This dissertation explores the semantics and syntax of switch-reference (SR). It makes novel generalizations about the phenomenon based on two empirical sources: A broad, cross-linguistic survey of descriptive reports, and semantic fieldwork that narrowly targets the Kiowa language of Oklahoma. It shows that previous attempts at formalizing switch-reference cannot work, and offers a new theory of switch-reference that derives the facts through effects that emerge from the interaction between the syntax and the semantics. The empirical investigation results in four major findings: First, SR is introduced by its own head, instead of being parasitic to T or C. Second, switch-reference can track Austinian topic situations. Third, it must track topic situations when it is found with coordination, and it cannot do so with intensional embedded clauses. Finally, generalizations or theories based solely on the syntax are not able to account for these facts. These findings are explained by analyzing switch-reference as a pronominal head in the extended verbal projection of the embedded clause. This head introduces a relation of identity or non-identity between two arguments. One of these is in the dominant clause, the other is the highest indexed constituent in the sister of the SR head. The arguments are selected indirectly, through binding structures that are interpreted as lambda-abstraction. The clausemate argument is bound by the SR head; the properties of feature valuation derive the height constraint. The pronoun introduced by the SR head is bound by the connective. Binding by the connective results in the interpretation of the SR-marked clause as a property. This property is then ascribed to an argument in the dominant clause. This theory accounts for the generalizations, and makes fruitful predictions about other aspects of switch-reference, notably when it tracks non-referential subjects. This dissertation improves our understanding of switch-reference, of situation semantics, and of reference-tracking in general. It ties reference-tracking to contextual restriction by use of topic situations, which are anaphoric pronouns used to restrict sentential interpretation. It provides the first solid evidence of morphology sensitive to situations. In addition, the theory of switch-reference proposed here relies on independently-motivated mechanisms in the grammar. This reliance links switch-reference to other mechanisms of co-reference from inside an embedded clause, and finds a solid place for switch-reference in linguistic theory.

Bakgrund: Primärvården ska erbjuda bedömning och behandling till patienter med alla olika typer av vårdbehov. Hemsjukvården ska erbjuda vård till patienter dygnet runt i hemmiljö eller på särskilda boenden. Sjuksköterskor inom både primärvård och hemsjukvård möter patienter som plötsligt drabbats av ohälsa och en akut situation kan snabbt inträffa. Det är av stor vikt att sjuksköterskorna vet hur de ska agera och omhänderta patienten. Tidigare forskning tyder på att sjuksköterskor inom båda arbetsgrupperna upplever bristande kunskap och kompetens inom det akuta vårdandet samt att rutiner för träning inom detta område saknas. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av akuta situationer avseende vuxna patienter inom primärvård och hemsjukvård. Metod: Metoden som användes var systematisk litteraturstudie. Dataanalysen genomfördes enligt SBU:s beskrivning av tematisk syntes. Resultat: Studiens resultat baserades på elva artiklar med kvalitativ design. Dataanalysen resulterade i två analytiska teman innehållande flera deskriptiva teman. Det analytiska temat Akut omhändertagande fordrar professionalitet med de deskriptiva teman; Behov av självständighet, Hög arbetsmoral, Patientkännedom och förberedelser gynnar omhändertagandet, Stöd av bedömningsinstrument samt Betydelsen av kollegialt samarbete. Det analytiska temat Behov av förutsättningar till kompetensutveckling med de deskriptiva teman: Eget ansvar för kompetensutveckling och Ledningens engagemang och intresse för kompetensutveckling. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av akuta situationer inom primärvården är ännu ett obeforskat område. Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av akuta situationer avseende vuxna patienter inom hemsjukvården visade att det fanns en bristande kunskap om det akuta omhändertagandet men också inom kompetensutvecklingen. Genom rutiner, riktlinjer och träning kan arbetsplatsen öka sjuksköterskornas självsäkerhet och bidra till en patientsäker vård.

