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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

ADVANCED STUDIES ON GAMMA BLINDNESS, HIGH RESOLUTION HYBRID MASS ALPHA STPECTROSCOPY/EXTRACTION AND NEUTRON DETECTION WITH CTMFDS

Catalin A Harabagiu (15339178) 24 April 2023 (has links)
<p>The primary focus of this thesis pertains to R&D results associated with deploying tensioned</p> <p>metastable fluid detector (TMFD) technology for monitoring of spent nuclear fuel</p> <p>(SNF) for actinide content from their neutron emissions while under extreme photon backgrounds</p> <p>(> 150 Gy/h), as may be expected within a hotcell. Traditional state-of-the-art</p> <p>neutron detectors such as 3He and BF3 based systems are well-known to be dysfunctional</p> <p>under such conditions, despite having pulse-shaped discrimination capabilities that allow</p> <p>them to differentiate photons vs. neutrons. The aim of this thesis was to test the ‘gamma</p> <p>blind’ ability of the centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detector (CTMFD) based system,</p> <p>to monitor for actinide generated neutrons despite the anticipated high intensity gamma</p> <p>background, a goal which was successfully accomplished. Methods, designs, and experimental</p> <p>procedures are discussed for successful neutron monitoring from an Americium-Beryllium</p> <p>neutron source, as well as results showing no hindrance to neutron detection capability at</p> <p>modest negative pressure states through 150 Gy (15 kRad) accumulated gamma dose.</p> <p>A secondary focus was the ability of the TMFD based systems to perform alpha spectroscopy</p> <p>on closely separated (<10 keV) alpha particle emissions from 239Pu and 240Pu</p> <p>isotopes. Due to the closely spearated alpha decay energies, this feat could previously only</p> <p>be perfromed by tedious and expensive mass-spectrometry based systems. Instead, a wet</p> <p>chemistry apporach for detecting trace (? 10−3 Bq/mL) quantity alpha radiation with high</p> <p>alpha energy resolution (<10 keV) was developed and validated using the CTMFD system.</p> <p>Using this technique, mixtures containing samples of 239Pu:240Pu with activity concentrations</p> <p>ranging in ratio from 1:0 to 0:1 were able to be identified within ±12% accuracy.</p> <p>Lastly, successful assessments were conducted for detecting neutron emissions from a 1</p> <p>Ci Plutonium-Beryllium source under a variety of shielded configurations using a CTMFD</p> <p>and a 3He based Ludlum 42-49BTM detector. Concrete, lead, and water shielding materials</p> <p>of thicknesses ranging from 0 to ?30 cm were placed as shielding material, with the</p> <p>CTMFD configured only for fast energy neutron detection. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport</p> <p>(MCNP) code-based simulations were performed for derivation of the neutron energy</p> <p>spectrum incident on the detectors to compute sensitivity estimates. At 0.6 MPa (6 bar) negative pressure, the CTMFD was determined to offer up to 7 times higher sensitivity vs the</p> <p>Ludlum 42-49B, though further increasing the negative pressure state to 1.1 MPA (11 bar)</p> <p>exponentially increases the sensitivity to offer 100+ times higher sensitivity for the CTMFD</p> <p>vs the Ludlum 42-49B.</p>
12

The design of a mobile synthetic aperture collimated gamma detector for passive HEU sources

Chin, Michael Raymond 13 January 2014 (has links)
This thesis covers the individual work of Michael Chin as part of the sponsored research project funded by the U.S. State Department in support of a computational design of a "Mobile Pit Verification System" (MPVS), a mobile “drive by” passive radiation detection system to be applied in special nuclear materials (SNM) storage facilities for validation and compliance purposes. The MPVS system is intended to enable a comprehensive, rapid verification and validation of stored nuclear weapon core physics packages containing SNM, or so-called “weapon pits,” in weapon materials and stockpile storage facilities. The MPVS platform is designed to move at a constant speed and accumulate a signal for each stored weapon pit container. The gamma detector was selected to be a 4 × 4 × 8 cubic inch CsI detector while the neutron detector array designed for the “Transport Simulation and Validation of a Synthetic Aperture SNM Detection System (“T-SADS”) project was used in conjunction with this work; T-SADS was a 3 year project funded by DOE-NNSA which was completed on May 2013. The computational design effort for this project was completed in April 2013, and leveraged novel computational radiation transport methods, algorithms, and SNM identification methods, including a synthetic aperture collection approach, and a new gamma ratio methodology for distinguishing between naturally occurring radiation materials and weapon class SNM materials. Both forward and adjoint transport methods were utilized to characterize the adjoint reaction rate as a function of inter-source spacing, collimation thickness, linear and angular field of view, source age, source type, source geometry, and mobile platform speed. The integrated count was then compared with background radiation and the associated probabilities of detection and false alarm were then computed. Publications resulting from this research were published in PHYSOR 2012, presented at the 53rd annual Proceedings of the INMM, and at the Mathematics & Computation 2013 Conference.
13

