Exoplanets and debris disks are examples of solar systems other than our own. As the dusty reservoirs of colliding planetesimals, debris disks provide indicators of planetary system evolution on orbital distance scales beyond those probed by the most prolific exoplanet detection methods, and on timescales $\sim$10 Myr to 10 Gyr. The Solar System possesses both planets and small bodies, and through studying the gravitational interactions between both, we gain insight into the Solar System's past. As we enter the era of resolved observations of debris disks residing around other stars, I add to our theoretical understanding of the dynamical interactions between debris, planets, and combinations thereof. I quantify how single planets clear material in their vicinity and how long this process takes for the entire planetary mass regime. I use these relationships to assess the lowest mass planet that could clear a gap in observed debris disks over the system's lifetime. In the distant outer reaches of gaps in young debris systems, this minimum planet mass can exceed Neptune's. To complement the discoveries of wide-orbit, massive, exoplanets by direct imaging surveys, I assess the dynamical stability of high mass multi-planet systems to estimate how many high mass planets could be packed into young, gapped debris disks. I compare these expectations to the planet detection rates of direct imaging surveys and find that high mass planets are not the primary culprits for forming gaps in young debris disk systems. As an alternative model for forming gaps in planetesimal disks with planets, I assess the efficacy of creating gaps with divergently migrating pairs of planets. I find that migrating planets could produce observed gaps and elude detection. Moreover, the inferred planet masses when neglecting migration for such gaps could be expected to be observable by direct imaging surveys for young, nearby systems. Wide gaps in young systems would likely still require more than two planets even with plantesimal-driven migration. These efforts begin to probe the types of potential planets carving gaps in disks of different evolutionary stages and at wide orbit separations on scales similar to our outer Solar System.

High precision measurements of Ti isotopes within terrestrial and extra-terrestrial materials were made in order to investigate the processes at work within the early solar system. Variations of Ti isotopes also enabled the investigation of the specific stellar sources that created the material that formed the solar system. Titanium was chosen as it is a refractory element, relatively resistant to secondary processes and found abundantly in all solar system materials. Measurements were performed using a Thermo Fischer Neptune MC-ICPMS at the Open University, Milton Keynes. Various samples of carbonaceous chondrites, ordinary chondrites, enstatite chondrites, achondrites, lunar, terrestrial and early solar system components were analysed. Mass independent measurements of various solar system materials revealed a correlation between ε50/47Ti49/47 and ε46/47Ti49/47 defining a best line with a slope of 5.34 ± 0.34. The correlation indicates that solar system materials contain nucleosynthetic components that match a SNII stellar source. Utilising aliquots previously analysed for Zr isotopes for Ti isotope analyses revealed a correlation between ε50/47Ti49/47 and ε96/90Zr94/90 for the carbonaceous chondrites that is controlled by the CAI content of the particular carbonaceous chondrite group. Step wise dissolution of ordinary chondrites and carbonaceous chondrites revealed multiple nucleosynthetic Ti components contributing to the solar system. Stepwise leachate dissolutions were conducted on the carbonaceous chondrites Allende, Murchison and Orgueil to compliment the study of the same samples for Zr by Schönbächler et al. (2005). In addition, sample aliquots of QUE 97008 and Murchison from the work of Qin et al. (2011) were also investigated for Ti. The two investigations allow the comparison of Ti in different phases to be compared with other isotope systems such as Zr (Schönbächler et al. 2005) and Cr, Sr, Ba, Sm, Nd and Hf (Qin et al. 2011).Mass dependent fractionation and absolute nucleosynthetic anomalies of Ti within solar system materials was determined by utilising the double spike procedure. Mass dependent analysis enabled the Stable isotope composition of terrestrial materials to be investigated, revealing mass dependent fractionation between terrestrial basalts and andesite’s. Utilising the double spike procedure also enabled the calculation of absolute nucleosynthetic anomalies for Ti within solar system materials. The absolute nucleosynthetic anomalies data revealed that CAI’s contain two different compositions with one representing an exotic stellar source and the other representing the mainstream solar system composition.

