Nos dias atuais, a gestão da qualidade não pode mais limitar-se ao produto ou ao seu processo fabril, pois a abertura dos mercados exige uma preocupação com outros sistemas que dão sustentação à qualidade, entre eles os voltados à gestão da segurança e saúde dos trabalhadores nos seus postos laborais. Neste sentido, esta dissertação tem por finalidade apresentar uma proposta de adoção da especificação OHSAS 18000: Sistemas de Gestão de Segurança e Saúde Ocupacional em uma área de galvanoplastia. A proposta de implantação demonstra um modelo, que se utiliza da metodologia descrita pela Régie Nationale des Usines de Renault adaptado, aplicado à etapa de planejamento. Esta abordagem permite verificar tanto a percepção do usuário do posto de trabalho, quanto a do analista e propiciam à empresa a identificação dos riscos e hierarquização das medidas prioritárias a serem adotadas para a melhoria contínua nas condições de trabalho de forma sistêmica. Os resultados encontrados permitem observar um rol de necessidades que devem ser observadas para que organização esteja apta a implantar a especificação OHSAS. / Nowadays, quality management cannot be limited to the product itself or its manufacturing process, for the opening of new markets demands a growing concern with other systems which support quality and, among such systems the ones turned to security and health management of workers in their workplaces. Therefore this dissertation aims to introduce a proposal of adaptation of OHSAS specification-Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems in galvanism area. The implantation proposal shows a model that uses the methodology described by Régie Nationale des Usines de Renault, which was adapted and applied to a planning phase. This approach allows verifying perception not only by workplace user but also by its analyst and enables the company to identify risks and rank steps that have a prior clain to be systematically adopted for the constant improvement on workplace environment. As an outcome it can be seen a wide range of needs that have to be noticed so that the company is able implement OHSAS specification.

Pour la conception d’un système contrôle-commande, les spécifications fonctionnelles sont à la charge des concepteurs car ce sont eux qui en maîtrisent le fonctionnement. Ces experts n’ont pourtant généralement pas les connaissances en programmation de ceux qui conçoivent le système de pilotage. Ils écrivent alors ces spécifications fonctionnelles en langage naturel, les communiquent ensuite aux concepteurs de l’interface de supervision et du programme de commande qui sont en charge de les implémenter et de les intégrer au système. Les erreurs qui découlent de l’interprétation des spécifications émanent de la différence de culture technique entre les différents intervenants du projet. De plus, suivant la complexité du système, la définition des spécifications fonctionnelles peut être fastidieuse. Nous proposons une approche de conception basée d’une part sur l’analyse de la tâche et sur les techniques du End User Development pour l’obtention de spécifications fonctionnelles validées par les experts métiers. Les techniques de l’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles sont mises en oeuvre pour générer automatiquement l’interface de spécification (qui intègre un Enregistreur, un Généralisateur, un Rejoueur, et un Correcteur), l’interface de supervision du système à piloter et son programme de commande. La démarche proposée a fait l’objet d’une preuve de concept démontrant sa faisabilité technique. Cette preuve de concept a fait l’objet d’évaluations qui ont démontré son intérêt dans le cadre de la conception de système de supervision. / For designing complex and sociotechnical systems, business experts are responsible for writing the functional specifications because of their operational expert knowledge. However, these experts do not usually own the programming knowledge of those who design supervision systems. The task of the system design expert is then to define the functional specifications. S/he writes them in natural language, and then provides them to the designers of the supervision interface and the control-command code. The designers’ job is then to implement and integrate the specifications into the system. Errors from the specification interpretation come from the difference of technical knowledge between the various partners involved in the project. Moreover, depending on the complexity of the system, the definition of functional specifications can be tedious.We propose a design approach based on task modelling and End User Development in order to obtain functional specifications validated by the business experts (mechanical engineer for example).Model-driven engineering techniques are implemented to automatically generate the specification interface (that integrates Recorder, Generalizer, Replayer, and Corrector), the system supervision interface to be piloted and its control program.The technical feasibility of the proposed approach was demonstrated through a proof of concept. This proof of concept was evaluated to demonstrate the interest of the approach in the design of supervision systems.