Développement et applications de détecteurs gazeux à micro-pistes pour la tomographie muonique / Development and applications of micro-pattern gaseous detectors for muon tomography

Bouteille, Simon 11 September 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse décrit les premiers essais de tomographie muonique par absorption et par déviation en utilisant des détecteurs Micromegas à haute granularité. Cette technique d'imagerie utilisant les rayons cosmiques gratuits, sans dangers et disponibles partout a démontré sa capacité à imager des objets de tailles variées. Afin de construire des outils compacts, précis, et portables, utiliser une voie d'électronique pour lire chaque motif de lecture est impossible. Pour éviter ce problème, des détecteurs multiplexés ont été conçus, testés et mis en situation dans différentes conditions. Il a été tiré parti des dernières améliorations concernant le détecteur Micromegas telles que le multiplexage génétique ou la lecture 2D par pistes sous une couche résistive. Les prototypes qui ont été fabriqués ont atteint une résolution de 300µm sur une surface d'un quart de mètre carré en ne nécessitant que 61 voies d'électronique. Grâce à ces détecteurs, des campagnes de prise de données ont été faites, à la fois dans l'environnement semi-contrôlé du centre CEA de Saclay et sur le plateau de Gizeh en Egypte. Ces deux campagnes ont permis d'imager avec succès le château d'eau du CEA Saclay ainsi que la pyramide de Khéops et ce malgré les conditions extrêmes que les télescopes à muon ont endurées. Des variations de température de plusieurs dizaines de Kelvin ont été enregistrées alors que l'acquisition de données se déroulait de manière stable, c'est-à-dire que les variations du gain n'impactaient pas le système d'auto déclenchement. Cette stabilité a été rendue possible grâce à un ajustement des hautes tensions vis à vis des conditions environnementales. Cela constitue la première mondiale concernant le fonctionnement d'un dispositif de reconstruction de trace à base de Micromégas en extérieur. En parallèle des expériences de muographie par déviation ont été menées. Un dispositif imageant des objets de petite taille est capable de distinguer divers matériaux sur une échelle de temps de l'ordre d'une journée. Une plus grande installation a permis d'imager un conteneur entier. La résolution du problème inverse a été faite en utilisant à la fois l'algorithme simple dit du PoCA ainsi que celui de maximisation de vraisemblance proposé par Schultz et son équipe. / This thesis describes the first attempts to perform both absorption and scattering muon tomography using high granularity Micromegas detectors. This imaging technique using the free, available and harmless cosmic ray muons radiation shows great possibilities to study various sized objects. In order to make compact and precise portable devices, using one channel of electronics per readout pattern is not possible. To avoid this problem multiplexed detectors have been designed, extensively tested and used in numerous conditions. Latest developments in Micromegas design have been used such as the genetic multiplexing and the 2D strip readout using a resistive layer. The prototypes made were able to achieve a 300µm resolution at the scale of 50cm while using only 61 channels of electronics. Using these detectors, muography data taking campaigns have been performed both in the semi-controlled environment of the Saclay site of CEA and in the wild of the Giza plateau in Egypt. These two campaigns succeeded in imaging the CEA Saclay water tower and the Khufu's pyramid despite the extreme conditions endured by the Micromegas muon telescopes. Large temperature variations of a few tens of Kelvin have been recorded together with a stable operation i.e. an even gain ensuring a steady self triggering system. This stability was achieved using high voltage variations with respect to the environmental conditions. Together with this very first worldwide operation of a Micromegas-based tracker outside a laboratory, scattering muographies have also been done. A small setup imaging handheld objects performed well in separating various materials in time scales of the order of the day while a bigger 1m² setup allowing the scan of a full container was successfully operated. The inversion of the ill-posed problem of the muon scattering was performed using the crude PoCA method and the maximum likelihood one described by Schultz et al.
14

Interrogation Via Alpha and Neutron Signatures of Special Nuclear Material Using Acoustically and Centrifugally Tensioned Metastable Fluid Detectors

