This purpose of this study was to understand the immediate and cumulative impact of experiencing a form of stereotyping, which characterizes an individual as suspicious - dangerous, aggressive, criminal, or otherwise threatening. Stereotypes are cognitive schema that contains the perceiver's beliefs and expectations about a particular group (Niemann, Jennings, Rozelle, Baxter, & Sullivan, 1994). While the specific stereotype content may vary across groups, criminal stereotypes affect multiple marginalized communities and play a central role in the historical oppression and disenfranchisement of people of color, immigrants, LGBT people, and poor people, among others, in the United States. While much is known about the social and political consequences of criminalization, less is known about the psychological and interpersonal consequences. Racial, class, and sexual and other disparities permeate many institutions in the United States, but perhaps nowhere is it more glaring and more destructive than within the criminal legal system. Racial disparities in incarceration rates, length of sentencing, profiling, police brutality, and penalty enhancements, are just some of the macro and measurable consequences of criminalizing stereotypes. This study specifically sought to explore the consequences on the individual and interpersonal levels. Interviews with nineteen participants and grounded theory data analysis reveal six core themes that emerged that appear to present across all groups, though the manifestations differ depending on the specific criminal archetype evoked. From these themes, an emergent theory was developed that attempts to explain both the immediate and long-term psychological and interpersonal consequences of this form of stereotyping. The model also reveals the process by which participants come to understand, survive, and resist this form of oppression in their lives. Implications of the findings are discussed.

The current study consisted of a pilot and two experiments that explored the effects of "shared reality"--experiencing commonality with others' inner states about some aspect of the world--on clinically relevant emotional processes, such as emotional regulation, attachment, well-being, and positive and negative affects. The primary aim was to contribute to our understanding of the implications of social sharing on emotional experience and regulation, using the well-established paradigm of shared reality. Shared reality has been studied thus far in connection to social-cognitive processes such as memory and attribution. The current study is the first application of this paradigm to emotional research. The study showed that shared reality intensifies negative emotional reactions, but not ambiguous ones. In addition, the study showed that shared reality makes people feel less guilty and fearful, but failed to show that it increases secure attachment to others. The study suggests that shared reality operates by making aspects of perceived reality seem more relevant and thus, it is argued, more accesible. Implications of the findings to emotional research and clinical practice, as well as its limitations and possible future directions for research, are discussed.

The perceived exercise of volitional control results in better recall, beyond the effects of preference and attention to the task. Greater perceived control resulted in increased memory both in explicit learning (Studies one, two, and three) and implicit learning (four and five). In Studies one through three we used word list materials and allowed participants either an illusion of choice, forced choice or no choice during learning. Study 1 showed that perceived choice resulted in greater memory compared to forced choice. Study 2 showed that compared to no choice baseline, forced choice resulted in decreased cued recall performance, while the choice condition was marginally greater. In Study 3 we replicated this effect, and with better statistical power found that choice produced significantly greater recall than control, and forced choice produced significantly diminished recall. Studies four and five employed a novel implicit memory paradigm, leading participants to believe that their actions had caused an outcome either before the action, after the action occurred, after the ostensible outcome, or no causality (Study 4), caused by either oneself or another student (Study 5). Memory for the "outcome" was greater when the perception of causality was induced before the outcome compared to both after outcome and no causality for both self and other as causal agents. Moreover, greater perceived causal involvement of either self or other increased the emotional response to the negative outcome. Our results are best understood in terms of increased motivational relevance, leading to greater accessibility and salience of events caused by an intentional agent.

Losing highly skilled Asian immigrants in the United States (U.S.) to their home country or third country is becoming a concern. Few studies have focused on psychological factors that result in highly skilled immigrant return migration. This research examines the influence of cultural value congruence between home country and host country or the lack thereof, on host country turnover intentions of Asian Indian immigrants in the U.S., both in the immediate and the distant future. The present study is based on the person-environment fit literature with special focus on national cultural value congruence which is seen as essential to immigrants successfully acculturating and deciding to remain in their host country. It was hypothesized that cultural value congruence experienced by immigrants will be related to their host country turnover intentions such that lower congruence with host country cultural values would result in higher host country turnover intentions. The individualism-collectivism scale developed by Triandis and Gelfand (1998) was utilized to measure the horizontal and vertical aspects of individualism and collectivism represented in the immigrants’ home country and host country cultural values. Congruence between these values was calculated using an absolute difference score. A one-shot cross section survey design was utilized to collect data from 153 highly skilled first generation Asian Indian immigrants located throughout the United States. Results confirmed partial support for cultural value congruence and immigrant host country turnover intentions with lower congruence on vertical individualism values resulting in higher immigrant host country turnover intentions in the distant future. No support was found for cultural value congruence on other cultural value subscales – vertical collectivism, horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism, and host country turnover intentions in the distant future. No support was found for cultural value congruence and host country turnover intentions in the immediate future. In addition, the experience of immigrants in the workplace, specifically perceived workplace discrimination and leader cultural intelligence, were examined for their moderating role in the relationship between cultural value congruence and host country turnover intentions. No support was found for moderator effects of perceived workplace discrimination and leader cultural intelligence as hypothesized in the study. Instead, significant effects were noted for low levels of perceived workplace discrimination on cultural value congruence and host country turnover intentions in the distant future, and high levels of perceived workplace discrimination on cultural value congruence and host country turnover intentions in the immediate future. Significant effects were also noted for low and high leader cultural intelligence on cultural value congruence and immigrant host country turnover intentions in the distant future. The study limitations and directions for future research have also been addressed.

How do employees judge a leader who bribes foreign government officials for the market entry of the company’s products? What makes employees give biased treatment in favor of their friends at work? In my dissertation, I suggest that employees’ lay theories of agency influence their ethical judgments and choices. Lay theories of agency are general preconceptions about intentionality, capacity, and autonomy of individuals and groups. Chapter 1 reviews research on lay theories, defines lay theories of agency, and distinguishes them from related constructs. Chapter 2 develops the thesis about how employees’ lay theories of agency inform their judgments of leaders’ commitment of bribery. Study 1 found that Chinese working adults were more lenient than Americans when asked to imagine that their actual work supervisor had committed bribery and this was because of the stronger Chinese preconception of group agency. Effects of group agency primacy held even after controlling for alternative accounts such as organizational identification, power distance, paternalistic leadership, and personal relationship with the supervisor. Study 2 found that when group (versus individual) agency was experimentally primed, participants became more lenient toward a leader who commits bribery. Chapter 3 develops the thesis on how lay theories of agency influence employees’ own unethical decisions, namely, their favoritism towards friends at work. Studies 3 and 4 found that Chinese employees were more likely to show favoritism at work than Americans, and again this was mediated by their greater emphasis on group agency. Study 5 found greater favoritism both in and outside the workplace when group (versus individual) agency was experimentally primed. In each of the theses I discuss the implications to specific literatures and relevant management practices. I also propose several future research directions that could potentially address the limitations of current studies.

Conventional wisdom and a wealth of research suggest that effective networks are an important key to career success. Yet, why do so many people struggle to build and maintain professional relationships? In this dissertation I argue that, rather than not knowing how to network, most people feel conflicted about the idea of networking. The present research applies a motivational framework to networking. Building on the idea of lay theories in motivational psychology, this dissertation investigates how lay theories of social intelligence influence networking engagement. Hereby, I distinguish between fixed (social intelligence is inborn and static) and growth (social intelligence can be nurtured and developed) theories of social intelligence and develop a new Lay Theories of Social Intelligence (LaySI) scale. Results show that LaySI is a distinct construct and predicts engagement in networking above and beyond the effects of personality traits. Using multiple methodologies, including experiments and field studies, this dissertation shows that people holding fixed theories not only feel less engaged, but also are less likely to create new relationships and seek fewer opportunities to network. Tracing the mechanism for reduced engagement, this dissertation identifies two mediators by which fixed theories inhibit networking engagement: people’s attitudes toward networking as immoral and futile endeavor. Important for professionals, the present research shows that lay theories can be updated by providing new information to promote networking engagement, even among seasoned executives. By examining what people actually believe or feel about professional networking, the present research contributes to a more complete understanding of the motivational psychology of networking. Similarly, this dissertation enriches and extends traditional networks literature by demonstrating how cognitive antecedents influence the formation of relationships.

