Slot-rectangular spouted beds, with rectangular cross-section and slotted gas inlets, have been proposed as a solution to overcoming scale-up difficulties with conventional axisymmetric spouted beds. They can be utilized in gas/particle processes such as drying of coarse particles and coating of tablets. However, application of this spouted bed was limited because of instability and insufficient hydrodynamic studies. The present work is therefore aimed at the study of hydrodynamics, stability and scale-up of slot-rectangular spouted beds. The hydrodynamic study was carried out in four slot-rectangular columns of various width-to-thickness ratios combined with various slot configurations, particles of different properties and a range of operating conditions. Hydrodynamics of slot-rectangular spouted beds showed major similarity with conventional spouted beds. However, equations and mechanistic models adopted from conventional axisymmetric spouted beds generally failed to provide good predictions for the three-dimensional slot-rectangular geometry. New empirical correlations were derived for the minimum spouting velocity and maximum pressure drop for different slot configurations. Slot-rectangular spouted beds also showed more flow regimes than conventional spouted beds. Nine flow regimes, as well as unstable conditions, were identified based on frequency and statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations. Slot geometrical configuration was found to be the main factor affecting the stability of slot-rectangular spouted beds. A comprehensive hydrodynamic study on the effect of slot configuration was therefore carried out. Slots of smaller length-to-width ratio, smaller length and greater depth were found to provide greater stability. Stable criteria for the slot configuration were found consistent with the conventional axisymmetric spouted beds with extra limitation on slot length-to-width ratio and slot depth. Local distributions of pressure, particle velocity and voidage, as well as spout shape and particle circulating flux, were compared for different slot configurations. Higher slot length-to-width ratios lead to slightly higher particle circulation rates. A previously proposed scale-up method involving multiple chambers was tested in the present work using multiple slots. Instability caused by the merging of multiple spouts and asymmetric flow was successfully prevented by suspending vertical partitions between the fountains. Some criteria and guidelines were also proposed for scale-up using multiple chambers.

No description available.

This dissertation aims at improving the efficiency, robustness, and flexibility of airport operations through intelligent gate assignment. Traditional research on gate assignment focuses on the accommodation of passengers' demands such as walking time of passengers, and the robustness of gate assignment. In spite of its importance on the ramp operations, there is a lack of research to account ramp congestion when gates are assigned. Therefore, this dissertation proposes a new perspective on the gate assignment that accounts for ramp congestion. For that purpose, a ramp operations model based on observations at Atlanta airport is presented to understand the characteristics of aircraft movement on the ramp. The proposed gate assignment problem minimizes passenger-time spent on ramp areas. In addition, this dissertation is conducted to satisfy the needs of passengers, aircraft, and operations from the perspectives of passengers. Using actual passenger data at a major hub airport, the proposed gate assignment is assessed by means of passengers' transit time, passengers' time spent on the ramp, and passengers' waiting time for a gate. Results show that the proposed gate assignment outperforms the current gate assignment in every metric. This dissertation also analyzes the impact of gate assignment on departure metering, which controls the number of pushbacks in order to reduce airport congestion. Then, some of departing flights are held at gates, so it increases the chance of gate conflict, which reduces the efficiency of departure metering as well as ramp operations. In order to analyze the impact of gate assignment on departure metering, this dissertation simulates departure processes at two airports. Results show that the proposed robust gate assignment reduces the occurrence of gate conflicts under departure metering and helps to utilize gate-holding times to some extent.

