Internal migration has played a major role in the transformation of post-reform China. To explore how migrants have experienced change I consider three aspects of the lives of a particular group of migrants working in a restaurant in Shanghai: work experiences, intimate relationships with partners and families, and leisure time. I aim to highlight both men and women’s experiences in order to analyse the significance of gender alongside social class and hukou status as markers of social division in China. Based on more than seven months of participant observation and interviews, mainly with migrant workers, between 2011 and 2014, my thesis aims to illuminate how this shift in location has affected their lives: how gender operated in their daily lives; how their experiences were gendered; and how agency was exercised, how subjectivity was expressed. In examining these different dimensions I consider how these migrants dealt with a range of tensions and hierarchies, such as the denigration they encountered from customers; the inconsistency between job hierarchy and gender hierarchy; how they reinterpreted filial piety; and how their income and time-constrained leisure formed part of their coping strategies in gender-differentiated ways. Primary findings are that these migrant workers experienced change in complex and contradictory ways. Some male workers in the lowest-level jobs, whose work primarily depended on physical labour, were disadvantaged in this gendered, feminised and hierarchical workplace. Their financial disadvantage made it difficult for them to find wives and to conform to the image of primary breadwinner post-marriage. However, men despite their disadvantaged position in the work place and in partner finding still exercised their male privilege in everyday gender relations and likewise the women still experienced sexual harassment. In comparison, the female migrant workers benefited in some ways by moving away from the tedium of rural lives and by becoming financially independent wage labour, but at the same time they still performed their filial obligation of financially supporting their natal families. These workers negotiated their changed circumstances in gendered ways. I argue that their subjectivities were influenced by a range of factors, including consumer culture and the patriarchal system, which was mediated through filial piety.

This thesis proposes a theoretical model to explain the variation in female labour force participation (FLFP) across post-socialist Eastern Europe. The model is then tested empirically on 13 post-socialist Eastern European countries during the period 1997- 2008 using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Embedded in insights from economics and comparative political economy literature, my theoretical model moves beyond linear causal relationships and suggests how different components of post-socialist economic restructuring in Eastern Europe have affected one another and have translated into specific FLFP outcomes. The model specifies the following three components: industrial upgrading, educational expansion and growth of knowledge intensive services and theorises their relationship to each other and to FLFP as the dependent variable. The model suggests that those countries that embarked on the trajectory of economic development driven by re-industrialisation and industrial upgrading created a vicious cycle for FLFP. This took place because industrial upgrading that was driven by foreign direct investment led to the defeminisation of manufacturing. Such a trajectory of economic restructuring also shaped these countries’ education policies and impeded the development of knowledge intensive services, which would have been more conducive to female employment. The virtuous cycle of FLFP, on the other hand, occurred in those Eastern European countries that turned to reforming their educational sector towards general skills and expansion of tertiary education, with the aim of transforming themselves into knowledge economies. Such a transformation required an active social investment state and growth of knowledge-intensive public and private sector employment, which provided greater employment opportunities for women. This development path created a positive causal loop for FLFP.

The availability of ART has transformed HIV infection from a terminal illness into a disease that is manageable. South Africa bears the greatest burden of the AIDS epidemic, having the highest proportion of adults and young people living with HIV in the world. Studies of the experience of living with HIV have largely been dominated by a medical approach which tends to ignore the subjective experience and meaning of living with HIV. This study uses constructivist grounded theory to explore the subjective experience of living with HIV for young people who live in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Qualitative methods were used to collect data; these consisted of individual interviews and focus group discussions with young people living with HIV, carers of young people and community members. This study presents a multifaceted understanding of the experience for young people of living with HIV. Disclosure, young people‟s interpretation of the meaning of living with HIV and maintaining normality were core categories identified in the young people‟s narratives. Disclosure created a space for young people to negotiate the social and personal meaning of living with HIV. Maintaining normality was an active process whereby young people engaged themselves in tasks which they perceived to be helpful in managing HIV stigma, negative social interpretations associated with living with HIV and the uncertainty of living with HIV. „Normalisation‟ was used in this process, which refers to the combination of strategies that young people employed to survive and maintain a state of wellness; however, it was a negotiated process rather than an outcome, and young people were actively balancing their lives in the midst of uncertainty. Young people‟s active agency and resilience permeated their narratives and the study.

