Block copolymers are an ideal solution for a wide variety of nanolithographic opportunities due to their tendency to self-assemble on nanoscopic length scales. High etch selectivity and thin-film orientation are crucial to the success of this technology. Most conventional block copolymers have poor etch selectivity; however, incorporating silicon into one block produces the desired etch selectivity. A positive side effect of the silicon addition is that the χ value (a block-to-block interaction parameter) of the block copolymer increases. This decreases the critical dimension of potential features. Unfortunately, one negative side effect is the increase in the surface energy difference between the blocks. Incorporating silicon decreases the surface energy of that block. Typically, annealing is used to induce the chain mobility that is required for the block copolymer to reach its minimum thermodynamic energy state. Thermal annealing is the easiest annealing technique; however, if the glass transition temperature (Tg) of one block is above the thermal decomposition temperature of the other block, the latter will degrade before the former can reorient. In addition, annealing silicon-containing block copolymers usually results in a wetting layer and parallel orientation since the lower surface energy block favors the air interface, minimizing the free energy. Solvent annealing replaces the air interface with a solvent, thereby changing the surface energy. The solvent plasticizes the block copolymer, effectively decreasing the Tgs of both blocks. Another benefit is the ability to reversibly alter the orientation by changing the solvent or solvent concentration. The challenge with solvent annealing is that it depends on a number of parameters including: solvent selection, annealing time, and vapor concentration, which generate a very large variable space that must be searched to find optimum screening conditions. / text

Devido a suas vantagens comparadas aos métodos tradicionais de união mecânica, a utilização de juntas coladas estruturais só tende a crescer, entretanto, devido suas propriedades e modos de falha dependerem de diversos parâmetros (tratamento superficial, geometria, material, condições de tralho, etc.) uma utilização mais ampla desta técnica ainda é restrita pela ausência de modelos de falhas confiáveis. O presente trabalho consiste na apresentação de métodos para fabricação de juntas coladas em material compósito e verificação da influência da espessura da camada adesiva na resistência de juntas simples coladas (single lap joints) submetidas à tração. São também apresentados métodos para fabricação dos aderentes, corpos de prova de adesivo puro para ensaios de caracterização e realização de ensaios mecânicos para obtenção das propriedades mecânicas tanto dos aderentes quanto do adesivo. As propriedades mecânicas dos aderentes e do adesivo foram obtidas através de ensaios realizados em uma máquina de tração universal com o auxílio da técnica de correlação digital de imagem, e a obtenção das energias críticas de resistência à fratura (GIc,GIIc) da camada adesiva foram calculadas através de ensaios Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) e End Notched Flexure (ENF). Foram estudados métodos para gerar falha coesiva nas juntas adesivas, sendo que o melhor método encontrado foi o de tratamento superficial dos aderentes com jateamento abrasivo seguido pela limpeza superficial com acetona. O controle preciso da espessura da camada adesiva foi alcançado através do desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de fácil construção, compostos por suportes de madeira, hastes e linhas de nylon. Nos ensaios em juntas coladas foi constatado uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a espessura da camada adesiva e a resistência máxima suportada pela junta, ou seja, quanto maior a espessura do adesivo menor sua resistência. Os métodos aqui apresentados foram os resultados de vários meses de estudo e compreensão das normas e técnicas disponíveis na literatura, o aprimoramento das técnicas foram frutos de um ciclo compostos por fabricação, testes e análise de resultados. / Amongst the joining techniques, adhesively bonding joints are one of the most commonly applied nowadays. However, a lack of reliable failure criteria still exists, limiting in this way a more widespread application of adhesively bonded joints in principal load-bearing structural applications. An accurate strength prediction of the adhesively bonded joints is essential to decrease the amount of expensive testing at the design stage. This work consists to show methods for manufacturing single lap joints and to verify the adhesive thickness influence on the joint resistance. The manufacturing process of the composite adherends and adhesives for bulk tests was also covered. The mechanical properties of the adherends and bulk adhesive were performed on a universal testing machine with assistance of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The fracture toughness energy release rates (GIc,GIIc) of the adhesive layer were obtained respectively through Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) tests. Cohesive failure was achieved by grit blasting the adherents followed by cleaning with acetone. A constant adhesive thickness was guaranteed by placing nylon fishing lines between the adherents. Single lap joints tests showed that the joint resistance decrease with increasing adhesive thickness.