Astronomy large-scale surveys require instrumentation to minimize the time required to complete observations of large sections of the sky. Optimizing receiver systems has been achieved through reducing the system temperature primarily by advances in low-noise amplifier technology to a point that the internally generated noise is now fast approaching the quantum limit. Instead, reflector-coupled focal plane arrays are now used to increase the field of view (FoV) by employing either multi-element horn feeds or phased array feeds. Widely spaced (2-3 wavelengths diameter) horn feeds inefficiently sample the available focal plane radiation, thus requiring multiple imaging passes. Alternatively, a more efficient method is to use a narrow element (0.5 wavelengths diameter) phased array feed with a beamformer to produce overlapping beams on the sky, fully Nyquist sampling the focal plane with a single pass. The FoV can be further increased with additional phased array feed (PAF) antenna-receiver modules adding to the contiguous fully sampled region. A 5 x 5 K-band (18 - 26 GHz) single polarization modular PAF incorporating an antenna array of planar axially symmetric elements is designed, simulated, manufactured and tested. Each narrow width tapered slot antenna element has an independent receiver chain consisting of a cryogenic packaged monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) GaAs amplifier and a packaged MMIC down converting mixer. Synthesized beams and beamformer characteristics are presented. The PAF imaging system performance is evaluated by survey speed and compared to the industry standard, the single pixel feed (SPF). Scientifically, K-band is attractive because it contains numerous molecular transitions, in particular the rotation-inversion lines of ammonia. These transitions are excited in dense gas, and can be used to directly measure kinetic temperatures and velocities of protostars throughout the Galaxy. Depending on the line detected, gas of different temperatures can be probed. It is concluded that even with a higher system temperature, a PAF with sufficient number of synthesized beams can outperform a SPF in imaging speed by more than an order of magnitude. / Graduate

Slot-rectangular spouted beds, with rectangular cross-section and slotted gas inlets, have been proposed as a solution to overcoming scale-up difficulties with conventional axisymmetric spouted beds. They can be utilized in gas/particle processes such as drying of coarse particles and coating of tablets. However, application of this spouted bed was limited because of instability and insufficient hydrodynamic studies. The present work is therefore aimed at the study of hydrodynamics, stability and scale-up of slot-rectangular spouted beds. The hydrodynamic study was carried out in four slot-rectangular columns of various width-to-thickness ratios combined with various slot configurations, particles of different properties and a range of operating conditions. Hydrodynamics of slot-rectangular spouted beds showed major similarity with conventional spouted beds. However, equations and mechanistic models adopted from conventional axisymmetric spouted beds generally failed to provide good predictions for the three-dimensional slot-rectangular geometry. New empirical correlations were derived for the minimum spouting velocity and maximum pressure drop for different slot configurations. Slot-rectangular spouted beds also showed more flow regimes than conventional spouted beds. Nine flow regimes, as well as unstable conditions, were identified based on frequency and statistical analysis of pressure fluctuations. Slot geometrical configuration was found to be the main factor affecting the stability of slot-rectangular spouted beds. A comprehensive hydrodynamic study on the effect of slot configuration was therefore carried out. Slots of smaller length-to-width ratio, smaller length and greater depth were found to provide greater stability. Stable criteria for the slot configuration were found consistent with the conventional axisymmetric spouted beds with extra limitation on slot length-to-width ratio and slot depth. Local distributions of pressure, particle velocity and voidage, as well as spout shape and particle circulating flux, were compared for different slot configurations. Higher slot length-to-width ratios lead to slightly higher particle circulation rates. A previously proposed scale-up method involving multiple chambers was tested in the present work using multiple slots. Instability caused by the merging of multiple spouts and asymmetric flow was successfully prevented by suspending vertical partitions between the fountains. Some criteria and guidelines were also proposed for scale-up using multiple chambers.

A microwave reflectometer is an instrument to measure a complex ratio between reflected and incident waves at an input port of a uniform transmission line that is terminated in a Device Under Test (DUT). The conventional reflectometer is formed by a four-port network with two ports connected to a microwave source and DUT, and the remaining ports coupled to a heterodyne receiver which acts as a Complex Ratio Detector (CRT). By using the heterodyne receiver technique, the two microwave signals at the input to CRT are converted in the linear manner to an Intermediate Frequency (IF) of hundreds of kHz where they are processed using digital means. As the ratio of two original microwave signals has to be preserved at IF, a very advanced electronic circuitry is required to accomplish the linear conversion process. This complicated electronic circuitry leads to a large size of the conventional reflectometer and its high price tag. Many applications require compact-size and low-cost reflectometers. They can be built using N-port networks, with N being greater than 5, equipped only in scalar (power) detectors. The thesis describes the concept of a multi-port reflectometer which determines the complex reflection coefficient of DUT with the use of scalar detectors instead of the complex ratio detector. It is shown that this device can be designed using an assembly of linear circuits in the form of quadrature (Q) and/or divider (D) hybrids. Assuming ideal operation of these components, it