Essa pesquisa apresenta como objeto central os Subaltern Studies. Trata-se de um grupo de intelectuais que se destacou no estudo da história social e política indiana no final dos anos 1970. O que ligou estruturalmente os intelectuais próximos aos Subaltern Studies, em sua fase inicial, foi a tentativa de reescrever criticamente a história colonial da Índia. Nesse sentido, o esforço do grupo correspondeu a uma busca por tentar resgatar a voz nativa silenciada e extrair novas perspectivas historiográficas e políticas não só do passado, mas da própria fraqueza da sociedade nativa. Protagonizados por autores como Ranajit Guha, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Partha Chatterjee e Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, se organizou uma série de coletâneas de artigos sobre a história social e política indiana que totalizaram onze volumes compreendidos entre os anos de 1982 e 2000. Amplamente discutidos, os Subaltern Studies passaram a nomear um campo de estudos abrangente, de caráter internacional. Em meio às diversas fontes que confluíram nos subalternistas (marxismo, pós-estruturalismo, pós-colonialismo), se busca aprofundar o estudo sobre as apropriações conceituais feitas pelos indianos. Se enfatizará seu percurso de mudanças e tensões intelectuais e se analisará os limites de sua realização teórica com destaque para a tradução e extensão à experiência latino-americana com os Latin American Subaltern Studies, fundados em 1993. / This research has as its subject matter Subaltern Studies. This is a group of intellectuals, who stand out in the social and political Indian history of the late 1970s. Intellectuals close to the Subaltern Studies, in its initial phase, critically tried to rewrite the history of colonial India. In this sense, the group sought to rescue the silenced native voice and extract new historical and political perspectives not only from the past, but also from the weakness of the native society. Performed by authors such as Ranajit Guha, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Partha Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, a series of collections of papers were organized on the Indian social and political history that totaled eleven volumes, published between 1982 and 2000. Widely discussed, Subaltern Studies came to suggest a field of extensive studies, of an international character. Among the various sources that converged in subaltern studies (Western Marxism, post structuralism, post colonialism), this research seeks to study the conceptual appropriations made by the Indians. This research will emphasize its changes and intellectual tensions and will examine the limits of his theoretical achievement especially in relation to the translation and extension to the Latin American experience with the Latin American Subaltern Studies, founded in 1993.

Petitioning was a staple of the Early Modern European world, theoretically available to all, from peasant to nobleman. The British Isles were no exception to that. This thesis drew a 50-year line between 1629 and 1679, and looked into how people regularly petitioned during some of the most eventful and transformative years of British history, to request what resources they thought necessary or advantageous. Within this timeframe, exceptional mass petitions coexisted with countless ordinary, singular petitions. The findings were a mix between continuities and changes owing to shifting political circumstances. The study found that several lines of argumentation endured through the decades. Familial responsibility, poverty and influence remained commonly used as everything around the petitions changed. On the other hand, the decapitation of King Charles I created a vacuum in the petitioners’ collective imagination. This thesis found that to fill that vacuum, petitioners employed and articulated a novel, depersonalized understanding of a “State”: a non-regal replacement for the Stuarts, even before Charles I lost his head. The Restoration reversed these developments, as the late King’s son very quickly concentrated upon his figure the attention and words of his petitioners. The legacy of the Wars and the Interregnum was a legacy of endurance and service for many Royalists, who often turned to petitions for satisfaction. They articulated that service again and again, pointing to a reciprocal relationship between monarch and loyal subjects. Overall, this thesis argues that petitioning was a wholly uninsulated, highly observant practice that eloquently articulated its surroundings. It expressed those surroundings through its own prism of resource negotiation in the face of authority.

