<p>The study of symmetries is an essential tool in modern physics. The analysis of symmetries is often carried out in the form of Lie algebras and their representations. Knowing the representation theory of a Lie algebra includes knowing how tensor products of representations behave. In this thesis two methods to study and decompose tensor products of representations of non-compact Lie algebras are presented and applied to sl(2,R). We focus on products containing non-unitary representations, especially the product of a unitary highest weight representation and a non-unitary finite dimensional. Such products are not necessarily decomposable. Following the theory of B. Kostant we use infinitesimal characters to show that this kind of tensor product is fully reducible iff the sum of the highest weights in the two modules is not a positive integer or zero. The same result is obtained by looking for an invariant coupling between the product module and the contragredient module of some possible submodule. This is done in the formulation by Barut & Fronsdal. From the latter method we also obtain a basis for the submodules consisting of vectors from the product module. The described methods could be used to study more complicated semisimple Lie algebras.</p>

The study of symmetries is an essential tool in modern physics. The analysis of symmetries is often carried out in the form of Lie algebras and their representations. Knowing the representation theory of a Lie algebra includes knowing how tensor products of representations behave. In this thesis two methods to study and decompose tensor products of representations of non-compact Lie algebras are presented and applied to sl(2,R). We focus on products containing non-unitary representations, especially the product of a unitary highest weight representation and a non-unitary finite dimensional. Such products are not necessarily decomposable. Following the theory of B. Kostant we use infinitesimal characters to show that this kind of tensor product is fully reducible iff the sum of the highest weights in the two modules is not a positive integer or zero. The same result is obtained by looking for an invariant coupling between the product module and the contragredient module of some possible submodule. This is done in the formulation by Barut &amp; Fronsdal. From the latter method we also obtain a basis for the submodules consisting of vectors from the product module. The described methods could be used to study more complicated semisimple Lie algebras.

Cette thèse porte sur la classification des objets galoisiens d'une algèbre de Hopf. Le concept d'extension de Hopf-Galois, qui a été beaucoup étudié ces dernières années, est une généralisation du concept d'extension galoisienne de corps, mais aussi un analogue des fibrés principaux dans le cadre de la géométrie non commutative. Si $H$ est une algèbre de Hopf, une algèbre $H$-comodule $(Z,\delta: Z \to Z \otimes H)$ est une $H$-extension de Hopf-Galois d'une sous-algèbre $B\subset Z$ si l'ensemble des éléments co\"\i nvariants de $Z$ co\"\i ncide avec $B$ et si l'application canonique $\beta : Z \otimes _B Z \to Z\otimes H$ définie par <br />$$ \beta (x\otimes y ) = \delta (x) (y\otimes 1)$$ est une bijection. Les objets galoisiens forment une classe importante d'extensions de Hopf-Galois ; ce sont celles dont la sous-algèbre des co\"\i nvariants se réduit à l'anneau de base. Bien qu'une littérature abondante ait été consacrée aux extensions de Hopf-Galois, on a peu de résultats sur leur classification à isomorphisme près. Pour contourner la difficulté de classer les extensions de Hopf-Galois à isomorphisme près, Kassel a introduit et développé avec Schneider une relation d'équivalence sur les extensions de Hopf-Galois qu'il a appelée homotopie. <br /><br />Dans cette thèse nous donnons des résultats de classification à homotopie et à isomorphisme près. Notre approche de la classification des objets galoisiens tourne autour de trois axes. <br />\begin{itemize} <br />\item[a)] La construction explicite de représentants des classes d'homotopie des objets galoisiens de l'algèbre $U_q(\mathfrak{g})$ associée par Drinfeld et Jimbo à une algèbre de Lie $\mathfrak{g}$, explicitant ainsi un théorème de Kassel et Schneider. <br />\item[b)] Une étude des objets galoisiens de l'alg\` ebre quantique $O_q (SL(2))$ des fonctions sur le groupe $SL (2)$, et donc un résultat de classification en dimension infinie; nous donnons la classification à isomorphisme près et des résultats partiels pour la classification à homotopie près. <br />\item[c)] Une étude systématique de la classification à isomorphisme et à homotopie près pour les algèbres de Hopf de dimension $\leq 15$ ; nous synthétisons des résultats éparpillés dans la littérature, portant sur des familles d'algèbres de Hopf pointées ou semisimples et nous complétons ces résultats en donnant la classification des objets galoisiens d'une algèbre de Hopf de dimension $8$ qui n'est ni semisimple ni <br />pointée. <br />\end{itemize}