This thesis is concerned with how shame contributes to the development of hegemonic masculinities in eighteenth-century British culture. It examines a range of contemporary literature in order to understand how feelings of shame, as well as practices of shaming others, became a key, if often unspoken, aspect of attempts to define and maintain which forms of masculinity were acceptable, and which were not, in a rapidly changing cultural context. The thesis explores the effect on men of the newly commercial 'public sphere' that came to prominence at the beginning of the century, and tries to track its affective trajectory through to the end of the period. Following work on affect by Silvan Tomkins, the American psychologist, and its interpretation by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick in particular, I view shame as a social emotion which simultaneously isolates men from, and connects them to the society they inhabit. A crucial part of polite socialisation, I contend that shame is therefore a catalyst for creativity and productivity in several forms as well as failure and inertia. The thesis is divided into two sections. The first, containing the chapters on The Spectator, writing about fops, and Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, is concerned with how shame helps to form the consensus around polite masculine qualities and actions. The second section, containing the chapters on Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling, James Boswell's London Journal, and Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative, examines how this consensus is engaged with and critiqued in lived experience and its literary representations. The contribution this thesis makes is to highlight the importance of shame and other ambivalent affects in the construction of a set of hegemonic gender identities that are less usually associated with these same affects.

No description available.

Despite the vast research on the social bias in decision-making, relatively little is known about biases in voting behaviour. The main aim of this research was to explore alternative indirect methods to observe biases in decision-making and voting behaviour. A proximity bias was first observed in the rather unusual setting of the Weakest Link TV game show, when contestants avoided casting negative votes against their closest neighbours. This proximity bias was most profound for the contestant closest to the voter. Two field experiments were designed to test whether this Neighbour Effect occurred in different social contexts, among the first-year undergraduate students. The first study asked first-year undergraduate students in a lecture (n=449) to vote for another person seated in the same row. The same Neighbour Effect occurred when the vote carried a nasty (negative) outcome for the recipient however, when the vote valence changed to a nice (positive) outcome the Neighbour Effect disappeared. In negative voting, the result of the field experiment confirmed the original observation in the Weakest Link. However, a reverse polarity voting pattern was also found in the positive voting. This suggests participants significantly favoured their closest neighbour(s). The second field experiment used Prisoner’s Dilemma with undergraduates in a lecture theatre (n= 229) to test the Neighbour Effect. The undergraduates played the game with another player seated in the same row and in the same block in a lecture theatre. The results showed a neighbour effect because the players were significantly more likely to cooperate with a neighbour that a non-neighbour. To conclude the findings from this study suggested that the Neighbour Effect is a robust bias in strategic decision-making and voting.

<p> Many users of smart mobile devices (SMDs) are unaware that personally identifiable information (PII) is being sent from mobile applications to digital corporations for processing and use by third-parties. The severity of the PII disclosed includes location tracking, health status, friends lists, or detailed financial transactions, which increasingly involve SMDs. A total of 407 participants recruited from the eLancing ecosystem were randomly assigned to a scenario-based experimental survey to determine the extent that level-of-effort (LOE) moderated the privacy calculus. The privacy calculus is subjective based on an individual&rsquo;s own perceived privacy risks and perceived benefits; however, it is also subject to a level of engagement by an individual in the amount of effort the individual is willing to apply to the problem. Actively open-minded thinking (AOT) was used as a proxy for LOE. It has been shown that, independent of cognitive ability, AOT plays an important role in predicting the degree to which individuals reason rationally, independent of immediate experience, mood, or affect, and is a measure of good thinking. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was conducted, and results show that users LOE moderates the privacy calculus. Participants that use high-effort processing perceived risks to be much higher when trusting beliefs are low and perceive benefits to be lower when perceived risks are high. In the context of health data compared to location data, high-effort respondents perceive benefits to be lower than low-level processors when perceived risk is high but much higher than low-effort respondents when the perceived risks are low. In addition, this study provided a replication of prior findings that privacy concern has a third-order conceptualization using measures adapted for use with the Enhanced-APCO macro-model within the context of location-based and health-based mobile applications that have theoretical and practical application in the field of information privacy.</p><p>