Devido a suas vantagens comparadas aos métodos tradicionais de união mecânica, a utilização de juntas coladas estruturais só tende a crescer, entretanto, devido suas propriedades e modos de falha dependerem de diversos parâmetros (tratamento superficial, geometria, material, condições de tralho, etc.) uma utilização mais ampla desta técnica ainda é restrita pela ausência de modelos de falhas confiáveis. O presente trabalho consiste na apresentação de métodos para fabricação de juntas coladas em material compósito e verificação da influência da espessura da camada adesiva na resistência de juntas simples coladas (single lap joints) submetidas à tração. São também apresentados métodos para fabricação dos aderentes, corpos de prova de adesivo puro para ensaios de caracterização e realização de ensaios mecânicos para obtenção das propriedades mecânicas tanto dos aderentes quanto do adesivo. As propriedades mecânicas dos aderentes e do adesivo foram obtidas através de ensaios realizados em uma máquina de tração universal com o auxílio da técnica de correlação digital de imagem, e a obtenção das energias críticas de resistência à fratura (GIc,GIIc) da camada adesiva foram calculadas através de ensaios Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) e End Notched Flexure (ENF). Foram estudados métodos para gerar falha coesiva nas juntas adesivas, sendo que o melhor método encontrado foi o de tratamento superficial dos aderentes com jateamento abrasivo seguido pela limpeza superficial com acetona. O controle preciso da espessura da camada adesiva foi alcançado através do desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de fácil construção, compostos por suportes de madeira, hastes e linhas de nylon. Nos ensaios em juntas coladas foi constatado uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a espessura da camada adesiva e a resistência máxima suportada pela junta, ou seja, quanto maior a espessura do adesivo menor sua resistência. Os métodos aqui apresentados foram os resultados de vários meses de estudo e compreensão das normas e técnicas disponíveis na literatura, o aprimoramento das técnicas foram frutos de um ciclo compostos por fabricação, testes e análise de resultados. / Amongst the joining techniques, adhesively bonding joints are one of the most commonly applied nowadays. However, a lack of reliable failure criteria still exists, limiting in this way a more widespread application of adhesively bonded joints in principal load-bearing structural applications. An accurate strength prediction of the adhesively bonded joints is essential to decrease the amount of expensive testing at the design stage. This work consists to show methods for manufacturing single lap joints and to verify the adhesive thickness influence on the joint resistance. The manufacturing process of the composite adherends and adhesives for bulk tests was also covered. The mechanical properties of the adherends and bulk adhesive were performed on a universal testing machine with assistance of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The fracture toughness energy release rates (GIc,GIIc) of the adhesive layer were obtained respectively through Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) tests. Cohesive failure was achieved by grit blasting the adherents followed by cleaning with acetone. A constant adhesive thickness was guaranteed by placing nylon fishing lines between the adherents. Single lap joints tests showed that the joint resistance decrease with increasing adhesive thickness.

The main contribution of this thesis is the implementation of manufacturing constraints in shape and topology optimization. Fabrication limitations related to the casting process are formulated as mathematical constraints and introduced in the optimization algorithm. In addition, based on the same theoretical and modelization tools, we propose a novel formulation for multi-phase optimization problems, which can be extended to the optimization of structures with functionally-graded properties. A key ingredient for the mathematical formulation of most problems throughout our work is the notion of the signed distance function to a domain. This work is divided into three parts. The rst part is bibliographical and contains the necessary background material for the understanding of the thesis' main core. It includes the rst two chapters. Chapter 1 provides a synopsis of shape and topology optimization methods and emphasizes the combination of shape sensitivity analysis and the level-set method for tracking a shape's boundary. In Chapter 2 we give a short description of the casting process, from which all our manufacturing constraints derive. We explain how industrial designers account for these limitations and propose a strategy to incorporate them in shape and topology optimization algorithms. The second part is about the mathematical formulation of manufacturing constraints. It starts with Chapter 3, where the control of thickness is discussed. Based on the signed distance function, we formulate three constraints to ensure a maximum and minimm feature size, as well as a minimal distance between structural members. Then, in Chapter 4, we propose ways to handle molding direction constraints and combine them with thickness constraints. Finally, a thermal constraint coming from the solidi cation of cast parts is treated in Chapter 5 using several thermal models. Multi-phase optimization is discussed in the third part. The general problem of shape and topology optimization using multiple phases is presented in detail in Chapter 6. A "smoothed-interface" approach, based again on the signed distance function, is proposed to avoid numerical di culties related to classical "sharp-interface" problems and a shape derivative is calculated. An extension of this novel formulation to general types of material properties' gradation is shown in the Appendix A.