is shown that the reflection coefficient of DUT can be determined using simple mathematical operations on the power values measured by scalar detectors. Alternatively, it can be obtained from the intersection of power circles in a complex reflection coefficient plane. These simple mathematical expressions can be used to obtain an approximate real-time operation of reflectometer. For more accurate results, the multi-port has to be calibrated using calibration standards. A review of full calibration methods for a multi-port reflectometer is presented. In order to obtain wideband performance, the multi-port reflectometer has to be formed by components all having wideband performance. To obtain its low manufacturing cost, these components should preferably be of planar format and lead to a full integration of reflectometer. The thesis investigates a variety of planar couplers and dividers which can offer wideband performances. However, not all of them can lead to a fully integrated multi-port reflectometer. In order to overcome this shortfall, a multilayer microstrip-slot technique is proposed and investigated to obtain wideband components that can lead to a full integration of multi-port reflectometer. It is demonstrated that through the use of multilayer microstrip-slot technique, ultra wideband microwave 3-dB couplers and two-way dividers of in-phase or out-of-phase type can be designed. It is shown that the chosen configurations of dividers are compatible with the 3-dB couplers so that a fully integrated reflectometer can be formed. This compatibility is accomplished through the use of suitably designed microstrip to slotline transitions. An attractive feature of the designed couplers and dividers is that they are of sub-wavelength size and thus are very compact. A fine operation of these components is demonstrated via full electromagnetic wave simulations and experimental tests over and ultra wide frequency band of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Rogers substrate RO4003 featuring a relative dielectric constant of 3.38 and a loss tangent of 0.0027 is chosen as a microwave substrate for the design of these components. The design and analysis are carried out with the commercially available full EM simulator CST Microwave Studio while the experimental tests are done with the Vector Network Analyser, HP8510C. By using these components, an ultra wideband complex ratio measuring unit (CRMU), which is the heart of a multi-port reflectometer, is designed. This CRMU is fully integrated and of compact size. Its operation over an ultra wide frequency band is demonstrated via simulations. A particular attention is paid to its real-time mode of operation. Using this mode of operation, the complex ratio of two waves can be displayed on an oscilloscope using an analog electronics performing simple mathematical operations on the measured powers by detectors. While discussing the operation of CRMU, the attention is paid to the location and spacing of power circles centres (q-points) which are used for geometrical interpretation of operation of this device. Good operation of CRMU in this approximate operation mode indicates that the device will operate very well when it is fully calibrated. For simulations of CRMU, CST Microwave Studio, Agilent’s Advanced Design System (ADS) and MATLAB software are applied. Having accomplished the successful design of CRMU, the last step includes the formation of a fully integrated multi-port reflectometer. To this purpose an extra circuitry including multilayer microstrip-slot 3-dB couplers is added to CRMU. The purpose of this additional circuitry is to reroute the incident and reflected signals from the DUT to the input ports of CRMU. A few configurations of multi-port relectometer formed by multilayer microstrip-slot couplers or dividers are investigated via simulations with respect to real-time mode of operation. Then, the best performing configuration is selected for the final development. The device is manufactured in Rogers RO4003 substrate. Its S-parameters are measured with HP8510C analyser and compared with the simulated values. Having obtained a relatively good agreement between the simulated and measured results, the device is calibrated using multiple calibration standards. Its operation is verified for selected DUTs by comparing the measured reflection coeffcients with those obtained using the conventional VNA (HP8510C) over an ultra wide frequency band. A relatively good agreement is obtained between the two sets of measured results. The obtained results prove that the multilayer microstrip-slot technology can successfully be used for the development of a compact low-cost and fully integrated UWB multi-port reflectometer. Because of its compact size and good electrical performance, this device can be used in many microwave sub-systems offering a limited space for implementation of microwave measurements. The thesis shows that the accomplished multi-port device can also be used to build UWB communication transceivers. The concept of such UWB transceivers is addressed in the final sections of this thesis.

Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, 2005. / Tables. Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves146-148).

Gambling is a popular pastime in the United States, and it is important that we understand the class of behaviors in a behavior analytic context. The relationship between the function and preference of gambling behavior remains yet to be explored. The purpose of these two studies is to examine this relationship. Participants were asked to play a set of four computerized slot machines. Each slot machine was tied to a separated function-based outcome which they could win. In study 1, 80% of participants had a distinct preference for a single outcome. In study 2, the participants were also administered the GFA. Seven participants completed the MSWO. The relationship between the results of the GFA and the results of the free operant preference assessment did not support the hypothesis. Among other results, was data suggesting that those who score 0's on their GFA's may significantly affect the data and that the MSWO and free operant preference assessment have a strong high correlation.