There is often a misalignment between requirements for keeping data owners' information private and real data processing practices, and this can lead to violations of privacy. Specifying and implementing appropriate policies to control a user's access to a system and its resource is critical for keeping data owners' information private. Traditionally, policy specification is isolated from requirements analysis, which often results in data processing practices that are not in compliance with data owners' requirements. This thesis investigates a development scheme that integrates policy specification into requirements analysis and approach design. It suggests that, while we derive specification from requirements analysis, we can also improve requirements and approach design through privacy preservation specification by clarifying ambiguities in the requirements and resolving inconsistencies between requirements and data processing practices. This claim is supported by the requirements analysis and specification of a purpose based access control approach for privacy preservation. The purpose-based access control method consists of an entity of purpose, which expresses requirements for keeping personal information private from a data owner's point of view. The requirements analysis is helped by the specification of the entities, the relationships, the invariants corresponding to the requirements, and the model operations along with proof obligations of their satisfiability. That specification results in a complete purpose based access control model in the case of an intra-organisation scenario. The development scheme has also been applied for privacy preservation in distributed collaborative environments. Distributed computing environments pose further challenges for keeping personal information private. Design considerations are taken for ensuring that personal information is accessed from two or more parties only if agreed privacy policies and privacy preferences are satisfied, and for facilitating privacy policies matching and privacy preference compliance among distributed collaborative organisations. The work presented in this thesis should be of value to researchers on privacy protection methods, to whom the purpose-based access control model has been made available for privacy property verification, and to researchers on privacy specification, who will be able to incorporate specification into the requirements analysis.

The topic of this thesis is Liferay Portal, which is a technology based on Java programming language and portlet applications. The technology is not well known among developers despite of the fact that the usage of this technology is quite common in the commercial sphere. The main aim of the thesis is to create a suite of procedures and hints in order to facilitate portlet development for beginners, who are planning to use technologies Spring framework and AngularJS. The secondary objectives include defining the paradigm related to portlet development, analysing portal specifics and its benefits, describing the Liferay Portal from different viewpoints, to compare Liferay to competitive solutions and finally creation, de-velopment and documenting of the application composed of 2 portlets. The main functio-nality of these portlets is Personal Financial Management. Aims were achieved by obtaining information from the community of developers and from sources listed in the bibliography. Information obtained in the area of development was empirically verified using the developed application. There is a proposed procedure in the thesis in case of using the AngularJS technology in the area of portlet development and common issues related to this usage. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part deals with portals as such, mentions the market share, Java Portlet Specifications (JSR-168 and JSR-286) and defines the portlet development paradigm. The practical part of the thesis documents basic procedures necessary for portlet development with the option of using of AngularJS fra-mework and finally it documents the developed application from perspectives of the design and usage. The added value of this thesis is the intelligible guide how to start with development of portlets for Liferay Portal. The most important benefit is the guide created to simplify the usage of the AngularJS framework on the client side of the portlet (in the browser), becau-se usage in the common manner is not possible. The outcome and also the benefit is also the created application, which can be used in order to manage user´s expenses and incomes and which has already been used by the author for this purpose.

This thesis contributes work to the fields of runtime monitoring and specification mining. It develops a formalism for specifying patterns of behaviour in execution traces and defines techniques for checking these patterns in, and extracting patterns from, traces. These techniques represent an extension in the expressiveness of properties that can be efficiently and effectively monitored and mined. The behaviour of a computer system is considered in terms of the actions it performs, captured in execution traces. Patterns of behaviour, formally defined in trace specifications, denote the traces that the system should (or should not) exhibit. The main task this work considers is that of checking that the system conforms to the specification i.e. is correct. Additionally, trace specifications can be used to document behaviour to aid maintenance and development. However, formal specifications are often missing or incomplete, hence the mining activity. Previous work in the field of runtime monitoring (checking execution traces) has tended to either focus on efficiency or expressiveness, with different approaches making different trade-offs. This work considers both, achieving the expressiveness of the most expressive existing tools whilst remaining competitive with the most efficient. These elements of expressiveness and efficiency depend on the specification formalism used. Therefore, we introduce quantified event automata for describing patterns of behaviour in execution traces and then develop a range of efficient monitoring algorithms. To monitor execution traces we need a formal description of expected behaviour. However, these are often difficult to write - especially as there is often a lack of understanding of actual behaviour. The field of specification mining aims to explain the behaviour present in execution traces by extracting specifications that conform to those traces. Previous work in this area has primarily been limited to simple specifications that do not consider data. By leveraging the quantified event automata formalism, and its efficient trace checking procedures, we introduce a generate-and-check style mining framework capable of accurately extracting complex specifications. This thesis, therefore, makes separate significant contributions to the fields of runtime monitoring and specification mining. This work generalises and extends existing techniques in runtime monitoring, enabling future research to better understand the interaction between expressiveness and efficiency. This work combines and extends previous approaches to specification mining, increasing the expressiveness of specifications that can be mined.

Early prosensory specification to develop competence in the otic epithelium is disrupted by mutations of Eya1, Pax2, Sox2, Jag1, and Gata3. Mutations in these genes apparently disrupt sensory competence and may affect Atoh1 upregulation, a gene known to be necessary for sensory cell differentiation within the ear. How these genes interact with each other and other factors within the genetic network of the ear to refine and restrict sensory specification and impart competence to the developing organ of Corti is not known. These genes also interact with other factors expressed adjacent to or within the developing organ of Corti and provide the context to allow prosensory cells, after cell cycle exit, to appropriately respond to Atoh1 expression and differentiate as hair cells. Gata3 is expressed throughout the early placode. As ear development continues Gata3 is restricted to all prosensory areas except that of the saccule. In addition, it is expressed in a subset of delaminating neuroblasts. Gata3 continues to be highly expressed in the cochlear sensory epithelia as cells differentiate, and is expressed in all cells of the organ of Corti through adult. The human disorder caused by haploinsufficiency of Gata3 is known as Hypoparathyriodism, Deafness, and Renal dysplasia syndrome, and has been linked in mice to early hair cell death. I investigated the role of Gata3 in cochlear neurosensory specification utilizing a mouse Gata3 knockout model and a conditionally deleted Gata3 line combined with two cre driver lines (Foxg1cre and Pax2cre). Although both cre lines are expressed in the inner ear with only a slight difference in onset of expression there are major phenotypic differences. While the Foxg1cre:Gata3f/f deletion resulted in an ear closely matching that of the null mutant with a cochlear duct devoid of neurosensory cells, the Pax2cre:Gata3f/f cochlear duct contained patches of partially differentiated hair cells. Through the use of qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization of both mutants I was able to paint a picture of how Gata3 interacts with other prosensory genes to upregulate downstream genes. In particular, Atoh1, was downregulated but not absent with the loss of Gata3. Indicating that Gata3 is one of a set of factors necessary for the proper upregulation of Atoh1 in the cochlea.

Purpose: An exploration into the application of pre-requirements specification traceability (pre-RST) practices in Information Systems (IS) projects within a retail setting. Research Design/methodology: A qualitative study in the interpretivist tradition applied within a single case study setting was selected. Findings: Awareness and value-perception emerged as the most significant challenge to overcome with recommendations for a well-considered organisational change management programme to address this. The potential impact on the trust relationship amongst requirements practitioners and participants is a factor to be addressed. More readily accessible requirements engineering guides that include pre-RST as a prominent aspect is required to raise awareness levels amongst practitioners. Practical implications: The research points to a need to raise awareness amongst practitioners through improved and more readily accessible requirements engineering guides that include pre-RST as a prominent aspect. It also highlights what to consider when embarking upon pre-RST, most prominently the need for carefully considered change management programme to tackle value-perception. Originality/value: Addressing the paucity in case study insights, this research provides an understanding of practice, awareness, value-perception and perceived challenges to pre-RST. Considerations for pre-RST implementation, including careful consideration for the trust relationship amongst requirements practitioners and participants is highlighted. Limitations: The case study was limited to eleven interviews in the retail industry and therefore may not be generalisable to other industries or general practice.

The association between economic freedom and economic growth has been largely explored by researchers and the overall ndings indicate a signi cant and positive relationship. The empirical literature, however, is subject to suer from bias. In this paper we collect 16,070 estimates from 69 studies and using recently developed meta-analytic techniques investigate the eect of publication and speci cation biases on the reported results. While our baseline analysis re- ports some evidence for publication bias, but not very strong and robust, and con rms the speci cation bias reported by previous reviews, we also nd that these results are aected by the inclusion of three in uential outliers in the data set. Once we trim these studies, there is no evidence of speci cation bias anymore and we nd evidence of a robust and strong publication bias. Further, after controlling for the bias, we nd that the true eect of economic freedom on growth is substantially smaller than the eect reported by the empirical literature. JEL Classi cation O43; P10; P12; C52 Keywords 'economic freedom', 'economic growth', 'publi- cation bias', 'speci cation bias', 'meta-analysis' Title Economic freedom and economic growth: A Meta-Analysis

Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to develop into different cell lineages and can be manipulated into certain cell types through the use of small molecule inducers. Retinoic acid (RA) signaling through retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR) has the ability to direct lineage determination but has yielded disappointing results in promoting skeletal myogenesis in embryonic stem (ES) cells. RXR is crucial in embryonic development although it is generally considered to act as a silent partner for other nuclear receptors such as RAR. Our findings demonstrate that rexinoid specific signaling enhances skeletal myogenesis and requires β-catenin but not RAR. Moreover, RXR signalling in mouse ES cells can efficiently enhance skeletal myogenesis and closely recapitulates sequential events observed in vivo. Since ES cells closely represent the properties of the developing embryo, efficiently generating skeletal muscle provides a means to further scrutinize signaling pathways in myogenic development in view of developing therapies for muscle related diseases.

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