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251	A Radio Frequency Quadrupole Instrument for use with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application to Low Kinetic Energy Reactive Isobar Suppression and Gas–phase Anion Reaction Studies Eliades, John Alexander 21 August 2012 (has links) A radio frequency (rf) quadrupole instrument, currently known as an Isobar Separator for Anions (ISA), has been integrated into an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system to facilitate anion–gas reactions before the tandem accelerator. An AMS Cs+ sputter source provided > 15 keV ions that were decelerated in the prototype ISA to < 20 eV for reaction in a single collision cell and re-accelerated for AMS analysis. Reaction based isobar suppression capabilities were assessed for smaller AMS systems and a new technique for gas–phase reaction studies was developed. Isobar suppression of 36S– and 12C3– for 36Cl analysis, and YF3– and ZrF3– for 90Sr analysis were studied in NO2 with deceleration to < 12 eV. Observed attenuation cross sections, σ [x 10^–15 cm^2], were σ(S– + NO2) = 6.6, σ(C3– + NO2) = 4.2, σ(YF3– + NO2) = 7.6, σ(ZrF3– + NO2) = 19. With 8 mTorr NO2, relative attenuations of S–/Cl– ~ 10^–6, C3–/Cl– ~ 10^–7, YF3–/SrF3– ~ 5 x 10^–5 and ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 4 x 10^–6 were observed with Cl– ~ 30% and SrF3– > 90% transmission. Current isobar attenuation limits with < 1.75 MV accelerator terminal voltage and ppm impurity levels were calculated to be 36S–/Cl– ~ 4 x 10^–16, 12C3–/Cl– ~ 1.2 x 10^–16, 90YF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–15 and 90ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–16. Using 1.75 MV, four 36Cl reference standards in the range 4 x 10^–13 < 36Cl/Cl < 4 x 10^–11 were analyzed with 8 mTorr NO2. The measured 36Cl/Cl ratios plotted very well against the accepted values. A sample impurity content S/Cl < 6 x 10^–5 was measured and a background level of 36S–/Cl < 9 x 10^–15 was determined. Useful currents of a wide variety of anions are produced in AMS sputter sources and molecules can be identified relatively unambiguously by stripping fragments from tandem accelerators. Reactions involving YF3–, ZrF3–, S– and SO– + NO2 in the ISA analyzed by AMS are described, and some interesting reactants are identified. radio frequency quadrupole rf quadrupole accelerator mass spectrometry AMS gas-phase reactions isobar suppression anion negative ion chlorine Cl 36Cl carbon trimer C3 sulphur sulfur sulphur oxide sulfur oxide SO methane CH4 nitrogen dioxide NO2 nitrous oxide N2O oxygen O2 argon Ar strontium Sr 90Sr SrF3 yttrium Y zirconium Zr ZrF3 trace isotope analysis superhalogen anion secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS Cs sputter ion source rf quadrupole ion trajectory simulation anion gas reactions negative ion gas reactions gas-phase anion reactions S- + NO2 SO- + NO2 S- + N2O S- + O2 S- + Ar Cl- + NO2 Cl- + Ar Cl- + CH4 SrF3- + NO2 YF3- + NO2 ZrF3- + NO2 C3- + NO2 0768 0494 0605
252	A Radio Frequency Quadrupole Instrument for use with Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: Application to Low Kinetic Energy Reactive Isobar Suppression and Gas–phase Anion Reaction Studies Eliades, John Alexander 21 August 2012 (has links) A radio frequency (rf) quadrupole instrument, currently known as an Isobar Separator for Anions (ISA), has been integrated into an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system to facilitate anion–gas reactions before the tandem accelerator. An AMS Cs+ sputter source provided > 15 keV ions that were decelerated in the prototype ISA to < 20 eV for reaction in a single collision cell and re-accelerated for AMS analysis. Reaction based isobar suppression capabilities