At her death in 1954, Frida Kahlo was known as little more than the wife of muralist Diego Rivera. Since then her art and personae have taken on a cult-like following and she has become an icon of popular culture. Thus far Frida's repute has stretched across three decades, from the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s. Frida's popularity is viewed as primarily emerging from the Women's Movement of the 1970s. However, interest from many other groups have carried her image into the 1980s and 1990s. Aside from the Women’s Movement, Frida’s popularity reflects a growing interest in Mexico, specifically the “romanticized” image of Mexico, in the wake of rising international relations between Mexico and the United States. Each subsequent exhibit of Frida’s work brought with it a plethora of articles and exhibition catalogues. By the late 1980s books on Frida’s biography and her paintings began flooding the market along with articles from various periodicals, from fashion, to medical, to women's studies journals. Numerous other publications on Frida have included calendars, postcards, and a cookbook. A book of Frida's letters and her diary were published in 1995. The associations around Frida’s name have created the legend of her personality. She is viewed as a genius painter, one who expressed her emotions and life on canvas, who spoke from her heart and who has become remembered as a martyred saint. Scholars and the general public alike have latched onto Frida’s image, making her into more than a mere artist, rather into a remarkably insightful and brave individual. This popular myth has been supported by Frida's own lifestyle, by her flamboyant attire, scandalous relationships, and internationally recognized friendships. Frida was, however, an individual who suffered from the same insecurities that much of the population does: insecure in love and acceptance. Frida had the ability to mask her emotions of insecurity with her physical pain, which she then exercised on the canvas. It is this ability to deal with her emotional pain that has brought her life and work to the cult-like status that her memory now enjoys.

In 1991, India entered the global market as a liberalized economy when, coerced by the International Monetary Fund, it adopted “structural adjustment” policies. The early period of economic liberalization in India engendered a sense of optimism and forward-looking aspiration in the national imaginary and culture. This faith in novelty and change, for the urban middle-classes, was a result of the increase in incomes in white-collar jobs and the availability of greater choices in the commodity market for consumers. Thirty years later, the fantasy of wealth and abundance that was supposed to transform the country into a thriving superpower is visibly cracking. Social reality has not kept up with the promises afforded by economic liberalization. The increasing wealth gap and the dangerous marriage between neoliberalism and right-wing politics has created public culture of everyday violence, divisiveness, and despair. In this dissertation, I examine how recent mainstream Hindi cinema has responded to India's neoliberal turn. My work is based on the premise that the cinema of the past two decades is a record of social history. The major themes I focus on are the pervasiveness of neoliberal values into everyday life and work and the consequent formation of a neoliberal subjectivity. I also focus on how forms of neoliberal selfhood contend with existing social structures of caste, class, sexuality and religious identity in India. Finally, I lay out the interconnections between the recent rise of Hindu fundamentalism in India, popular cinema and neoliberal culture.

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This dissertation explores the history of postsecondary education institutions in Mamelodi, a black township in Pretoria East, with a view to discerning why Mamelodi, having had postsecondary education institutions for more than 70 years in its back yard, is perceived as not being one of the pre-eminent producers of intellectual capital and technical competencies among black South African townships across the country. The study also seeks to explore the notion that education is one of the most certain ways to break the cycle of poverty in communities like Mamelodi and how this characteristic manifested itself in the life of the community given its extraordinary past experience with postsecondary education institutions in its midst. Finally, this dissertation is a case study of postsecondary education in Mamelodi with a particular concern for the interplay between these institutions and the community to understand, from a historical point of view, contemporary views and attitudes of the community to the local postsecondary education institutions. Through the case study, the unique and common features of organisations and the community are identified with the view to discerning the interactions at work that shape the town-gown relations in Mamelodi. Consequently, the study considers the historical record of the establishment and the life of the various postsecondary education institutions in Mamelodi as anchor institutions with a view to understanding the reasons for their establishment, their mandates, and how these impacted on the community in light of the generally agreed upon view that education is a real means of breaking the cycle of poverty and improving the lot of the community. The study traces the postsecondary education institutions’ relationship with the community over a period of seven decades and the community’s responses to these institutions in its midst with the view to understanding contemporary concerns and attitudes from a historical perspective. Finally, the study corrects the under-acknowledged recognition of Mamelodi’s relationship, appreciation, contribution, and support of postsecondary education in the community and the country in general. Key terms: Social history, public scholarship, urban history, postsecondary education, community development, anchor strategy, anchor institutions, Mamelodi. / Dissertation (MSocSci (History))--University of Pretria, 2021. / Historical and Heritage Studies / MSocSci (History) / Unrestricted

This paper will be confined to the northern portion of the range though it might be noted that the topographical descriptions of the Bingham district apply in a general way to the southern district also. The northern Oquirrhs contain a number of sizeable canyons running either east or west from a central ridge seven thousand to eight thousand feet in altitude. Bingham Canyon, one of the largest of these, is located on the eastern slope of the range and drains into Salt Lake Valley.