The purpose of the present experiments was to determine whether a change in skin conductance is a reliable component of the fear pattern in the mouse. In these experiments, the sight of E was employed as an aversive stimulus. SC and defecation increased and activity decreased when the stimulus was presented. The SC and defecation responses tended to adapt with repeated testing. Decreases in activity on Day 1 were replaced by increases on subsequent days. Early handling severely attenuated the SC, defecation and freezing responses that would be normally seen on the first day of testing. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The number of automated features in surface vehicles are increasing as new vehicles are released each year. Some of these features allow drivers to temporarily take their attention off-road and en-gage in other tasks. However, there are times when it is important for drivers to immediately take control of the vehicle, if required. To safely take control, drivers must understand what is required of them and have situation awareness (SA) to understand important changes or factors within the environment around them. We can present drivers with needed takeover information using a head-up display (HUD), keeping the driver's eyes on the road. However, drivers operating conditionally automated vehicles on various roadways, such as highways and urban arterial roads, require differ-ent information to be conveyed to them as they drive due to inherent differences in roadway and obstacle features within the driving scene, such as the addition of vulnerable road users on urban arterial roads. This work aimed to (1) investigate impacts of novel HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on a highway, (2) identify system design criteria to fulfill driver's needs during takeover on an urban arterial road, and, (3) examine the effects of HUDs on driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road. We investigated these goals by collecting em-pirical data for takeover performance metrics, self-reported situation awareness, participant prefer-ences, and expert's opinions. From our studies we conclude that HUDs can increase aspects of takeover performance on high-ways, with participants demonstrating lower response times and higher time to collision metrics. We did not find significant impacts of HUDs on driver situation awareness on highways. Results from our semistructed interviews indicated that experts felt systems should communicate the need for driver attention to relevant information, communicate obstacle information, and provide information using a variety of driver senses. HUDs can also increase driver situation awareness during takeover on an urban arterial road and support improved takeover performance. This work allowed us to identify potential use cases and design criteria for new designs of novel HUDs to deliver important information during takeover. / Doctor of Philosophy / More features that take some of the tasks of vehicle operation off drivers are being released with every new model year of vehicle. Currently, these features still require drivers to maintain attention to the road and, in some cases, immediately take control of the vehicle, called takeover. However, research has not identified how best to communicate the need for takeover on all types of roads. Research has utilized a head-up display (HUD) to present vehicle information, communicate navigation, and highlight objects around the world to drivers while keeping driver's eyes on road. Keeping driver's eyes on road allows drivers to maintain situation awareness (SA) where they would perceive, understand, and react to changes in the driving scene. Currently, we can convey information to drivers both using traditional head-down displays (HDDs) in the instrument cluster and some vehicles are equipped with HUDs that can deliver in-formation within driver's field of view. This work aimed to first understand how takeover request delivered via HUD affect takeover performance and drivers' situation awareness on highways compared to HDDs. Next, we investigated expert's opinions on driver needs from the automated system during takeover on urban arterial roads to develop design criteria for new types of takeover requests. Finally, we took the design criteria to develop, test, and compare driver's takeover performance and situation awareness in new takeover requests delivered by HDDs and HUDs. HUDs may be useful in presenting information to drivers during takeover. Results support that on highways, HUDs are beneficial for increasing safer driver responses, where they responded quick-er and kept a greater distance to an object in the road in front of them. From design criteria identified by experts, we designed alerts that directed driver's attention to bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicles crossing the path of their vehicle. After testing the alerts, results indicated that drivers had higher levels of situation awareness and performance metrics during takeover on urban arterial roads. Though HUDs show promise in increasing driver's takeover performance and situation awareness, we must take careful consideration into design of future HUDs to give appropriate and relevant information to drivers.

