation

River training structures are widely used to create and maintain navigable waterways, to restore rivers and channels in a more stable condition, to promote environmental benefits, and to protect people and infrastructure from damages or floods. Few historical datasets on the changes and impacts in secondary waterbodies resulting from notched river training structures are available for the Lower Mississippi River. Access to the notched training structures on the Lower Mississippi River remains difficult and inhibits data collection for monitoring efforts. This increases the need for alternative methods such as numerical models for assessing the performance of the notched training structures. A quasi-three-dimensional Adaptive Hydraulics model was assembled and used to provide a hydraulic assessment of seven notched river training structures in the Lower Mississippi River. The hydraulic assessment of the notches included assessing the impacts to navigation, the long-term trends, and the potential for aquatic wildlife habitat diversity.

Kashechewan, a flood-prone remote First Nation in northern Ontario, is the focus of this thesis. It is an exploration into the factors that have contributed to the community’s decline and current state. By looking at how these factors influence built form, the principles, possibilities, and concepts that are latent within it are used to re-establish ways in which the people can view, value, and act upon the land to create lasting change. The discussion has larger implications about how we, as Canadians, live with the land and built forms, and react to one another both as a collective, and as individuals. It is an attempt to dissolve the distinction between ‘aboriginal’ and ‘colonizer’ to open up greater design possibilities. Composed as a series of explorations into the physical and spiritual form of the community, this thesis weaves together three parts of its larger story connected with the thread of narrative poem. Part I opens a discourse that considers the impact of the system and establishment of Aboriginal Reserves on the community. Part II explores the notion of remoteness alongside methods of movement and transportation of people and materials. Part III engages the ephemeral, discussing memory and the meaning of transient moments. Stemming from these streams of exploration, three individual designs are proposed. The first explores flood-resilient architecture as a sensitive response to the river and engages the future expansion of the community beyond the walls of the dike. The second envisions an integration of movement into a centralized community hub. The third lays out an approach to abandoning the site while preserving its sacred spaces. In each case, the design explores built form as a tool for fusing back together the spirit of the land and the narrative of the people. Through the metaphor of flooding as a conversation between the light and the dark, this thesis looks at the history of abuse between aboriginal and colonizer, and the current abuse of substance and soul from which an architectural premise moves forward. The thesis attempts to embrace the complexity and difficulty of designing with such inherent obstacles to overcome by taking inspiration from the simple and sublime beauty of the place and distilling it into built form.

Scour around various structures obstructing flow in an open channel is a common problem; therefore a better understanding of how turbulent flow affects sediment transport is needed. Additionally, is it the mean flow or the turbulence properties that are more important in contributing to bed shear stress? To this end, an experimental study was conducted in a fixed-bed flume containing a series of dikes. Turbulence intensities and Reynold's stresses were calculated from 3-D velocity measurements gathered with a microADV. Results showed that the maximum shear stress was nearly 12-20 times that of the approach flow, while maximum turbulence intensities were about 3-5 times those of the incoming flow. Highest magnitudes of both were seen at the tip of the second dike in the three-dike series. The mean velocity appeared to have no relation to the formation of scour near the tips of the dikes but the turbulence intensities did.