We introduce the historical context and motivation for the search for magnetic monopoles or monopole-like objects. Beginning the theoretical part we investigate the properties of groups as they relate to symmetries in physical theories. Using this as a basis we investigate the requirements for global and local gauge invariance for a scalar field, the latter giving the non-trivial connection to a gauge field. From this we present the Georgi-Glashow model and develop its particle spectrum using the connected Higgs field and its associated Higgs mechanism. We then present the electromagnetic duality by extending the Maxwell's equations toinclude magnetic sources. Using the assumption of magnetic sources we present the Dirac quantization condition, motivating the quantization of electric charge. Returning to our model we present the 't Hooft-Polyakov ansatz and investigate its defining properties as a finite energy soliton in our Higgs field. We show the magnetic properties and motivate its validity as a monopole like object. Continuing we define BPS-states on the lower bound for the mass of a monopole like object with magnetic and electric charge. Giving a BPS monopole as a solution in the vein of 't Hooft and Polyakov. Returning to the electromagnetic duality we propose the Montonen-Olive conjecture by exchanging massive vector bosons in our model with the BPS monopoles we developed. We shortly comment on evident problems and present supersymmetry as a possible solution. Finally we present the Witten Effect by allowing a CP violating term in our Lagrangian. From this we extend the Montonen-Olive conjecture to include invariance under the SL(2,Z) group.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2907131 bytes, checksum: 7c8c658c01f5e065741077a77ef12f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The genomes of most plant viruses code for only 4-10 proteins which are required to complete the infection cycle, including the stages of viral genome replication, cell-to-cell movement and systemic spread. For a successful infection, these viral proteins must interact with host factors, modulating metabolic pathways and coordinating a complex network of biochemical and molecular interactions in the pathogen s favor. A subtractive library constructed from susceptible tomato plants infected by the plant potyvirus Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV) identified several genes which are putatively involved in the initial steps of the viral infection process, including those that code for the Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) and the tomato homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisae Gal83 (Sl-Gal83), a protein of the SNF1 complex. TCTP is a highly conserved protein in eukaryotes, and is involved in several fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth, cell cycle progression, programmed cell death and protection against different types of stresses. SNF1 plays an important role in transcriptional activation and expression of genes involved in the cellular response to different stresses, such as nutrient limitation, high salinity, heat shock and virus infection. The objectives of this work were to study the roles of TCTP and Sl-Gal83 during PepYMV infection in susceptible hosts. Transgenic tomatoes (cv. 'Moneymaker') silenced for these genes were generated and were mechanically inoculated with PepYMV. ELISA and qRT-PCR were performed to verify the phenotype resulting from Sl-Gal83 and TCTP silencing. The results showed that non-transformed plants were infected, while all ten silenced plants remained symptomless, were ELISA negative and had reduced viral load. The subcellular localization of TCTP in healthy and PepYMVinfected plants was analyzed by confocal microscopy using a TCTP-YFP fusion. In healthy plants the subcellular localization of TCTP is cytoplasmatic, as described for other organisms. Forty-eight hours after PepYMV infection, TCTP is relocated to the nucleus. To determine which PepYMV protein(s) promotes nuclear targeting of TCTP, each viral protein (P1, HC-Pro, P3, PIPO, P3N-PIPO, CI, 6K2, NIa, NIb and CP) was coexpressed individually with pYFP-TCTP. Results showed that TCTP accumulates predominantly in the nucleus when co-infiltrated with CI and NIa, and is distributed equally in the nucleus and cytoplasm when co-infiltrated with P1, PIPO, P3N-PIPO, 6K2 and NIb. In plants co-infiltrated with HC-Pro, P3 and CP, TCTP remained in the cytoplasm. In order to identify and characterize additional viral and host factors involved in the TCTP-mediated network of plant-potyvirus interactions, TCTP was cloned as a TAP (tandem affinity purification) tag