En 2006, Il a été observé que l'astéroïde (234)~Barbara possède une valeur anormalement élevée d’angle d’inversion polarimétrie. Par la suite, d'autres astéroïdes possédant la même caractéristique que Barbara ont été découverts et nommés ``Barbarians'' en référence à (234) Barbara. L'étude de ces astéroïdes constitue le sujet principal de cette thèse ayant pour but de mieux comprendre la raison de cet angle d'inversion plus élevé que la normale. La première hypothèse formulée afin d’expliquer cette anomalie polarimétrique suppose que les astéroïdes Barbarians possèdent une forme fortement irrégulière induisant une réponse polarimétrique particulière. La deuxième hypothèse stipule que les astéroïdes Barbarians possèdent une abondance anormalement élevée d'inclusions riches en aluminium et en calcium. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons obtenu de nombreuses nouvelles données aussi bien en photométrie, spectroscopie que polarimétrie. Ces nouvelles observations d’astéroïdes ont permis de tester différentes hypothèses formulées précédemment afin d'expliquer l'anomalie polarimétrique observée. Nos observations ont permis d'éliminer une hypothèse faisant appel à une topologie particulière des astéroïdes Barbarians, mais nous avons confirmé et renforcé une autre hypothèse faisant intervenir une composition particulière de ces astéroïdes. Si cette dernière hypothèse était confirmée, cela en ferait des astéroïdes primitifs s'étant formés lors des premières étapes du Système Solaire. Leur étude permettrait donc d'en apprendre plus sur les mécanismes de formation des astéroïdes et la composition de la nébuleuse ayant donné naissance au Système Solaire. Comprendre les astéroïdes Barbarians sert à mieux comprendre les premières étapes de formation du Système Solaire et aussi celles des planètes. / A few years ago, asteroid polarimetry allowed to discover a class of asteroids exhibiting peculiar phase polarization curves, collectively called "Barbarians" from the prototype of this class, the asteroid (234) Barbara. All such objects belong to the L visible plus near infrared based taxonomic class. The anomalous polarization has been tentatively interpreted in terms of high-albedo, spinel-rich Calcium-Aluminum inclusions (CAI) that could be abundant on the surfaces of some of these asteroids, according to their spectral reflectance properties and to analogies with CO3/CV3 meteorites. Such CAIs are among the oldest mineral assemblages ever found in the Solar System. Barbarians' surfaces could therefore be rich in this very ancient material and bring information on the early phases of planetary formation. During this thesis, a systematic campaign for photometric, polarimetric and spectroscopic characterization has been conducted. These observation campaigns allowed improving our general knowledge about these peculiar asteroids and highlighting the link between polarization and polarimetric properties. Our observation also allowed discarding the hypotheses involving peculiar shape for these asteroids. However, as it was suggested, a link between the presence of CAI and the polarimetric response was found. Our observations show that the relative abundance of CAI is correlated with the polarimetric inversion angle. This is the first time that a direct link between polarimetric and spectroscopic properties is found.