Nathan M Boyle (8801081) 21 June 2022 (has links)
<p>This dissertation addresses a key 21st Century Grand Challenge – "Combatting Nuclear Terrorism”. A principal component associated with addressing this challenge pertains to timely and near real-time detection and tracking of small quantities of special nuclear materials (SNMs); the isotopes of uranium (U-235), and Plutonium (Pu) which constitute the key components of nuclear warheads. Such detection and tracking, especially for shielded U-235 using passive means is virtually impossible due to the extremely faint neutron-photon emission signals from radioactive decay which can be readily masked. Active photon and/or neutron interrogation methods are the only viable means for HEU detection but the field suffers from detector saturation in extreme 10<sup>4</sup> R h<sup>-1</sup> radiation fields. Pu isotopes in multi-kg levels emanate neutrons from spontaneous fission that offer a means for passive interrogation with directionality, even at low levels assuming novel, high-efficiency detectors are available. Both U-235 and Pu isotopes also emit Rn gas (an alpha radiation emitter) at trace levels, during decay - which offers a possible novel means for identifying the presence of SNMs – from the faint multi Bq m<sup>-3 </sup>(pCi L<sup>-1</sup>) alpha emitting gas and progeny in air - if only a real time sensitive enough detector were available. </p> <p> </p> <p>This thesis work was aimed at filling critical technology gaps, via researching and advancing the field of metastable fluid detector (TMFD) technology pertaining to novel/transformational passive and active (photoneutron) interrogation of SNMs. The results of R&D from this dissertation provide evidence for rapidly and conclusively monitoring for the presence of Rn-222 and progeny in air at ultra-trace (pCi L<sup>-1</sup>) levels – even below the action levels mandated by the U.S. EPA by the development of protocols for sampling and detection using centrifugally tensioned metastable fluid detectors (CTMFD). </p> <p> </p> <p>For SNM neutron emission (either spontaneous or induced) based active and passive interrogation this dissertation presents evidence for advancing into novel designs, and schemes resulting in 100-1000x enhancements in detection efficiency for the acoustically driven ATMFD architecture in single and array forms. Novel drive modes: a direct (fixed and sweep) resonance mode, and radically novel indirect traveling wave mode were used to expand ATMFD capabilities and efficiencies beyond previous iterations of ATMFD technology. The experimentation work has been coupled with multi-physics theoretical modeling and simulations benchmarked against experimental data. ATMFDs in single and array-based architectures are being investigated for offering a novel, high-efficiency means for passive interrogation of SNMs. Coupled together with the Rn-alpha sensing approach, the ATMFD sensors for neutron monitoring enable a first-of-a-kind transformational dual mode architecture for monitoring both HEU (U-235) and Pu based SNMs.</p> <p> </p> <p>Successful results were also demonstrated for rapid and convincing 9 MeV (end point x-ray) photoneutron based active interrogation of 4.5 kg of depleted uranium in ultra-high gamma background of ~10<sup>4</sup> R h<sup>-1</sup> using a single CTMFD or ATMFD sensor. Under such intense gamma backgrounds, conventional detectors are known to get saturated and have presented a major challenge. The research from this thesis offers a novel solution for both passive and active SNM interrogation. </p>
15

A Multi-Modal, Modified-Feedback and Self-Paced Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) to Control an Embodied Avatar's Gait