were assessed for smaller AMS systems and a new technique for gas–phase reaction studies was developed. Isobar suppression of 36S– and 12C3– for 36Cl analysis, and YF3– and ZrF3– for 90Sr analysis were studied in NO2 with deceleration to < 12 eV. Observed attenuation cross sections, σ [x 10^–15 cm^2], were σ(S– + NO2) = 6.6, σ(C3– + NO2) = 4.2, σ(YF3– + NO2) = 7.6, σ(ZrF3– + NO2) = 19. With 8 mTorr NO2, relative attenuations of S–/Cl– ~ 10^–6, C3–/Cl– ~ 10^–7, YF3–/SrF3– ~ 5 x 10^–5 and ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 4 x 10^–6 were observed with Cl– ~ 30% and SrF3– > 90% transmission. Current isobar attenuation limits with < 1.75 MV accelerator terminal voltage and ppm impurity levels were calculated to be 36S–/Cl– ~ 4 x 10^–16, 12C3–/Cl– ~ 1.2 x 10^–16, 90YF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–15 and 90ZrF3–/SrF3– ~ 10^–16. Using 1.75 MV, four 36Cl reference standards in the range 4 x 10^–13 < 36Cl/Cl < 4 x 10^–11 were analyzed with 8 mTorr NO2. The measured 36Cl/Cl ratios plotted very well against the accepted values. A sample impurity content S/Cl < 6 x 10^–5 was measured and a background level of 36S–/Cl < 9 x 10^–15 was determined. Useful currents of a wide variety of anions are produced in AMS sputter sources and molecules can be identified relatively unambiguously by stripping fragments from tandem accelerators. Reactions involving YF3–, ZrF3–, S– and SO– + NO2 in the ISA analyzed by AMS are described, and some interesting reactants are identified. radio frequency quadrupole rf quadrupole accelerator mass spectrometry AMS gas-phase reactions isobar suppression anion negative ion chlorine Cl 36Cl carbon trimer C3 sulphur sulfur sulphur oxide sulfur oxide SO methane CH4 nitrogen dioxide NO2 nitrous oxide N2O oxygen O2 argon Ar strontium Sr 90Sr SrF3 yttrium Y zirconium Zr ZrF3 trace isotope analysis superhalogen anion secondary ion mass spectrometry SIMS Cs sputter ion source rf quadrupole ion trajectory simulation anion gas reactions negative ion gas reactions gas-phase anion reactions S- + NO2 SO- + NO2 S- + N2O S- + O2 S- + Ar Cl- + NO2 Cl- + Ar Cl- + CH4 SrF3- + NO2 YF3- + NO2 ZrF3- + NO2 C3- + NO2 0768 0494 0605
253	The spatial distribution of HIV and AIDS in Gauteng, South Africa Ezike-Dennis, Uchechukwu Nneka 31 December 2007 (has links) Since the earliest reported cases of HIV/AIDS probably in 1959 in Africa, there has been a consistent progression in the new HIV/AIDS infection cases. In South Africa, Gauteng, records one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in the country. The Department of Health (DOH) South Africa conducts ongoing studies on HIV/AIDS at provincial levels; these studies monitor the prevalence of HIV/AIDS amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, as a tool for determining and monitoring the prevalence, trends, patterns and spread of the disease in the general population. This study analyses sentinel and spatial data collected from the (DOH) and Statistics South Africa (StatsSA) respectively, and depicts them in the form of spatial maps, and then critically analyses the spatial patterns that occur. The research findings would hopefully contribute to the overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS and provide framework and relevant literature for further investigation. / Geography / M.Sc. (Geography) Spatial mapping Spatial environment Socio-economy Sentinel Survey Population distribution HIV prevalence HIV incidence Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Geographical Information System (GIS) Epidemiology Endemicity Endemic At Risk Sexual Behaviour 362.19697920096822 HIV (Viruses) -- South Africa -- Gauteng Spatial analysis (Statistics)

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