Actuellement, on recense peu de familles d’astéroïdes de la ceinture principale (Main Belt, MB) âgés de plus de 2 milliards d’années (Brož et al., 2013; Spoto et al., 2015). Ceci serait le résultat d’un biais observationnel, dû aux techniques classiques utilisées pour l’identification des familles. En effet, la technique dite “Hierarchical Clustering Method” (HCM) identifie les membres des familles par leur proximit é dans l’espace des éléments orbitaux demi-grand axe (a), excentricité (e) et inclinaison (i). Or, les d’astéroïdes se dispersent lentement dans cet espace à cause de résonances séculaires et d’une force non-gravitationnelle dénommée «effet Yarkovsky». Ceci rend la méthode HCM de moins en moins efficace pour des familles d’âges de plus en plus élevées. Nous avons développé une nouvelle mèthode qui est insensible à la dispersion des membres des familles en e et i, car elle identifie les familles par leur forme caractéristique en «V» dans l’espace a; 1/D, oú D est le diamètre de l’astéroïde. Cette forme est due à la vitesse d’éjection initiale des membres de la famille par rapport au corps parent et à la dépendance approximative en 1/D de l’effet Yarkovsky qui disperse la famille en demi-grand axe au cours du temps. Cette méthode du ‘V-shape’ a été testée sur des familles connues, dont certaines difficilement identifiables par la méthode HCM. De plus, avec notre méthode nous avons découvert une famille de plus de 4 milliards d’années, reliant la plupart des astéroïdes sombres de la ceinture interne qui ne sont pas déjà inclus dans une famille connue (Delbo' et al., 2017). Seuls des astéroïdes avec diamètre D >50 km n’appartiennent à aucune famille et sont donc primordiaux. Cela implique que les astéroïdes primordiaux étaient assez gros, en accord avec les théories récentes sur la formation des planétésimaux dans le disque protplanétaire (Morbidelli et al., 2009). La méthode «V-shape» représente également une méthode d’analyse puissante pour trouver la frontière d’une famille d’astéroïdes dans le plan a; 1/D et pour calculer précisément sa courbure. Les propriétés thermiques des surfaces d’astéroïdes, telles que l’inertie thermique Γ, déterminent la magnitude de l’effet Yarkovsky. Or, Γ est statistiquement anti-corrélé avec D (Delbo' & Tanga, 2009; Delbo' et al., 2015). Par conséquent, l’effet de Yarkovsky peut avoir une dépendance non linéaire en 1/D, causant la courbure de la frontière de la famille dans le plan a; 1/D. L’outil de ‘V-shape’ est capable de détecter cette courbure sur des familles synthétiques et a été utilisé pour plus de 20 vieilles familles de la ceinture principale pour mesurer cet effet. La courbure mesurée implique qu’en moyenne l’effet Yarkovsky est proportionnel à D^-0.8. Il est constaté qu’il n’y a pas de corrélation entre l’âge de la famille et la courbure de sa frontière pour des familles âgées de plus de 100 millions d’années environ. De plus, la courbure en ‘V-shape’ diminue pour les familles à plus grand demi-grand axe, ce qui implique que relation entre Γ et D est moins anti-corrélée dans la ceinture externe que dans la ceinture interne. En examinant des familles âgées de moins de 20 millions d’années par la méthode du ‘V-shape’, nous pouvons étudier les familles dont la forme en «V» est causées par la vitesse initiale d’éjection des fragments et non pas par l’effet de Yarkovsky. Pour ces familles nous avons montré qu’il n’y a pas de courbure, ce qui implique que la vitesse initiale d’éjection des fragments est proportionnelle à 1/D, comme prédit par les expériences d’impact en laboratoire et les simulations numériques de fragmentation (Fujiwara et al., 1989; Michel et al., 2001; Durda et al., 2004; Nesvorný et al., 2006). La différence de courbure entre les familles de moins de 20 millions d’années et les familles plus âgées est une preuve indépendante que la dispersion en demi-grand axe des vieilles familles est dominèe par l’effet Yarkovsky. / Asteroid families are the remnant fragments of asteroids broken apart by collisions. There are only a few known Main Belt (MB) asteroid families with ages greater than 2 Gyr (Brož et al., 2013; Spoto et al., 2015). Estimates based on the family producing collision rate suggest that the lack of > 2 Gyr-old families may be due to a selection bias in classic techniques used to identify families. Family fragments disperse in their orbital elements, semimajor axis, a, eccentricity, e, and inclination, i, due to secular resonances, mean motion resonances, close encounters, secondary collisions and the nongravitational Yarkovsky force. This causes the family fragments to be more difficult to identify with the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which attempts to find cluster in orbital element space, when applied to family fragments’ elements as the fragments age. We have developed a new technique that is insensitive to the spreading of fragments in e and i by searching for V-shaped correlations of family members in a and asteroid diameter, D. A group of asteroids is identified as a collisional family if its boundary in the a vs. 1/D plane has a characteristic V-shape which is due to the size dependent Yarkovsky effect. The V-shape technique is demonstrated on the known families and families difficult to identify by HCM, and used to discover a 4 Gyr-old family linking most dark asteroids in the inner MB not included in any known family (Delbo' et al., 2017). The 4 Gyr-old family reveals asteroids with D > 35 km that do not belong to any asteroid family implying that they originally accreted from the protoplanetary disk and support recent theories on the formation of asteroids (Morbidelli et al., 2009). The V-shape detection tool is also a powerful analysis method for finding the boundary of an asteroid family and fitting for its shape. Thermal properties of the surfaces of asteroids such as the thermal inertia, Γ, determine the magnitude of the drift rate cause by the Yarkovsky force. Following the proposed anti-correlation between Γ and and D (Delbo' & Tanga, 2009; Delbo' et al., 2015), the Yarkovsky effect may have a more complex D dependence than previously thought, causing the family V-shape boundary to be curved in a vs. 1/D space. The V-shape tool is capable of detecting this curvature on synthetic families and was deployed on >20 families located throughout the MB to find this effect. The curvature of family V-shapes implies on average that the Yarkovsky drift rate scales with D^-(0.8-0.9). We find that there is no correlation between family age and V-shape curvature for families older than 100 Myrs. Additionally, the V-shape curvature decreases for asteroid families with larger a suggesting that the relationship between Γ and D is less anti-correlated in the Outer MB. By examining families <20 Myrs-old with the V-shape technique, we can separate family V-shapes caused by the initial ejection of fragments from those that are caused by the Yarkovsky effect. We constrain the initial velocity of young families by measuring the curvature of their fragments’ V-shape in a vs. 1/D space. We measure the V-shape curvature of 11 asteroid families that are too young for most of their known fragments to have undergone significant evolution in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. We find that the majority of asteroid families in our sample have initial ejection velocity fields that scale with 1/D supporting the laboratory impact experiments and computer simulations of disrupting asteroid family parent bodies (Fujiwara et al., 1989; Michel et al., 2001; Durda et al., 2004; Nesvorný et al., 2006). In addition, the difference in curvature between <20 Myr-old families from the curvature of older family V-shapes evolved is independent evidence separating initial ejection velocity V-shapes from Yarkovsky V-shapes.