fusion.Protein complexes were purified using TAP, and its constituents were analyzed by mass spectrometry. However,it was not possible to identify the proteins. The probable limiting factor for a more efficient detection was the low concentration of protein eluted. Thus, it is necessary to optimize the protocol of extraction/elution to obtain a higher concentration of proteins complexed with nTAPi- TCTP. Together, the results of this work indicate that both TCTP and Sl-Gal83 play critical roles in the tomato-PepYMV interaction, being necessary for the establishment of a systemic infection. Further studies should be conducted to improve our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of the interactions between TCTP, Sl-Gal83 and PepYMV. / O genoma da maioria dos vírus que infectam plantas codifica apenas 4-10 proteínas, que são necessárias para completar o ciclo de infecção, incluindo as etapas de replicação do genoma viral, movimento célula-a-célula e movimento sistêmico. Para uma infecção bem sucedida, as proteínas virais devem interagir com fatores do hospedeiro, modulando processos metabólicos e coordenando uma rede complexa de interações bioquímicas e moleculares a favor do patógeno. Uma biblioteca subtrativa foi construída a partir de plantas de tomateiro suscetíveis infectadas pelo potyvírus Pepper yellow mosaic virus (PepYMV). Foram identificados vários genes potencialmente envolvidos nas etapas iniciais do processo de infecção viral. Dentre os genes identificados encontram-se os genes que codificam as proteínas Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) e o homólogo de tomate de Saccharomyces cerevisae Gal83 (Sl-Gal83), uma proteína do complexo Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1). TCTP é uma proteína altamente conservada em eucariotos, e está envolvida em vários processos celulares básicos, como crescimento celular, progressão do ciclo celular, morte celular programada e proteção contra diversos tipos de estresses. SNF1 desempenha um papel importante na ativação da transcrição e expressão de genes envolvidos na resposta celular aos diferentes tipos de estresses, tais como limitação de nutrientes, salinidade elevada, choque térmico e infecção viral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o papel das proteínas TCTP e Sl-Gal83 durante o processo de infecção pelo PepYMV em hospedeiros suscetíveis. Plantas transgênicas de tomate cv. Moneymaker silenciadas para estes genes foram produzidas e inoculadas mecanicamente com o PepYMV. O estabelecimento da infecção viral foi avaliado por ELISA e qRT-PCR. Plantas não-transformadas foram infectadas, enquanto as plantas silenciadas permaneceram assintomáticas. Nas plantas silenciadas o ELISA apresentou resultado negativo e a carga viral foi reduzida. A localização subcelular de TCTP em plantas sadias e infectadas pelo PepYMV foi analisada por microscopia confocal utilizando-se uma fusão YFP-TCTP. Em plantas sadias a localização subcelular de TCTP é citoplasmática, conforme descrito para outros organismos. Quarenta e oito horas após a infecção pelo PepYMV, TCTP foi redirecionada para o núcleo. Para determinar qual é a proteína viral que direciona a relocalização de TCTP para o núcleo, cada uma das proteínas virais (P1, HC-Pro, P3, PIPO, P3N-PIPO, CI, 6K2, NIa, NIb e CP) foi coinfiltrada individualmente com pYFP-TCTP. Os resultados mostraram que TCTP acumula predominantemente no núcleo quando co-infiltrada com CI e NIa, e está igualmente distribuída no núcleo e citoplasma, quando co-infiltrada com P1, PIPO, P3NPIPO, 6K2 e NIb. Em plantas co-infiltradas com HC-Pro, P3 e CP, TCTP permaneceu no citoplasma. Para identificar possíveis proteínas virais e/ou do hospedeiro que interagem com TCTP foi realizado um ensaio de purificação por afinidade em tandem. A análise por SDS-PAGE de extratos protéicos de plantas expressando nTAPi-TCTP mostrou duas bandas entre 40 e 50 kDa presentes no extrato purificado. Os fragmentos foram analisados por espectrometria de massa, porém não foi possível identificar as proteínas. Provavelmente o limitante para uma detecção mais eficiente foi a baixa concentração de proteínas eluídas. Com isso, torna-se necessário a otimização do protocolo de extração/eluição para a obtenção de uma maior concentração de proteínas complexadas com nTAPi-TCTP. Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que tanto TCTP quanto Sl-Gal83 possuem papéis fundamentais na interação PepYMV-tomate, sendo necessárias para o estabelecimento de uma infecção sistêmica. Estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para melhor compreensão da natureza e dos mecanismos das interações entre TCTP, Sl-Gal83 e o PepYMV.

Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) is used as an alternative feedstock in electric arc furnaces, making up 50% or more of the total iron charge. DRI produced with coal based reductants (for example in rotary kilns) make up roughly 25% of DRI produced in the world. It was found that SL/RN DRI samples from a kiln cooler had high nitrogen contents (50-250ppm, depending on particle size), higher than DRI from gas-based reduction. The higher nitrogen content of SL/RN DRI would increase the levels of nitrogen of liquid steel produced in the EAFs. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that the SL/RN DRI contains virtually no carbon (which would aid in preventing nitrogen pickup). The proposed mechanism of nitrogen pick-up by the SL/RN DRI is one where nitrogen present within the atmosphere of the rotary cooler (where hot DRI, discharged at 1000°C from the rotary kiln, is cooled to approximately 100 °C in ca. two hours) penetrates the solids bed and nitrides DRI particles. Possible rate-determining steps for nitriding in the cooler have been evaluated. Nitriding of DRI particles is predicted to be rapid: the most plausible location for rapid nitrogen pickup is the first 5 meters of the rotary cooler, where the high temperature, nitrogen-rich gas atmosphere and rapid solids bed mixing are conducive to nitriding; solid-state and pore diffusion of nitrogen into DRI particles are predicted to be rapid too. The most plausible rate determining step for nitriding of DRI particles is that of nitrogen dissociation on the DRI surface, which can be further retarded by the presence of sulphur. A strong correlation was found between the amount of “melt-in” carbon in the liquid steel and the final tap nitrogen content, with 0.3% C resulting in nitrogen levels as low as 50 ppm (80 ppm or less is desired on the plant in question) at tap, even with DRI material that is high in nitrogen and contains virtually no carbon. Proposals to increase the melt-in carbon are included. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Orthodontics) / The aim of the study is to compare the frictional resistance generated between two types of self-ligating brackets; Smart-Clip Metal SL (3M Unitek) and Damon Clear SL (Ormco), with conventional stainless steel brackets, Victory Series (3M Unitek) when coupled with various stainless steel and nickel-titanium archwires. Materials and Methods: All brackets had a 0.022" slot and tested using three archwires: 0.016" nickel-titanium, 0.019 x 0.025" nickel-titanium and 0.019 x 0.025" stainless steel archwires. Friction was evaluated for the upper right quadrant of the typodont. For each testing procedure, new brackets and archwire was employed to eliminate the influence of wear. Results: The mean results showed that the Smart-Clip self-ligating brackets generated significantly lower friction than both the Damon Clear self-ligating brackets and Victory Series brackets. However, the analysis of the various bracket-archwire combinations displayed that Damon Clear SL brackets generated the lowest friction when tested with 0.016" round nickeltitanium archwire and significantly higher friction than Smart-Clip and Victory Series brackets when tested with 0.019 x 0.025" stainless steel rectangular archwires. All brackets showed higher frictional forces as the wire size increased. Clinical relevance: The production of high levels of friction during orthodontic sliding mechanics presents a clinical challenge to the orthodontists. The generation of high levels of friction may reduce the effectiveness of the mechanics, decrease tooth movement efficiency and further complicate anchorage control. The amount of friction is variable in the orthodontic system and can be altered somewhat by the orthodontist's choices.

No description available.

This thesis encompasses the development and testing of an interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) system for the treatment of prostate cancer. It begins with the optical characterization of a novel photosensitizer (SL-052) followed by a study of tissue optics as it applies to iPDT. The design and integration of a time-fractionated light delivery system with real-time spectral detection is then examined. An optical phantom test medium is formulated and in vitro system operation and testing is performed. Finally, in vivo experiments are performed on animal models with a focus on canine prostate iPDT. Unique optical results with dosimetric relevance are discovered and investigated. This includes metrics for optically measuring local in vivo SL-052 concentrations in real-time as well as novel oscillatory drug photobleaching and recovery behavior during time-fractionated light delivery. / Photonics and Plasmas

The thesis comprises two parts. In the first part, we investigate various cohomological aspects of hypercomplex manifolds and analyse the existence of special metrics. In the second part, we define Seiberg-Witten equations on the leaf space of manifolds which admit a Riemannian foliation of codimension four. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished