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The problem with which this study was concerned was that of developing wood stain formulas from a small supply of materials. These formulas should produce a wide variety of colors from which to select, the use of which should be suited to the school or home laboratory.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito das interações moleculares entre solventes e monômeros com a matriz de dentina desmineralizada, nas alterações das propriedades mecânicas, na taxa de evaporação e na resistência de união (RU). As propriedades mecânicas da dentina desmineralizada foram determinadas através da análise do módulo de elasticidade máximo aparente (EMax) e do relaxamento das tensões (RT). Os resultados permitiram concluir que o Emax foi dependente do tipo de solvente utilizado e do tempo. A taxa de enrijecimento da matriz desmineralizada foi maior para acetona e etanol, intermediária para o ar, metanol e propanol, menor para o HEMA e praticamente nenhuma para água. Da mesma forma, o RT dependeu da solução em que os espécimes foram equilibrados, previamente ao ensaio mecânico, e do tipo de deformação induzida ao espécime. De uma maneira geral, a resposta da matriz desmineralizada (RT) foi maior quando equilibrada em acetona, propanol e etanol, intermediária para HEMA, butanol e metanol e menor para água. A tensão máxima gerada com o tempo foi maior quanto maior a deformação inicial induzida (3-5-10%). A taxa de evaporação e a perda de massa total (%) de misturas experimentais à base de 35%HEMA/65%solventes foram determinadas através da medida de perda de massa em função do tempo, a partir de duas superfícies distintas (cubos de dentina desmineralizados x superfície livre). A taxa de evaporação e a perda de massa foi maior para HEMA/acetona (H/AC) e HEMA/metanol (H/M), intermediária para HEMA/etanol (H/E) e menor para HEMA/água (H/A), sendo esses valores superiores a partir dos cubos de dentina. A RU foi determinada pelo emprego do teste de microtração. Para verificar a influência do aspecto de brilho superficial, foram aplicadas 2 ou 3 camadas de misturas experimentais (35%HEMA/65%solventes) sobre a dentina previamente condicionada. Os maiores valores de RU foram obtidos com a manutenção do brilho superficial para todas as soluções testadas (ou seja, com a aplicação de 3 camadas). A durabilidade da RU obtida com o uso das soluções experimentais (35%HEMA/65%solventes) aplicadas sobre dentina desmineralizada seca foi avaliada após 24hs , 6 meses ou 1 ano de armazenagem em água deionizada. O valor de RU sofreu uma redução com a referida armazenagem para a maioria das soluções testadas. Os maiores valores de RU foram obtidos para H/M e H/E em todos os períodos avaliados. Este estudo desenvolveu uma linha de raciocínio que empregou a teoria dos parâmetros de solubilidade para descrever e analisar as interações moleculares que ocorrem durante a execução de um procedimento adesivo à dentina, procurando estabelecer as relações de causa e efeito. / The present study aimed to test the effect of the molecular interactions between solvent and pure monomers with demineralized dentin matrix on its mechanical properties, evaporation rate and consequent change in the bond strength (BS). The mechanical properties were determined by measuring the apparent maximum modulus of elasticity (EMax) and stress relaxation (SR). The results indicated that the Emax is both time and solvent dependent; accordingly, the SR was both strain and solvent dependent. The weight loss (%) and evaporation rate of experimental mixtures (35%HEMA/65%solvents) were determined by the measuring of weight loss over time from different surfaces (demineralized dentin cubes x free surface). The overall evaporation rate and weight loss were higher for dentin cubes and dependent of solvents. The bond strength (BS) was determined by the microtensile test. The effects of surface shininess on bond strength of experimental primers to dentin were evaluated. Dentin surfaces were acidetched, primed with experimental mixtures in two (not shiny) or three (shiny) coats. For the all primers the presence of a shiny surface significantly improved resin-dentin bond strengths. The influence of storage time in resin dentin bond strength mediated by experimental HEMA/solvent primers was determined. Part of specimens were tested after 24 hour storage in deionized water (control) and remaining specimens were tested after 6 months and 1 year of storage in the same condition. Water storage resulted in reduced bond strength for most of the primers. This study develops a rationale that employs the solubility parameter theory to describe and analyze molecular interactions that occur during adhesive procedure to dentin, seeking to establish the cause-effect relationship.

Consists mainly of offprints of articles by the author / Includes bibliographies / 1 v. (various pagings) : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (D. Sc.)--University of Adelaide, Faculty of Science, 1985

A Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) was used in this study to investigate the fundamental surface forces in oil sand processing research. Asphaltene coated surfaces were chosen as the research topic due to the critical role of asphaltenes in oil sands processing, from bitumen extraction, froth treatment to tailings treatment. To mimic the real surface state in industry processing, dip-coated asphaltene surfaces were prepared for surface force experiments. In this study, a SFA 2000 was used to determine intermolecular and surface forces of asphaltene in organic solvents (toluene and heptane). The force vs. distance curves, or so-called force profiles obtained provide valuable information on local material properties such as interaction energies, molecular conformation changes of the interacting asphaltene surfaces or films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to provide complementary information on the surface morphology of the prepared asphaltene surfaces. / Chemical Engineering

This research project is a part of our endeavor to developing a new hydrogen sulfide (H2S) splitting cycle for hydrogen production. In view of that the Bunsen reaction is the key step for the overall efficiency, the objective of this research is to develop an effective and efficient process to carry out the Bunsen reaction in the presence of organic solvents. Organic solvents can help dissolve iodine crystal, lower the reaction temperature and reduce the corrosiveness accompanying the reaction. Through screening of the ordinary organic solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons stood out and toluene was used in this project.<p> In order to study the Bunsen reaction rate in the presence of toluene, the iodine solubility in HI solution was extensively explored at room temperature. Although the iodine solubility in water is small (0.3404g/L at 25â), it was found that the iodine solubility in HI solution increases greatly as the [HI] increases. At lower [HI] (0~0.238 M), the iodine solubility is linear to [HI] with a relationship of [iodine solubility] = 0.57[HI] + 0.0030; at higher [HI] (0.238 ~7.6 M), the relationship of the iodine solubility and [HI] conforms to [iodine solubility]/[HI] = 0.190[HI] + 0.58.<p> In the second part, the iodine distribution behavior between HI solution and toluene phase was studied at room temperature. It was determined that the iodine distribution coefficient (D = [I2]HI solution/[I2]toluene) increases as the increase of [HI]. At lower [HI] (0~1.89 M), the distribution coefficient has a quadratic relationship with [HI] as D = 1.4027[HI]2 + 0.8638[HI] + 0.0088; at higher [HI] (1.89~7.54 M) the distribution coefficient is linear to [HI] with a relationship of D=5.5937[HI]-3.5632.<p> On the basis of the above work, in a semi-batch reactor, the Bunsen reaction rate in the presence of toluene was measured. In a mixture of toluene and water, iodine prefers to stay in toluene phase. The Bunsen reaction was readily initiated by feeding SO2 into water phase. Experimental results indicated that the rate of the Bunsen reaction in the presence of toluene is equal to the molar flow rate of feeding SO2 when the iodine concentration is higher than a certain value. This specific value depends on the reaction conditions, such as the interface area between water and toluene phase, the dispersion efficiency and the flow rate of SO2.

This research project is a part of our endeavor to developing a new hydrogen sulfide (H2S) splitting cycle for hydrogen production. In view of that the Bunsen reaction is the key step for the overall efficiency, the objective of this research is to develop an effective and efficient process to carry out the Bunsen reaction in the presence of organic solvents. Organic solvents can help dissolve iodine crystal, lower the reaction temperature and reduce the corrosiveness accompanying the reaction. Through screening of the ordinary organic solvents, aromatic hydrocarbons stood out and toluene was used in this project.<p> In order to study the Bunsen reaction rate in the presence of toluene, the iodine solubility in HI solution was extensively explored at room temperature. Although the iodine solubility in water is small (0.3404g/L at 25â), it was found that the iodine solubility in HI solution increases greatly as the [HI] increases. At lower [HI] (0~0.238 M), the iodine solubility is linear to [HI] with a relationship of [iodine solubility] = 0.57[HI] + 0.0030; at higher [HI] (0.238 ~7.6 M), the relationship of the iodine solubility and [HI] conforms to [iodine solubility]/[HI] = 0.190[HI] + 0.58.<p> In the second part, the iodine distribution behavior between HI solution and toluene phase was studied at room temperature. It was determined that the iodine distribution coefficient (D = [I2]HI solution/[I2]toluene) increases as the increase of [HI]. At lower [HI] (0~1.89 M), the distribution coefficient has a quadratic relationship with [HI] as D = 1.4027[HI]2 + 0.8638[HI] + 0.0088; at higher [HI] (1.89~7.54 M) the distribution coefficient is linear to [HI] with a relationship of D=5.5937[HI]-3.5632.<p> On the basis of the above work, in a semi-batch reactor, the Bunsen reaction rate in the presence of toluene was measured. In a mixture of toluene and water, iodine prefers to stay in toluene phase. The Bunsen reaction was readily initiated by feeding SO2 into water phase. Experimental results indicated that the rate of the Bunsen reaction in the presence of toluene is equal to the molar flow rate of feeding SO2 when the iodine concentration is higher than a certain value. This specific value depends on the reaction conditions, such as the interface area between water and toluene phase, the dispersion efficiency and the flow rate of SO2.

Block copolymers are an ideal solution for a wide variety of nanolithographic opportunities due to their tendency to self-assemble on nanoscopic length scales. High etch selectivity and thin-film orientation are crucial to the success of this technology. Most conventional block copolymers have poor etch selectivity; however, incorporating silicon into one block produces the desired etch selectivity. A positive side effect of the silicon addition is that the χ value (a block-to-block interaction parameter) of the block copolymer increases. This decreases the critical dimension of potential features. Unfortunately, one negative side effect is the increase in the surface energy difference between the blocks. Incorporating silicon decreases the surface energy of that block. Typically, annealing is used to induce the chain mobility that is required for the block copolymer to reach its minimum thermodynamic energy state. Thermal annealing is the easiest annealing technique; however, if the glass transition temperature (Tg) of one block is above the thermal decomposition temperature of the other block, the latter will degrade before the former can reorient. In addition, annealing silicon-containing block copolymers usually results in a wetting layer and parallel orientation since the lower surface energy block favors the air interface, minimizing the free energy. Solvent annealing replaces the air interface with a solvent, thereby changing the surface energy. The solvent plasticizes the block copolymer, effectively decreasing the Tgs of both blocks. Another benefit is the ability to reversibly alter the orientation by changing the solvent or solvent concentration. The challenge with solvent annealing is that it depends on a number of parameters including: solvent selection, annealing time, and vapor concentration, which generate a very large variable space that must be searched to find optimum screening conditions. / text

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