In the context of automated vehicles, transparency of in-vehicle intelligent agents (IVIAs) is an important contributor to drivers' perception, situation awareness (SA), and driving performance. However, the effects of agent transparency on driver performance when the agent is unreliable have not been fully examined yet. The experiments in this Thesis focused on different aspects of IVIA's transparency, such as interaction modes and information levels, and explored their impact on drivers considering different system reliability. In Experiment 1, a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design was used in this study, with transparency (Push: proactive vs. Pull: on-demand) as a within-subjects variable and reliability (high vs. low) as a between-subjects variable. In a driving simulator, twenty-seven young drivers drove with two types of in-vehicle agents during Level 3 automated driving. Results suggested that participants generally preferred the Push-type agent, as it conveyed a sense of intelligence and competence. The high-reliability agent was associated with higher situation awareness and less workload, compared to the low-reliability agent. Although Experiment 1 explored the effects of transparency by changing the interaction mode and the accuracy of the information, a theoretical framework was not well outlined regarding how much information should be conveyed and how unreliable information influenced drivers. Thus, Experiment 2 further studied the transparency regrading information level, and the impact of reliability on its effect. A 3 x 2 mixed factorial design was used in this study, with transparency (T1, T2, T3) as a between-subject variable and reliability (high vs. low) as a within-subjects variable. Fifty-three participants were recruited. Results suggested that transparency influenced drivers' takeover time, lane keeping, and jerk. The high-reliability agent was associated with the higher perception of system accuracy and response speed, and longer takeover time than the low-reliability agent. Participants in T2 transparency showed higher cognitive trust, lower workload, and higher situation awareness only when system reliability was high. The results of this study may have significant effects on the ongoing creation and advancement of intelligent agent design in automated vehicles. / Master of Science / This thesis explores the effects of system's transparency and reliability of the in-vehicle intelligent agents (IVIAs) on drivers' performance and perception in the context of automated vehicles. Transparency is defined as the amount of information and the way to be shared with the operator about the function of the system. Reliability refers to the accuracy of the agent's statements. The experiments focused on different aspects of IVIA's transparency, such as interaction modes (proactive vs. on-demand) and information composition (small vs. medium vs. large), and how they impact drivers considering different system reliability. In the experiment, participants were required to drive in the driving simulator and follow the voice command from the IVIAs. A theoretical model called Situation Awareness-based Agent Transparency Model was adopted to build the agent's interactive scripts. In Experiment 1, 27 young drivers drove with two types of in-vehicle agents during Level 3 automated driving. Results suggested that participants generally preferred the agent that provided information proactively, and it conveyed a sense of intelligence and competence. Also, when the system's reliability is high, participants were found to have higher situation awareness of the environment and spent less effort on the driving tasks, compared to when the system's reliability is low. Our result also showed that these two factors can jointly influence participants' driving performance when they need to take over control from the automated system. Experiment 2 further studied the transparency regarding the information composition of the agent's voice prompt and the impact of reliability on its effect. A total of 53 participants were recruited, and the results suggested that transparency influenced drivers' takeover time, lane keeping, and jerk. The high-reliability agent was associated with a higher perception of system accuracy and response speed and a longer time to take over when requested than the low-reliability agent. Participants in the medium transparency condition showed higher cognitive trust toward the system, perceived lower workload when driving, and higher situation awareness only when system reliability was high. Overall, this research highlights the importance of transparency in IVIAs for improving drivers' performance, perception, and situation awareness. The results may have significant implications for the design and advancement of intelligent agents in automated vehicles.

As presidential candidates rhetorically articulate their beliefs during presidential debates, they reveal a lot about their underlying ideological beliefs. These beliefs were examined through the lens of an established methodology called the Operational Code, which uses a program to decipher a candidate's beliefs through what they say in debate transcripts. In this study, the belief trends of the Operational Codes of all presidential candidates from 1976-2012 were examined through a rhetorical lens, and it was found that rhetoric was indeed the driving force for the apparent changes in Operational Code beliefs. These changes were examined on a greater level of detail through four case studies, which illustrated the changes in Operational Code beliefs and rhetoric of Ronald Reagan, the incumbent presidential candidates, the 2004 election, and lastly, with the independent presidential candidates.

Suicide is a growing public health problem, and the 12th leading cause of death overall in the United States. Past research has been conducted on individuals who screen positive for suicide to determine risk factors and suicide patterns across age groups. However, limited little research has been conducted on individuals that screen positive for suicide risk in an emergency department setting. Through the use of a longitudinal, secondary dataset from the Florida Implementation of the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention Project, the relationship between alcohol and drug use and generation (Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials), age, and living status was analyzed in adults (25+) who screened positive for suicide risk in the emergency department. Omnibus chi-square statistics and adjusted standardized residual analyses were used to assess differences in alcohol and drug use amongst generations, age groups, and living statuses. Results indicated significant differences between alcohol, opioid, and amphetamine use and frequency among individuals living with family and in unsheltered environments and marijuana use in Generation X and Millennials. Limitations include sample size and self-reported measures of frequency and usage of drugs and alcohol, which warrant future studies to expand upon these findings.

Research has indicated that individuals with ASD have deficits in the ability to correctly identify and interpret the emotions and feelings of others. The ability to recognize the emotions of others has shown to be extremely beneficial in a number of ways. On the other hand, the inability to recognize the emotions of others has been linked to a number of negative outcomes, including inappropriate behaviors, as well as mental health, personal, social, and academic difficulties. The purpose of the current study was to extend the previous literature on effective strategies for teaching individuals with ASD to correctly label the situation-based emotions of others. Overall, the current study’s results suggest that an intervention package combining animated videos with prompt delay, error correction, and reinforcement procedures was effective in teaching participants the ability to label situation-specific emotions. Additionally, the current study’s results also supported the idea that individuals with ASD have stronger deficits in recognizing negative emotions, such as sad, mad, and afraid, as compared to positive emotions, such as happy. Future research should continue to focus on exploring the generalization and maintenance of these results.

No description available.

No description available.