<p> This research project used a causal comparative design to examine differences between intact groups of graduate art therapy students using art as a response to emotions and sharing the art during group supervision. There is scant research on group art therapy supervision thus in this study the variables of curiosity and psychological mindedness were analyzed. Utilizing art making as a tool to understand emotions in response to working with clients therapeutically provides both an implicit, internal focus on the self in relation to others that is then evaluated in an explicit, external context of group supervision, where these emotions are shared. Forty participants completed response art as well as pre- and post-test inventories of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II, subscales of stretching and embracing, and the Balanced Inventory of Psychological Mindedness, subscales of interest and insight. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearmen&rsquo;s rho correlations. While findings were limited due to the small sample size, nonparametric measures, and confounding variables, findings confirmed that stretching and interest showed significant increases. Students later in their practicum showed an increase in embracing while group size of four or less had greater increases in insight. Insight increased early in the research study and decreased significantly at the end of this present study, suggesting that as students learn they develop a more humble stance of not knowing. Future research would benefit from a qualitative inquiry to identify and understand aspects of creating art in response to clients and sharing it in supervision.</p>

<p> The research problem addressed in this study was the relationship between racism and self-efficacy. While racism lowers self-efficacy, it is not clear whether the relationship between racial discrimination and self-efficacy is stronger or weaker depending on an individual&rsquo;s race, gender, or levels of resilience. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between racial discrimination, self-efficacy, and resilience, while also accounting for the demographic variables of gender and race, thus better equipping mental health professionals working with female and/or minority clients. A quantitative, correlational study design was proposed to answer four research questions: (1) Does race significantly mediate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-efficacy? (2) Does gender significantly mediate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-efficacy? (3) Does resilience significantly mediate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-efficacy? (4) Do interactions between race, gender, and resilience significantly moderate the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-efficacy? It was found that (1) race mediated the impact of racism on self-efficacy, such that African Americans had substantially lower self-efficacy in the face of high perceived racism; (2, 3, 4) gender, resilience, and a race-resilience interaction variable did not influence the relationship between racism and self-efficacy. These findings suggested the unique nature of racism-associated trauma in African Americans. This finding can be used to strengthen therapeutic approaches used with African Americans; and, better address this population&rsquo;s mental health needs. </p>

In order to prepare for the future, at least some people might spend time imagining how a target person's future behavior could impede the achievement of their goals. These imaginings represent no truly new information about the target person, as they are self-generated. However, if people misattribute the increased cognitive accessibility of the target's negative behavior to a meaningful source of information, the imaginings could still have the power to impact impressions of the target. Across 3 studies, I tested the hypothesis that imagining a future scenario in which a target had the potential to behave badly would negatively impact participants' impressions of the target, an effect that would be moderated by the imaginer's locus of control orientation and that might grow stronger after enough time elapsed for source confusion to take place. Specifically, I tested the prediction that externally-oriented people would increase the negativity of their target judgments after such imaginings, but internally-oriented people would experience either no change or a positive change in their target judgments. In Study 1, as predicted, imagining a hypothetical future scenario had a negative impact on target judgments that was moderated by locus of control. In Study 2, as predicted, anticipating a real future interaction with a disagreeable confederate had a negative impact on confederate judgments that was moderated by locus of control, even after the real situation was resolved favorably. In both studies, effects persisted one week later in a small follow-up sample but did not grow stronger. Study 3 included an additional control condition to test the hypothesis that future imaginings would produce an impact above and beyond merely recruiting memories of somebody's real past bad behaviors. However, Study 3 failed to replicate the findings from Studies 1 and 2. Implications of these mixed results are discussed. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2015. / November 9, 2015. / imagination inflation, locus of control, social judgment / Includes bibliographical references. / Elizabeth A. Plant, Professor Directing Dissertation; Pamela L. Perrewe, University Representative; James K. McNulty, Committee Member; Colleen M. Kelley, Committee Member; Walter R. Boot, Committee Member.

Over the last 30 years, Terror Management Theory (TMT) has been applied in over 500 studies. However, the bulk of literature in TMT remains from Western countries, where death may not take as an explicit role in one’s life as it does in other areas prone to high death exposure. The purpose of this study stems from a need to explore the impact of death on outgroup prejudice in Lebanon, where 18 sects divide and pit citizens against one another not just through physical conflict but also through inflammatory media rhetoric. Taking TMT as a theoretical basis, the research proposed a mixed methodological application, and advanced three hypotheses and one research question. In Study 1, 105 Lebanese undergraduate students were recruited across the country for a quasi-experiment mimicking TMT’s traditional protocol. Data showed that participants were more likely to get news from the outlet that reinforced their religious worldview, especially when they identify with it. However, threat to one’s ingroup manipulated through a terrorism news story – did not predict sectarianism nor did the mortality salience induction method. Independently, proximity to the attack and sect partially explain outgroup prejudice. In Study 2, ten in-depth interviews were conducted between December and January 2018, yielding four a priori themes. The results suggest that in high death exposure areas, such as in Lebanon, TMT’s protocol may not be the adequate method to understand outgroup prejudice. This may be due to death desensitization. / A Thesis submitted to the School of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / Spring Semester 2018. / April 9, 2018. / experiment, in-depth interviews, Lebanon, mortality salience, terrorism news, terror management theory / Includes bibliographical references. / Patrick F. Merle, Professor Directing Thesis; Laura Arpan, Committee Member; Arthur A. Raney, Committee Member.

Yuk-Fai Au. / Running title: Group process control effects. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 45-50. / Acknow1edgements --- p.2 / Abstract --- p.3 / Introduction --- p.4 / Method --- p.15 / Results --- p.23 / Discussion --- p.35 / References --- p.45 / Tables --- p.51 / Footnotes --- p.57 / Figure --- p.58 / Appendices --- p.59

<p> The phenomenon of workplace bullying and sexual harassment amongst first responders for the purpose of this study involves a thorough, comprehensive review of the literature. This examination demonstrates the effects workplace bullying, and sexual harassment has across Emergency Service Organizations [ESOs] and the impact on targets as being severe and pervasive, with negative consequences for the targets and the organizations in which they work. During the exploration of this work, 305 articles were reviewed and then screened through Hermeneutic research methods to net 209 studies in the results. Core themes that emerged support that the phenomenon has severe implications for the psychological health of targets, organizational culture implications and public safety outcomes that are serious, pervasive and have negative consequences for individuals, the organization and the public. Data in this study show that factors that influence workplace bullying and sexual harassment include organizational culture (acceptable) and a &ldquo;rite of passage&rdquo; which creates a groupthink mentality that normalizes and creates a toxic culture ripe for incivility within emergency service organizations. The impact on targets includes severe psychological harm and the depletion of psychological resource that has long-lasting negative mental health implications. Also, data shows that there are public safety implications for workplace bullying, and sexual harassment as targets experience an erosion of professional competence and burnout that can lead to catastrophic consequences regarding critical incidents with clients.</p><p>

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North American social psychology has evolved within a culture that values an individualistic ideology. Therefore, when investigating social phenomena, the social psychologist rarely looks past the individual(s) involoved to social processes. As a result, actual social processes have seldom been studied. For example, in the classic studies performed by Sherif (1935) and Asch (1958) social influence was investigated exclusively through the behavioural products of the individual. In this thesis social influence was studied as an intrinsic social process. Twenty-two dyads completed a stimulus task wherein they made a joint decision about 12 simple stimuli. In order to have empirical access to the social processes involved, the participants were allowed to talk freely with each other. As a result, the discourse that was generated provided the data for the investigation. In other words, the interactions were the objects of investigation. Examination of the dialogues in terms of the function of the talk revealed a process that resembled scientific fact construction (Latour & Woolgar, 1979; Latour, 1987). That is, the discourse moved through a continuum of "facticity" identifiable by the following functions: Statements of Hypothesis (wherein the interlocutors tentatively introduced a stimulus to be discussed), Statements of Individual Fact (where the participants offered their own assessments), and Statements of Social Fact (in which the participants agreed or disagreed about their individual assessments). Quantitative analyses of the dialogues showed that certain patterns emerged with respect to these functions. There were differences in how the talk progressed when participants agreed with each other and when they disagreed. These differences provided a basis of comparison for subsequent analyses. For example, the frequency and order of the three functions differed for agreements and disagreements. There was also a combination of certain utterances that functioned as grounding or summarizing places for the participants during the task. These differed in structure from both agreements and disagreements, and tended to occur later in the dialogues. / Graduate

<p> As global frontiers of innovation, countries leading the way in entrepreneurship are responsible for forging a new understanding of the role of business in society, one that considers the impact of cultural values on driving and maintaining dynamic forms of economic growth. This thesis will examine the role cultural factors play in creating a flourishing entrepreneurial environment and how they define the relationship between business and society while influencing expectations of social responsibility. It also explores whether certain social environments are more conducive to entrepreneurship, and as such what role entrepreneurs play in those societies to encourage economic development and innovation. Utilizing data obtained from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the research of Geert Hofstede, traits associated with traditional entrepreneurship theory will be aligned with corresponding cultural dimensions. Traits associated with social responsibility will then be connected to their corresponding dimensions to determine their impact on new business activity, and to demonstrate that these countries may be more predisposed to practice stakeholder management. The case study will also include an examination of Hungary and what the research findings mean for countries with cultural dimensions reflecting traditional entrepreneurship theory rather than stakeholder theory, and provide recommendations as to how each cultural dimension can be adapted to improve stakeholder engagement with actors in both government and society. The thesis will demonstrate that today&rsquo;s entrepreneurs are driven as much by the desire for affiliation as they are by the need for achievement, and undertaking an effective stakeholder strategy is the best way to fulfill that affiliation, thereby improving the entrepreneurial environment, encouraging innovation, and creating a strategy for entrepreneurs to be socially responsible. </p><p>