[pt] Cilindros fotossensíveis são usados nos processos de impressão e particularmente na impressão eletrofotográfica. O revestimento é aplicado ao cilindro em forma líquida antes de solidificar-se. O líquido é aplicado ao cilindro através de um aplicador de agulha que se translada ao longo da direção axial do cilindro. Durante este processo o cilindro gira em torno de seu próprio eixo levando a uma deposição da tira de líquido sobre a superfície do cilindro, em padrão espiral. Para ajudar a distribuir o líquido lateralmente e assim melhorar a uniformidade da espessura, cada tira de líquido aplicada pela agulha passa por meio de uma lâmina flexível. Este processo leva a um revestimento que apresenta um padrão espiral na espessura da camada revestida que pode causar defeitos no processo eletrofotográfico.O conhecimento, de forma fundamental, do escoamento é vital para a otimização do processo. Um modelo teórico de escoamento de filmes finos sobre superfícies cilíndricas em rotação com uma porta de injeção de líquido em movimento é apresentado. Este modelo é baseado na teoria de lubrificação considerando um filme precursor na frente da linha de contato aparente. A espessura de filme revestido foi obtida através da solução de uma equação diferencial parcial não linear de quarta ordem usando o método de diferenças finitas de segunda ordem. A discretização do tempo foi feita pelo método implícito de Crank- Nicholson. A discretização do sistema a cada passo do tempo leva a um sistema de equações algébricas não lineares que foi resolvido pelo método de Newton. Os resultados mostram como a uniformidade da camada depositada varia com os parâmetros do processo e com as propriedades do líquido. / [en] Photosensitive cylinders are used in printing arts and more particularly in electrophotographic printing (e.g. xerographic copy). The photosensitive coating is applied to the cylinder in liquid form, before it is solidified. The liquid is applied to the cylinder through a needle applicator that translates along the direction of the cylinder axis. The cylinder rotates during this process in order to cover the entire surface. Therefore, the liquid is applied in a spiral pattern. In order to help spreading of the liquid over the cylinder surface and to improve the thickness uniformity, each liquid stream applied from the needle passes under a flexible blade. This process leads to a coating that presents a spiral pattern on the deposited layer thickness, which can cause defects on the electrophotographic process. The complete understanding of the flow is vital to the optimization of the process. A theoretical model of the thin film flow over the surface of a rotating cylinder is presented here. It is based on the lubrication approximation considering a thin precursor film in front of the apparent contact line. The resulting non-linear fourth-order PDE for the film thickness was solved by a second-order finite difference method. The time discretization was done by the implicit Crank-Nicholson scheme. The non-linear algebraic equation at each time step was solved by Newton’s method. The results show how the uniformity of the deposited layer varies with process parameters and liquid properties.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 roscamp_m_me_jabo.pdf: 9443012 bytes, checksum: 69bacbdda807a3e9fee0f785465385c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-09 / A cirurgia piezoelétrica ou piezocirurgia é utilizada há várias décadas, porém em medicina veterinária são escassos os artigos publicados utilizando esta modalidade em cirurgias descompressivas da coluna vertebral de cães e gatos. Assim, aventou-se com esse trabalho investigar a aplicabilidade da mesma na realização da espondilectomia parcial ventral cervical (EPVC), comparando-a com a técnica convencional que utiliza brocas esféricas de alta rotação para o desgaste ósseo, utilizando o coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) como modelo experimental de cães e gatos. Para tanto foi utilizado o aparelho médico Mastersonic®, que possui duas peças de mão, uma piezoelétrica com ponteira ultrassônica tipo cinzel delicado (T1) e na outra, motor de alta rotação com brocas esférica de 2 mm (técnica convencional) (T2). A EPVC foi realizada entre a terceira e quarta vértebras cervicais e cada técnica foi realizada em 15 animais, devidamente anestesiados, os quais foram avaliados quanto à duração de cada etapa da cirurgia, variações de temperatura durante a execução da EPVC, visibilidade do campo cirúrgico, complicações trans e pós-operatórias e monitoração anestésica. Aos 14, 28 e 56 dias de pós-operatório (PO), cinco animais de cada tratamento foram submetidos à eutanásia e realizado estudo histopatológico do local da cirurgia, avaliando à resposta inflamatória, à cicatrização óssea e as lesões medulares. Os resultados mostraram que T1 