Alchalabi, Bilal 12 1900 (has links)
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have been used to control the gait of a virtual self-avatar with the aim of being used in gait rehabilitation. A BCI decodes the brain signals representing a desire to do something and transforms them into a control command for controlling external devices. The feelings described by the participants when they control a self-avatar in an immersive virtual environment (VE) demonstrate that humans can be embodied in the surrogate body of an avatar (ownership illusion). It has recently been shown that inducing the ownership illusion and then manipulating the movements of one’s self-avatar can lead to compensatory motor control strategies. In order to maximize this effect, there is a need for a method that measures and monitors embodiment levels of participants immersed in virtual reality (VR) to induce and maintain a strong ownership illusion. This is particularly true given that reaching a high level of both BCI performance and embodiment are inter-connected. To reach one of them, the second must be reached as well. Some limitations of many existing systems hinder their adoption for neurorehabilitation: 1- some use motor imagery (MI) of movements other than gait; 2- most systems allow the user to take single steps or to walk but do not allow both, which prevents users from progressing from steps to gait; 3- most of them function in a single BCI mode (cue-paced or self-paced), which prevents users from progressing from machine-dependent to machine-independent walking. Overcoming the aforementioned limitations can be done by combining different control modes and options in one single system. However, this would have a negative impact on BCI performance, therefore diminishing its usefulness as a potential rehabilitation tool. In this case, there will be a need to enhance BCI performance. For such purpose, many techniques have been used in the literature, such as providing modified feedback (whereby the presented feedback is not consistent with the user’s MI), sequential training (recalibrating the classifier as more data becomes available). This thesis was developed over 3 studies. The objective in study 1 was to investigate the possibility of measuring the level of embodiment of an immersive self-avatar, during the performing, observing and imagining of gait, using electroencephalogram (EEG) techniques, by presenting visual feedback that conflicts with the desired movement of embodied participants. The objective of study 2 was to develop and validate a BCI to control single steps and forward walking of an immersive virtual reality (VR) self-avatar, using mental imagery of these actions, in cue-paced and self-paced modes. Different performance enhancement strategies were implemented to increase BCI performance. The data of these two studies were then used in study 3 to construct a generic classifier that could eliminate offline calibration for future users and shorten training time. Twenty different healthy participants took part in studies 1 and 2. In study 1, participants wore an EEG cap and motion capture markers, with an avatar displayed in a head-mounted display (HMD) from a first-person perspective (1PP). They were cued to either perform, watch or imagine a single step forward or to initiate walking on a treadmill. For some of the trials, the avatar took a step with the contralateral limb or stopped walking before the participant stopped (modified feedback). In study 2, participants completed a 4-day sequential training to control the gait of an avatar in both BCI modes. In cue-paced mode, they were cued to imagine a single step forward, using their right or left foot, or to walk forward. In the self-paced mode, they were instructed to reach a target using the MI of multiple steps (switch control mode) or maintaining the MI of forward walking (continuous control mode). The avatar moved as a response to two calibrated regularized linear discriminant analysis (RLDA) classifiers that used the μ power spectral density (PSD) over the foot area of the motor cortex as features. The classifiers were retrained after every session. During the training, and for some of the trials, positive modified feedback was presented to half of the participants, where the avatar moved correctly regardless of the participant’s real performance. In both studies, the participants’ subjective experience was analyzed using a questionnaire. Results of study 1 show that subjective levels of embodiment correlate strongly with the power differences of the event-related synchronization (ERS) within the μ frequency band, and over the motor and pre-motor cortices between the modified and regular feedback trials. Results of study 2 show that all participants were able to operate the cued-paced BCI and the selfpaced BCI in both modes. For the cue-paced BCI, the average offline performance (classification rate) on day 1 was 67±6.1% and 86±6.1% on day 3, showing that the recalibration of the classifiers enhanced the offline performance of the BCI (p < 0.01). The average online performance was 85.9±8.4% for the modified feedback group (77-97%) versus 75% for the non-modified feedback group. For self-paced BCI, the average performance was 83% at switch control and 92% at continuous control mode, with a maximum of 12 seconds of control. Modified feedback enhanced BCI performances (p =0.001). Finally, results of study 3 show that the constructed generic models performed as well as models obtained from participant-specific offline data. The results show that there it is possible to design a participant-independent zero-training BCI. / Les interfaces cerveau-ordinateur (ICO) ont été utilisées pour contrôler la marche d'un égo-avatar virtuel dans le but d'être utilisées dans la réadaptation de la marche. Une ICO décode les signaux du cerveau représentant un désir de faire produire un mouvement et les transforme en une commande de contrôle pour contrôler des appareils externes. Les sentiments décrits par les participants lorsqu'ils contrôlent un égo-avatar dans un environnement virtuel immersif démontrent que les humains peuvent être incarnés dans un corps d'un avatar (illusion de propriété). Il a été récemment démontré que provoquer l’illusion de propriété puis manipuler les mouvements de l’égo-avatar peut conduire à des stratégies de contrôle moteur compensatoire. Afin de maximiser cet effet, il existe un besoin d'une méthode qui mesure et surveille les niveaux d’incarnation des participants immergés dans la réalité virtuelle (RV) pour induire et maintenir une forte illusion de propriété. D'autre part, atteindre un niveau élevé de performances (taux de classification) ICO et d’incarnation est interconnecté. Pour atteindre l'un d'eux, le second doit également être atteint. Certaines limitations de plusieurs de ces systèmes entravent leur adoption pour la neuroréhabilitation: 1- certains utilisent l'imagerie motrice (IM) des mouvements autres que la marche; 2- la plupart des systèmes permettent à l'utilisateur de faire des pas simples ou de marcher mais pas les deux, ce qui ne permet pas à un utilisateur de passer des pas à la marche; 3- la plupart fonctionnent en un seul mode d’ICO, rythmé (cue-paced) ou auto-rythmé (self-paced). Surmonter les limitations susmentionnées peut être fait en combinant différents modes et options de commande dans un seul système. Cependant, cela aurait un impact négatif sur les performances de l’ICO, diminuant ainsi son utilité en tant qu'outil potentiel de réhabilitation. Dans ce cas, il sera nécessaire d'améliorer les performances des ICO. À cette fin, de nombreuses techniques ont été utilisées dans la littérature, telles que la rétroaction modifiée, le recalibrage du classificateur et l'utilisation d'un classificateur générique. Le projet de cette thèse a été réalisé en 3 études, avec objectif d'étudier dans l'étude 1, la possibilité de mesurer le niveau d'incarnation d'un égo-avatar immersif, lors de l'exécution, de l'observation et de l'imagination de la marche, à l'aide des techniques encéphalogramme (EEG), en présentant une rétroaction visuelle qui entre en conflit avec la commande du contrôle moteur des sujets incarnés. L'objectif de l'étude 2 était de développer un BCI pour contrôler les pas et la marche vers l’avant d'un égo-avatar dans la réalité virtuelle immersive, en utilisant l'imagerie motrice de ces actions, dans des modes rythmés et auto-rythmés. Différentes stratégies d'amélioration des performances ont été mises en œuvre pour augmenter la performance (taux de classification) de l’ICO. Les données de ces deux études ont ensuite été utilisées dans l'étude 3 pour construire des classificateurs génériques qui pourraient éliminer la calibration hors ligne pour les futurs utilisateurs et raccourcir le temps de formation. Vingt participants sains différents ont participé aux études 1 et 2. Dans l'étude 1, les participants portaient un casque EEG et des marqueurs de capture de mouvement, avec un avatar affiché dans un casque de RV du point de vue de la première personne (1PP). Ils ont été invités à performer, à regarder ou à imaginer un seul pas en avant ou la marche vers l’avant (pour quelques secondes) sur le tapis roulant. Pour certains essais, l'avatar a fait un pas avec le membre controlatéral ou a arrêté de marcher avant que le participant ne s'arrête (rétroaction modifiée). Dans l'étude 2, les participants ont participé à un entrainement séquentiel de 4 jours pour contrôler la marche d'un avatar dans les deux modes de l’ICO. En mode rythmé, ils ont imaginé un seul pas en avant, en utilisant leur pied droit ou gauche, ou la marche vers l’avant . En mode auto-rythmé, il leur a été demandé d'atteindre une cible en utilisant l'imagerie motrice (IM) de plusieurs pas (mode de contrôle intermittent) ou en maintenir l'IM de marche vers l’avant (mode de contrôle continu). L'avatar s'est déplacé en réponse à deux classificateurs ‘Regularized Linear Discriminant Analysis’ (RLDA) calibrés qui utilisaient comme caractéristiques la densité spectrale de puissance (Power Spectral Density; PSD) des bandes de fréquences µ (8-12 Hz) sur la zone du pied du cortex moteur. Les classificateurs ont été recalibrés après chaque session. Au cours de l’entrainement et pour certains des essais, une rétroaction modifiée positive a été présentée à la moitié des participants, où l'avatar s'est déplacé correctement quelle que soit la performance réelle du participant. Dans les deux études, l'expérience subjective des participants a été analysée à l'aide d'un questionnaire. Les résultats de l'étude 1 montrent que les niveaux subjectifs d’incarnation sont fortement corrélés à la différence de la puissance de la synchronisation liée à l’événement (Event-Related Synchronization; ERS) sur la bande de fréquence μ et sur le cortex moteur et prémoteur entre les essais de rétroaction modifiés et réguliers. L'étude 2 a montré que tous les participants étaient capables d’utiliser le BCI rythmé et auto-rythmé dans les deux modes. Pour le BCI rythmé, la performance hors ligne moyenne au jour 1 était de 67±6,1% et 86±6,1% au jour 3, ce qui montre que le recalibrage des classificateurs a amélioré la performance hors ligne du BCI (p <0,01). La performance en ligne moyenne était de 85,9±8,4% pour le groupe de rétroaction modifié (77-97%) contre 75% pour le groupe de rétroaction non modifié. Pour le BCI auto-rythmé, la performance moyenne était de 83% en commande de commutateur et de 92% en mode de commande continue, avec un maximum de 12 secondes de commande. Les performances de l’ICO ont été améliorées par la rétroaction modifiée (p = 0,001). Enfin, les résultats de l'étude 3 montrent que pour la classification des initialisations des pas et de la marche, il a été possible de construire des modèles génériques à partir de données hors ligne spécifiques aux participants. Les résultats montrent la possibilité de concevoir une ICO ne nécessitant aucun entraînement spécifique au participant.

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