Exomoons remain amongst the most elusive targets in observational astronomy. Nevertheless, these worlds stand to provide an unprecedented window into the formation and evolution of planetary systems. If the Solar System is any guide, we can expect exomoons will be geologically active and diverse, with the potential for hosting volatiles, atmospheres, and even life. Moreover, a thorough understanding of the population and occurrence rates of exomoons will help to place our own Solar System in a galactic context, speaking to the commonality of our own history. And though there are a variety of known pathways for moon formation, the discovery of exomoons may yet reveal heretofore unanticipated system architectures and defy easy explanation, thereby enriching our theoretical understanding of system formation. In this Dissertation I present a population study of exomoons in the Kepler data, finding an apparent dearth of Galilean-analog satellites orbiting planets between 0.1 and 1 AU. I then present evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b -- potentially the first ever discovery of a transiting exomoon -- as suggested by a joint analysis of Kepler and Hubble Space Telescope data. The following chapter further investigates a number of alternative hypotheses relating to the candidate moon, though the conclusion that an exomoon best explains the data in hand remains unchanged. Finally, I present the results of an effort to identify candidate exomoon signals in the Kepler data by developing a convolutional neural network trained on O(10⁵) Kepler light curves injected with simulated planet and moon transit signals. The most promising exomoon candidates identified by the neural network are examined in detail, undergoing a full photodynamical model fit and Bayesian model selection. I conclude by discussing the outlook for the moon search, highlighting strategies for future work and myriad unanswered questions that should be pursued in the coming years.

This master thesis deals with the design of a heat source for heating and DHW in an apartment building. The theoretical part contains a brief division of heat sources for an apartment building and introduction of the components of the solar system. Significant part si devoted to the T*sol software, which was used as a simulation tool for calculation of the solar system parameters. Finally, an article that addresses similar design of the solar system was analyzed. The calculation part deals with the design of the heating system. It consists of the calculation of heat losses, the design of heating elements, heat source and other components. DHW calculation is solved in two variants – var. 1 with gas condensing boiler and var. 2 with gas condensing boiler and solar system. The last part of the master thesis is dedicated to the design of a solar system for DHW using the simulation of several variants followed by selection of the optimal solution.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18805号 / 理博第4063号 / 新制||理||1584(附属図書館) / 31756 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 土`山 明, 准教授 三宅 亮, 准教授 伊藤 正一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The Cassini spacecraft orbited Saturn for over 13 years and collected stellar occultations using an Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS). Chord occultations were analyzed using autocorrelations at minimum ring plane radius to visualize the structure and correlation in the azimuthal direction. These particle tracking occultations cut a chord across the rings in the path of the star. By taking the autocorrelation of these chord occultations, 8 out of the 66 showed clumping within the first 3.0 km in azimuth, representing signs of a structure. Six of those occultations could be moonlets or propellers as their minimum ring plane radii are in the Propeller Belt region. The Fast Fourier Transform Power Spectrum of the autocorrelation was also taken, and 6 of the 8 had high peak power outputs at certain wavelengths. It is also observed that five of the occultations may contain self-gravity wakes.

No description available.

Saturn's rings are a complex, dynamic system that can provide unique insight into the structure and features of the planet and surrounding system. We use stellar occultation data of Saturn's rings collected from the Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph to visualize and analyze bending waves present within the rings. Analysis of the propagation of these waves gives insight into the surface mass density of the local ring region and can be used to further our understanding of ring dynamics and ring formation. Our analysis of the Mimas 7:4 bending wave estimated a surface mass density between 30 g cm-2 and 43 g cm-2, corroborating the findings of Spilker et al. (2004) of 47 ± 6.2 g cm-2 and supporting our current understanding of linear wave theory. Our analysis of the Mimas 4:2 bending wave estimated the surface mass density to be between 33 g cm-2 and 47 g cm-2 and was of particular interest since this wave is found in the relatively uncharacterized B ring region.