demandou mais tempo para a execução da curetagem e maior perda de temperatura no foco cirúrgico durante a cirurgia. O tempo de acesso cirúrgico reduziu progressivamente em torno de 50% até o oitavo procedimento de cada tratamento (T1 e T2), e após isso se manteve com a mesma duração nos dois tratamentos. O tempo de uso do aparelho foi mais homogêneo em T1 e diminuiu progressivamente em T2, mas ao avaliar o tempo total da técnica de EPVC, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. O T1 proporcionou melhor visibilidade do campo cirúrgico, com apenas um caso de sangramento ósseo, contra seis casos em T2. Observaram-se quatro casos de hemorragia de seio venoso vertebral durante a curetagem no T1 e dois casos no T2. Também ocorreram três casos de déficits proprioceptivos transitórios, com duração de até 72 horas no T1. A temperatura corporal e a taxa de uso do isoflurano decaíram com o tempo nos dois tratamentos, assim como a frequência cardíaca em T1. No estudo histopatológico observou-se resposta inflamatória mais ativa em T1 aos 14 dias de PO, porém aos 28 e 56 dias de PO foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, assim como a cicatrização óssea. Ainda houve mais lesões medulares com a piezocirurgia (T1), principalmente aos 14 e 28 dias de PO, com presença de malácia, esferócitos e células “Gitter”. Enquanto que na técnica convencional (T2), notou-se discreta degeneração Walleriana, apenas aos 14 dias de PO. Conclui-se que a piezocirurgia é aplicável na realização da EPVC com excelente visibilidade do campo operatório, facilidade de manuseio e rápida curva de aprendizagem, no entanto, demandou maior tempo para execução da espondilectomia e provocou mais complicações cirúrgicas e de lesões medulares, quando comparada à técnica convencional. / Piezoelectric surgery or piezosurgery has been used for several decades, but in veterinary medicine, articles published using this modality in decompressive surgery of the spine of dogs and cats are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of this technique to the performance of cervical ventral partial spondylectomy (CVPS), comparing it with the conventional technique using high-rotation spherical drills for bone wear using rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as an experimental model of dogs and cats.. For this was used Mastersonic® medical device that has two hand pieces, one piezoelectric type with ultrasonic delicate chisel tip (T1) and the other, high speed engine with spherical drills 2 mm (conventional technique) (T2). The CVPS was held between the third and fourth cervical vertebrae and each technique was performed on 15 animals, under anesthesia, which were evaluated for the duration of each stage of surgery, temperature variations during the execution of CVPS, the surgical field visibility, trans and postoperative complications and anesthetic monitoring. At 14, 28 and 56 postoperative days (PO), five animals per treatment were euthanized, and histological studies were carried to the surgical site by assessing the inflammatory response, and bone healing spinal injuries. The results showed that T1 required more time for curettage execution and highest loss of temperature at the surgical focus during surgery. Surgical access time progressively reduced by 50% until the eighth procedure of each treatment (T1 and T2), and after that it remained the same duration in both treatments. The time of use of the device was more homogeneous in T1 and progressively decreased in T2, but when evaluating the total time of the CVPS technique, there was no difference between treatments. The T1 provided better visibility of the surgical field, with only one case of bone bleeding, against six cases in T2. Four cases of vertebral venous sinus hemorrhage were seen during curettage in T1 and two cases in T2. There were also three cases of transient proprioceptive deficits, lasting up to 72 hours in T1. Body temperature and the rate of use of isoflurane declined over time in both treatments, as did heart rate in T1. Histopathological study there was more active inflammatory response in T1 at 14 days postoperatively, but after 28 and 56 days postoperatively was similar among treatments, as well as to bone healing. There were still more spinal cord injuries with the piezosurgery (T1), especially at 14 and 28 days of PO, with presence of malacia, spherocytes and Gitter cells. While the conventional technique (T2), it was noted discrete Wallerian degeneration, only at 14 days postoperatively. It is concluded that the piezosurgery is applicable in the performance of the CVPS with excellent visibility of the operative field, ease of handling and rapid learning curve, however, demanded more time for the execution of the spondylectomy and caused more surgical complications and spinal cord injuries, when compared to the conventional technique.